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O'Brien TJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Leicht CA. Rectal and gastrointestinal temperature differ during passive heating and subsequent recovery. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103755. [PMID: 38242073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to compare rectal temperature (Trec) and gastro-intestinal temperature (TGI) during passive heating and subsequent recovery with and without ice slurry ingestion. Twelve males (age: 25 ± 4 years, body mass index: 25.7 ± 2.5 kg m-2) were immersed in hot water on two occasions (Trec elevation: 1.82 ± 0.08°C). In the subsequent 60-min recovery in ambient conditions, participants ingested either 6.8 g kg-1 of ice slurry (-0.6°C, ICE) or control drink (37°C, CON). During passive heating, Trec was lower than TGI (P < 0.001), in the recovery, Trec was higher than TGI (P < 0.001). During passive heating, mean bias and 95%LoA (Limits of Agreement) were -0.10(±0.25)°C and -0.12(±0.36)°C for CON and ICE, respectively. In the recovery, mean bias and 95%LoA were 0.30(±0.60)°C and 0.42(±0.63)°C for CON and ICE, respectively. Trec and TGI differed during both heating and recovery, and less favourable agreement between Trec and TGI was found in the recovery from passive heating with or without ice slurry ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J O'Brien
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Christof A Leicht
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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2
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Hutchinson MJ, Paulson TAW, Leicht CA, Bennett H, Eston R, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Oxygen uptake and heart rate responses to 4 weeks of RPE-guided handcycle training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1965-1973. [PMID: 37119361 PMCID: PMC10460742 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of using Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) to prescribe and regulate a 4-week handcycle training intervention. METHODS Thirty active adults, untrained in upper body endurance exercise, were divided into three groups to complete a 4-week intervention: (i) RPE-guided training (n = 10; 2 female), (ii) power output (PO)-guided (n = 10; 2 female) training, or (iii) non-training control (n = 10; 4 female). Training groups performed three sessions of handcycling each week. Oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR), and Feeling Scale (FS) rating were collected during training sessions. RPE-guided training was performed at RPE 13. PO-guided training was matched for percentage of peak PO per session, based upon that achieved by the RPE-guided training group. RESULTS There were no differences in percentage of peak [Formula: see text] (66 ± 13% vs 61 ± 9%, p = 0.22), peak HR (75 ± 8% vs 71 ± 6%, p = 0.11) or FS rating (1.2 ± 1.9 vs 0.8 ± 1.6, p = 0.48) between RPE- and PO-guided training, respectively. The average coefficient of variation in percentage of peak HR between consecutive training sessions was 2.8% during RPE-guided training, and 3.4% during PO-guided training. CONCLUSION Moderate-vigorous intensity handcycling exercise can be prescribed effectively using RPE across a chronic training intervention, suggesting utility for practitioners in a variety of rehabilitation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hutchinson
- British Paralympic Association, London, UK
- Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Christof A Leicht
- Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Roger Eston
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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3
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Briley SJ, O'Brien TJ, Oh YT, Vegter RJK, Chan M, Mason BS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Wheelchair rugby players maintain sprint performance but alter propulsion biomechanics after simulated match play. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1726-1737. [PMID: 37278319 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the influence of a sports-specific intermittent sprint protocol (ISP) on wheelchair sprint performance and the kinetics and kinematics of sprinting in elite wheelchair rugby (WR) players with and without spinal cord injury (SCI). Fifteen international WR players (age 30.3 ± 5.5 years) performed two 10-s sprints on a dual roller wheelchair ergometer before and immediately after an ISP consisting of four 16-min quarters. Physiological measurements (heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion) were collected. Three-dimensional thorax and bilateral glenohumeral kinematics were quantified. Following the ISP, all physiological parameters significantly increased (p ≤ 0.027), but neither sprinting peak velocity nor distance traveled changed. Players propelled with significantly reduced thorax flexion and peak glenohumeral abduction during both the acceleration (both -5°) and maximal velocity phases (-6° and 8°, respectively) of sprinting post-ISP. Moreover, players exhibited significantly larger mean contact angles (+24°), contact angle asymmetries (+4%), and glenohumeral flexion asymmetries (+10%) during the acceleration phase of sprinting post-ISP. Players displayed greater glenohumeral abduction range of motion (+17°) and asymmetries (+20%) during the maximal velocity phase of sprinting post-ISP. Players with SCI (SCI, n = 7) significantly increased asymmetries in peak power (+6%) and glenohumeral abduction (+15%) during the acceleration phase post-ISP. Our data indicates that despite inducing physiological fatigue resulting from WR match play, players can maintain sprint performance by modifying how they propel their wheelchair. Increased asymmetry post-ISP was notable, which may be specific to impairment type and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Briley
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Brien
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Yim-Taek Oh
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mui Chan
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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4
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Hutchinson MJ, Paulson TAW, Leicht CA, Bennett H, Eston R, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Correction to: Oxygen uptake and heart rate responses to 4 weeks of RPE‑guided handcycle training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1975. [PMID: 37272945 PMCID: PMC10460705 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hutchinson
- British Paralympic Association, London, UK
- Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Thomas A W Paulson
- Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- UK Athletics, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christof A Leicht
- Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Roger Eston
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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5
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Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Hosokawa Y, Webborn N, Blauwet C, Adami PE. Infographic. Prehospital management of exertional heat stroke at sports competitions for Paralympic athletes. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:433-434. [PMID: 36581441 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation; Spaulding Hospital/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health and Science, IAAF Health & Science Department, International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), Monaco
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6
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Murphy CJ, Hartescu I, Leicht CA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Altered Core Temperature and Salivary Melatonin in Athletes with a Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:117-125. [PMID: 36368657 DOI: 10.1055/a-1925-7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are common in athletes with a cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) and may be associated with circadian alterations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare physiological circadian outputs between athletes with a cSCI and non-disabled controls (CON). Eight male wheelchair athletes with a cSCI and eight male CON (30±4 and 30±6 yrs, respectively) had their core body temperature (Tcore), skin temperature (Tskin), and salivary melatonin measured during a 24 h period. In the cSCI group, daytime Tcore was significantly lower (36.5 (0.2) vs 36.9 (0.3)°C; p=0.02) and time of the Tcore sleep minimum was significantly earlier (23:56±00:46 vs 02:39 ± 02:57; p=0.04). The athletes with a cSCI had significantly lower Tcore values during the beginning of the night compared with the CON group, but their Tcore increased at a greater rate, thereafter, indicated by a significant time/group interaction (p=0.04). Moreover, the cSCI group did not display a salivary melatonin response and exhibited significantly lower concentrations at 22:00 (p=0.01) and 07:00 (p=0.01) compared with the CON group. Under natural living conditions, athletes with a cSCI displayed circadian changes in the Tcore rhythm and nocturnal melatonin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Murphy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Iuliana Hartescu
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Christof A Leicht
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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7
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Fenton JM, King JA, McLeod CJ, Hoekstra SP, Finlayson G, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. A comparison of meal-related appetite, food reward and eating behaviour traits in people with and without spinal cord injury. Appetite 2023; 181:106384. [PMID: 36414146 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Persons with a spinal cord injury (SCI) are at a heightened risk of obesity. However, little is known about the effect of SCI on factors that influence energy intake. This study compared measures of food reward, eating behaviour traits, and appetite perceptions between adults with and without SCI. Twenty wheelchair dependent persons with chronic (>1 year) SCI (C1-T12) and twenty non-SCI individuals matched for BMI, age and sex participated. Following a familiarisation visit, participants consumed a breakfast meal, normalised for resting metabolic rate (RMR), and provided subjective appetite perceptions every 30 min for 4 h. Subsequently, energy intake was determined via an ad libitum lunch meal. Explicit liking, explicit wanting, implicit wanting and relative preference were assessed in a hungry and fed state via the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire prior to and following the lunch meal. Eating behaviour traits were assessed via the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, Control of Eating Questionnaire, Reasons Individuals Stop Eating Questionnaire, and Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised 18-item version. Sweet appeal bias was greater for explicit liking, explicit wanting, and relative preference in the group with SCI compared to the non-SCI group (p ≤ 0.024). The group with SCI also reported higher levels of cognitive restraint and satiety responsiveness (p ≤ 0.029). No group differences in postprandial appetite perceptions (p ≥ 0.690) or energy intake relative to RMR were seen (p = 0.358). However, the group with SCI demonstrated a trend toward a lower absolute energy intake (p = 0.063). In conclusion, food reward for sweet foods was greater in the group with SCI. Further, our findings suggest that acute appetite perceptions, including satiety profiles, are not different between persons with and without SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Fenton
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, UK.
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Chris J McLeod
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Sven P Hoekstra
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, UK.
| | - Graham Finlayson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, UK.
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8
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Van der Slikke RMA, Sindall P, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Mason BS. Load and performance monitoring in wheelchair court sports: A narrative review of the use of technology and practical recommendations. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:189-200. [PMID: 34974822 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2025267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying measures of physical loading has been an essential part of performance monitoring within elite able-bodied sport, facilitated through advancing innovative technology. In wheelchair court sports (WCS) the inter-individual variability of physical impairments in the athletes increases the necessity for accurate load and performance measurements, while at the same time standard load monitoring methods (e.g. heart-rate) often fail in this group and dedicated WCS performance measurement methods are scarce. The objective of this review was to provide practitioners and researchers with an overview and recommendations to underpin the selection of suitable technologies for a variety of load and performance monitoring purposes specific to WCS. This review explored the different technologies that have been used for load and performance monitoring in WCS. During structured field testing, magnetic switch-based devices, optical encoders and laser systems have all been used to monitor linear aspects of performance. However, movement in WCS is multidirectional, hence accelerations, decelerations and rotational performance and their impact on physiological responses and determination of skill level, is also of interest. Subsequently both for structured field testing as well as match-play and training, inertial measurement units mounted on wheels and frame have emerged as an accurate and practical option for quantifying linear and non-linear movements. In conclusion, each method has its place in load and performance measurement, yet inertial sensors seem most versatile and accurate. However, to add context to load and performance metrics, position-based acquisition devices such as automated image-based processing or local positioning systems are required.Highlights Objective measures of wheelchair mobility performance are paramount in wheelchair court sport support, since they enable quantification of workload across athletes of all classifications and in structured field testing, training and match play settings.Given the variety of methods for load and performance monitoring in wheelchair court sports, this review: identified and examined the technology available; provides meaningful insights and decision guidelines; describes applicability for different goals; and proposes practical recommendations for researchers and sports professionals.Wheelchair mounted inertial sensors are most reliable and versatile for measuring wheelchair mobility performance and estimates of workload, yet a combination with local position measurement via indoor tracking or image-based processing could be useful to add context.For wheelchair athletes bound to a wheelchair for daily use, workload monitoring on a regular basis, both on- and off-court, is crucial to avoid overuse injuries. Alternatively, in athletes with lower severity impairments often lack frequent exposure to optimal and progressive loading, reducing the likelihood of positive physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienk M A Van der Slikke
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Sindall
- School of Health and SocietyUniversity of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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9
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Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Hutchinson M, Sharpe L. Infographic. Field-based methods for assessing exercise intensity in adults with spinal cord injury. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:203-204. [PMID: 36450438 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Leics, UK
| | - Mike Hutchinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Leics, UK
| | - Lesley Sharpe
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Leics, UK.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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10
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Alkemade P, Daanen HAM, Janssen TWJ, Broad E, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Ibusuki T, Kneepkens H, Périard JD, Eijsvogels TMH. Heat preparedness and exertional heat illness in Paralympic athletes: A Tokyo 2020 survey. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:264-275. [PMID: 37332304 PMCID: PMC10274519 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2147364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralympic athletes may be at increased risk for exertional heat illness (EHI) due to reduced thermoregulatory ability as a consequence of their impairment. This study investigated the occurrence of heat-stress related symptoms and EHI, and the use of heat mitigation strategies in Paralympic athletes, both in relation to the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games and previous events. Paralympic athletes competing in Tokyo 2020 were invited to complete an online survey five weeks prior to the Paralympics and up to eight weeks after the Games. 107 athletes (30 [24-38] years, 52% female, 20 nationalities, 21 sports) completed the survey. 57% of respondents had previously experienced heat-stress related symptoms, while 9% had been medically diagnosed with EHI. In Tokyo, 21% experienced at least one heat-stress related symptom, while none reported an EHI. The most common symptom and EHI were, respectively, dizziness and dehydration. In preparation for Tokyo, 58% of respondents used a heat acclimation strategy, most commonly heat acclimatization, which was more than in preparation for previous events (45%; P = 0.007). Cooling strategies were used by 77% of athletes in Tokyo, compared to 66% during past events (P = 0.18). Cold towels and packs were used most commonly. Respondents reported no medically-diagnosed EHIs during the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, despite the hot and humid conditions in the first seven days of competition. Heat acclimation and cooling strategies were used by the majority of athletes, with heat acclimation being adopted more often than for previous competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puck Alkemade
- Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein A. M. Daanen
- Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. J. Janssen
- Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LeicestershireLE11 3TU, UK
| | - Tatsuru Ibusuki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akeno Central Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiske Kneepkens
- Sport Medisch Centrum Papendal, NOC*NSF, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Julien D. Périard
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, New south wales, Australia
| | - Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Mikami Y, Tinduh D, Lee K, Chotiyarnwong C, van der Scheer JW, Jung KS, Shinohara H, Narasinta I, Yoon SH, Kanjanapanang N, Sakai T, Kusumawardhani MK, Park J, Prachgosin P, Obata F, Utami DA, Laohasinnarong P, Wardhani IL, Limprasert S, Tajima F, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Martin Ginis KA. Cultural validation and language translation of the scientific SCI exercise guidelines for use in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, and Thailand. J Spinal Cord Med 2022; 45:821-832. [PMID: 34228949 PMCID: PMC9661985 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2021.1945857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Thailand. OBJECTIVE To culturally validate and translate the Scientific Exercise Guidelines for Adults with Spinal Cord Injury (SEG-SCI) for use in four Asian countries. DESIGN Systematic Review. PARTICIPANTS N/A. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify all published English- and local-language studies conducted in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, and Thailand, testing the effects of exercise training interventions on fitness and cardiometabolic health in adults with acute or chronic SCI. Protocols and results from high-quality controlled studies were compared with the SEG-SCI. Forward and backward translation processes were used to translate the guidelines into Bahasa Indonesian, Japanese, Korean and Thai languages. RESULTS Fifteen studies met the review criteria. At least one study from each country implemented exercise prescriptions that met or exceeded the SEG-SCI. Two were controlled studies. In those two studies, relative to control conditions, participants in exercise conditions achieved significant improvements in fitness or cardiometabolic health outcomes only when the exercise intervention protocol met or exceeded the SEG-SCI. During the language translation processes, end-users confirmed that SEG-SCI language and terminology were clear. CONCLUSION Clinical researchers in Indonesia, Japan, Korea and Thailand have implemented exercise protocols that meet or exceed the SCI-SEG. Results of high-quality studies align with the SEG-SCI recommendations. Based on this evidence, we recommend that the SEG-SCI be adopted in these countries. The cultural validation and translation of the SEG-SCI is an important step towards establishing consistent SCI exercise prescriptions in research, clinical and community settings around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Damayanti Tinduh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - KunHo Lee
- Department of Prescription and Rehabilitation of Exercise, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chayaporn Chotiyarnwong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jan W. van der Scheer
- THIS Institute, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kyung Su Jung
- Medical Center for Health Promotion and Sport Science, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinohara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | - Inggar Narasinta
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Seung Hyun Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Napatpaphan Kanjanapanang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Martha K. Kusumawardhani
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Counseling, Health and Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Pannika Prachgosin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Futoshi Obata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Ditaruni Asrina Utami
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Phairin Laohasinnarong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Indrayuni Lukitra Wardhani
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Siraprapa Limprasert
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kathleen A. Martin Ginis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada,Correspondence to: Kathleen A. Martin Ginis. E-mail:
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12
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Hosokawa Y, Adami PE, Stephenson BT, Blauwet C, Bermon S, Webborn N, Racinais S, Derman W, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Prehospital management of exertional heat stroke at sports competitions for Paralympic athletes. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:599-604. [PMID: 34620604 PMCID: PMC9120375 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To adapt key components of exertional heat stroke (EHS) prehospital management proposed by the Intenational Olympic Committee Adverse Weather Impact Expert Working Group for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 so that it is applicable for the Paralympic athletes. METHODS An expert working group representing members with research, clinical and lived sports experience from a Para sports perspective reviewed and revised the IOC consensus document of current best practice regarding the prehospital management of EHS. RESULTS Similar to Olympic competitions, Paralympic competitions are also scheduled under high environmental heat stress; thus, policies and procedures for EHS prehospital management should also be established and followed. For Olympic athletes, the basic principles of EHS prehospital care are: early recognition, early diagnosis, rapid, on-site cooling and advanced clinical care. Although these principles also apply for Paralympic athletes, slight differences related to athlete physiology (eg, autonomic dysfunction) and mechanisms for hands-on management (eg, transferring the collapsed athlete or techniques for whole-body cooling) may require adaptation for care of the Paralympic athlete. CONCLUSIONS Prehospital management of EHS in the Paralympic setting employs the same procedures as for Olympic athletes with some important alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Ben Thomas Stephenson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation; Spaulding Hospital/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Committee, International Paralympic Committee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco
- LAHMESS, Universite Cote d'Azur, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azu, France
| | - Nick Webborn
- Medical Committee, International Paralympic Committee, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Research Education Centre, ASPETAR - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- IOC Research Center, The National Centre for Sports Exercise and Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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13
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Briley SJ, Vegter RJK, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Mason BS. Alterations in shoulder kinematics are associated with shoulder pain during wheelchair propulsion sprints. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1213-1223. [PMID: 35620900 PMCID: PMC9545165 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The study purpose was to examine the biomechanical characteristics of sports wheelchair propulsion and determine biomechanical associations with shoulder pain in wheelchair athletes. Twenty wheelchair court‐sport athletes (age: 32 ± 11 years old) performed one submaximal propulsion trial in their sports‐specific wheelchair at 1.67 m/s for 3 min and two 10 s sprints on a dual‐roller ergometer. The Performance Corrected Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (PC‐WUSPI) assessed shoulder pain. During the acceleration phase of wheelchair sprinting, participants propelled with significantly longer push times, larger forces, and thorax flexion range of motion (ROM) than both the maximal velocity phase of sprinting and submaximal propulsion. Participants displayed significantly greater peak glenohumeral abduction and scapular internal rotation during the acceleration phase (20 ± 9° and 45 ± 7°) and maximal velocity phase (14 ± 4° and 44 ± 7°) of sprinting, compared to submaximal propulsion (12 ± 6° and 39 ± 8°). Greater shoulder pain severity was associated with larger glenohumeral abduction ROM (r = 0.59, p = 0.007) and scapular internal rotation ROM (r = 0.53, p = 0.017) during the acceleration phase of wheelchair sprinting, but with lower peak glenohumeral flexion (r = −0.49, p = 0.030), peak abduction (r = −0.48, p = 0.034), and abduction ROM (r = −0.44, p = 0.049) during the maximal velocity phase. Biomechanical characteristics of wheelchair sprinting suggest this activity imposes greater mechanical stress than submaximal propulsion. Kinematic associations with shoulder pain during acceleration are in shoulder orientations linked to a reduced subacromial space, potentially increasing tissue stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Briley
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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14
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Nishiyama K, Kamijo YI, van der Scheer JW, Kinoshita T, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Hoekstra SP, Nishimura Y, Kawasaki T, Ogawa T, Tajima F. Lipid metabolism after mild cold stress in persons with a cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2022; 60:978-983. [PMID: 35508537 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-022-00788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. OBJECTIVES To compare lipid metabolism in individuals with a cervical spinal cord injury (SCIC) and able-bodied (AB) persons in response to mild cold stress. SETTINGS Laboratory of Wakayama Medical University, Japan. METHODS Nine males with SCIC and 11 AB wore a water-perfusion suit in a supine position. Following 30-min rest thermoneutrality, the whole body was cooled by perfusing 25 °C water through the suit for 15-20 min (CS). Blood samples were collected before, immediately, and 60 (post-CS60) and 120 min after CS (post-CS120). Concentrations of serum free fatty acid ([FFA]s), total ketone bodies ([tKB]s), insulin ([Ins]s) and plasma adrenaline ([Ad]p), noradrenaline ([NA]p) and glucose ([Glc]p) were assessed. RESULTS [Ad]p in SCIC were lower than AB throughout the study (p = 0.0002) and remained largely unchanged in both groups. [NA]p increased after cold stress in AB only (p < 0.0001; GxT p = 0.006). [FFA]s increased by 62% immediately after cold stress in SCIC (p = 0.0028), without a difference between groups (p = 0.65). [tKB]s increased by 69% at post-CS60 and 132% at post-CS120 from the start in SCIC with no differences between groups (p = 0.54). [Glc]p and [Ins]s were reduced in SCIc only (GxT p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION These data indicate that mild cold stress acutely elevates lipid and ketone body metabolism in persons with SCIc, despite the presence of sympathetic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Nishiyama
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoshi-Ichiro Kamijo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Jan W van der Scheer
- The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute (THIS Institute), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tokio Kinoshita
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Sven P Hoekstra
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Yukihide Nishimura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawasaki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
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15
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Rosen JS, Arndt A, Nilsson J, Rosdahl H, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Bjerkefors A. Kinematic and kinetic performance variables during paddling among para-kayak athletes with unilateral above or below knee amputation. Sports Biomech 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35475681 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2067074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In para-kayak, athletes with unilateral above knee amputation (AK) and athletes with below knee amputation (BK) compete in the same class. This has been questioned since previous research have shown that the legs are important for paddling performance. The purpose was therefore to examine differences in kinematic and kinetic performance variables between AK and BK para-kayak athletes and the amputated (A) and non-amputated (NA) sides. Eleven AK and six BK athletes on international level participated. 3D kinematic and kinetic data were collected for the body, seat, footrest and paddle during kayak ergometer paddling. There were no significant differences between the groups in main performance variables such as power output or paddle force. Differences between the groups were only seen in the hip joint in flexion range of motion, flexion and extension angular velocity and flexion moment where BK demonstrated larger values. The NA side demonstrated greater values compared to the A side in posterior force at the seat and in hip flexion moment. As there were no significant differences between the groups in the majority of the examined key performance variables, the results suggest that athletes with unilateral AK and BK amputation may be able to compete in the same class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Rosen
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Arndt
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johnny Nilsson
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Hans Rosdahl
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Anna Bjerkefors
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Fenton JM, King JA, Hoekstra SP, Valentino SE, Phillips SM, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Protocols aiming to increase muscle mass in persons with motor complete spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2022; 45:1433-1443. [PMID: 35465798 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2063420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to compare all intervention modalities aimed at increasing skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in the paralysed limbs of persons with chronic (>1-year post-injury), motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases was conducted from inception until December 2021. Published intervention studies aimed to increase SMM (measured by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound, muscle biopsy, or lean soft tissue mass by dual X-ray absorptiometry) in the paralysed limbs of adults (>18 years) with SCI were included. RESULTS Fifty articles were included that, overall, demonstrated a high risk of bias. Studies were categorised into six groups: neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with and without external resistance, functional electrical stimulation cycling, walking- and standing-based interventions, pharmacological treatments, and studies that compared or combined intervention modalities. Resistance training (RT) using NMES on the quadriceps produced the largest and most consistent increases in SMM of all intervention modalities. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests that clinical practise aiming to increase SMM in the paralysed limbs of persons with motor complete SCI should perform NMES-RT. However, more high-quality randomised control trials are needed to determine how training variables, such as exercise volume and intensity, can be optimised for increasing SMM. Implications for rehabilitationPersons with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience severe reductions in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) post-injury, which may exacerbate their risk of obesity and metabolic disease.Out of all exercise and non-exercise-based interventions, this systematic review shows that neuromuscular electrical stimulation-based resistance training demonstrates the most robust and consistent evidence for increasing skeletal muscle mass in the paralysed limbs of adults with motor complete spinal cord injury.The findings from this review can be used to inform evidence-based practise for exercise practitioners, as well as direct future research focused on increasing muscle mass in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Fenton
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - James A. King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sven P. Hoekstra
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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17
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Valentino SE, Hutchinson MJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, MacDonald MJ. The effects of perceptually regulated exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and peak power output in adults with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 103:1398-1409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Warner MB, Mason BS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Webborn FSEM (UK) N. Physical Activity Levels and Shoulder Pain in Wheelchair Users during COVID-19 Restrictions. Disabil Health J 2022; 15:101326. [PMID: 35568672 PMCID: PMC9001177 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2022.101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Manual wheelchair users are at high risk of developing shoulder pain. However, it is not known if restrictions to limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus affected physical activity, wheelchair use and shoulder pain. Objective The aim of the study is to determine whether COVID-19 related restrictions caused changes in physical activity levels and the presence of shoulder pain in persons who use a wheelchair. Methods Manual wheelchair users completed a survey about the presence and severity of shoulder pain in a cross-sectional study design. Participants completed the Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire and were asked about daily wheelchair activity before and during lockdown. A logistic regression examined the relationship between increase in shoulder pain severity and change in activity levels. Results Sixty respondents were included for analysis. There was no significant change in physical activity during lockdown. There was a significant reduction in number of hours of daily wheelchair use and number of chair transfers during lockdown. Of the respondents, 67% reported having shoulder pain and 22% reported their shoulder pain becoming more severe during lockdown. No significant relationship was observed between the change in activity levels and increasing severity of shoulder pain. Conclusion Restrictions to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus resulted in no changes in physical activity levels in a sample of adult manual wheelchair users; however, there was a reduced time using a wheelchair each day and fewer chair transfers. The changes in wheelchair activities were not related to the worsening of shoulder pain.
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19
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O'Brien TJ, Lunt KM, Stephenson BT, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. The effect of pre-cooling or per-cooling in athletes with a spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:606-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Hutchinson MJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Rethinking aerobic exercise intensity prescription in adults with spinal cord injury: time to end the use of "moderate to vigorous" intensity? Spinal Cord 2022; 60:484-490. [PMID: 34880442 PMCID: PMC9209328 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-021-00733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. OBJECTIVES To investigate and critique different methods for aerobic exercise intensity prescription in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING University laboratory in Loughborough, UK. METHODS Trained athletes were split into those with paraplegia (PARA; n = 47), tetraplegia (TETRA; n = 20) or alternate health condition (NON-SCI; n = 67). Participants completed a submaximal step test with 3 min stages, followed by graded exercise test to exhaustion. Handcycling, arm crank ergometry or wheelchair propulsion were performed depending on the sport of the participant. Oxygen uptake (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([BLa]) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on Borg's RPE scale were measured throughout. Lactate thresholds were identified according to log-V̇O2 plotted against log-[BLa] (LT1) and 1.5 mmol L-1 greater than LT1 (LT2). These were used to demarcate moderate (<LT1), heavy (>LT1, < LT2) and severe (>LT2) exercise intensity domains. RESULTS Associations between percentage of peak V̇O2 (%V̇O2peak) and HR (%HRpeak) with RPE differed between PARA and TETRA. At LT1 and LT2, %V̇O2peak and %HRpeak were significantly greater in TETRA compared to PARA and NON-SCI (P < 0.05). The variation in %V̇O2peak and %HRpeak at lactate thresholds resulted in large variability in the domain distribution at fixed %V̇O2peak and %HRpeak. CONCLUSIONS Fixed %V̇O2peak and %HRpeak should not be used for aerobic exercise intensity prescription in adults with SCI as the method does not lead to uniform exercise intensity domain distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Hutchinson
- grid.6571.50000 0004 1936 8542Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- grid.6571.50000 0004 1936 8542Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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21
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Ogawa T, Hoekstra SP, Kamijo YI, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Walsh JJ, Tajima F. F, Leicht CA. Serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration are elevated by systemic but not local passive heating. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260775. [PMID: 34882699 PMCID: PMC8659342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in neuronal adaptations. While previous studies suggest that whole-body heating can elevate circulating BDNF concentration, this is not known for local heating protocols. This study investigated the acute effects of whole-body versus local passive heating on serum and plasma BDNF concentration. Using a water-perfused suit, ten recreationally active males underwent three 90 min experimental protocols: heating of the legs with upper-body cooling (LBH), whole-body heating (WBH) and a control condition (CON). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after and 1 h post-heating for the determination of serum and plasma BDNF concentration, platelet count as well as the BDNF release per platelet. Rectal temperature, cardiac output and femoral artery shear rate were assessed at regular intervals. Serum and plasma BDNF concentration were elevated after WBH (serum: 19.1±5.0 to 25.9±11.3 ng/ml, plasma: 2.74±0.9 to 4.58±2.0; p<0.044), but not LBH (serum: 19.1±4.7 to 22.3±4.8 ng/ml, plasma: 3.25±1.13 to 3.39±0.90 ng/ml; p>0.126), when compared with CON (serum: 18.6±6.4 to 16.8±3.4 ng/ml, plasma: 2.49±0.69 to 2.82±0.89 ng/ml); accompanied by an increase in platelet count (p<0.001). However, there was no change in BDNF content per platelet after either condition (p = 0.392). All physiological measures were elevated to a larger extent after WBH compared with LBH (p<0.001), while shear rate and rectal temperature were higher during LBH than CON (p<0.038). In conclusion, WBH but not LBH acutely elevates circulating BDNF concentration. While these findings further support the use of passive heating to elevate BDNF concentration, a larger increase in shear rate, sympathetic activity and/or rectal temperature than found after LBH appears needed to induce an acute BDNF response by passive heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ogawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Sven P. Hoekstra
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshi-Ichiro Kamijo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Jeremy J. Walsh
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fumihiro Tajima F.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Christof A. Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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Fenton JM, King JA, Hoekstra SP, Willis SA, Ogawa T, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Accentuated early postprandial satiety in people with SCI versus able-bodied controls. Appetite 2021; 167:105628. [PMID: 34389376 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), reduced fat-free mass and movement-related energy expenditure increase obesity risk. Although plausible mechanisms exist, it remains unknown whether impaired appetite regulation potentiates obesity risk in SCI. This study compared postprandial responses of appetite-related hormones, appetite perceptions and the sensitivity of appetite to covert preload energy manipulation in persons with SCI and able-bodied (AB) controls. In a counterbalanced order, 12 men with high-level SCI (≥T6 vertebrae) and 12 AB controls completed two trials, consuming covert high-energy (HE; 2513 kJ) and low-energy (LE; 1008 kJ) preloads on separate occasions. Subjective appetite perceptions were assessed at 30 min intervals following preload consumption (up to 150 min) and energy intake was determined from ad libitum test meals. Appetite-related hormone (total PYY, GLP-1 and acylated ghrelin) responses were measured in the HE trial only. Within the early postprandial phase (0-60 min), subjective ratings of fullness (d = 0.83) and satisfaction (d = 0.87) were higher (P ≤ 0.028) in the group with SCI. No group differences in PYY, GLP-1 or acylated ghrelin were detected in a fasted state or postprandially (d ≤ 0.64; p ≥ 0.053). Ad libitum energy intake was lower in the SCI group (1086 vs. 1713 kJ, respectively, d = 1.00; P = 0.020) but no effect of trial (preload) was found. These findings suggest that, following isocaloric preloads, postprandial satiety may be augmented, rather than attenuated, in people with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Fenton
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, UK.
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK.
| | - Sven P Hoekstra
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, UK.
| | - Scott A Willis
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK.
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, UK.
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23
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van der Scheer JW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Valentino SE, Davis GM, Ho CH. Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:99. [PMID: 34118958 PMCID: PMC8196442 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to summarize and appraise evidence on functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling exercise after spinal cord injury (SCI), in order to inform the development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. METHODS PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL were searched up to April 2021 to identify FES cycling exercise intervention studies including adults with SCI. In order to capture the widest array of evidence available, any outcome measure employed in such studies was considered eligible. Two independent reviewers conducted study eligibility screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal using Cochranes' Risk of Bias or Downs and Black tools. Each study was designated as a Level 1, 2, 3 or 4 study, dependent on study design and quality appraisal scores. The certainty of the evidence for each outcome was assessed using GRADE ratings ('High', 'Moderate', 'Low', or 'Very low'). RESULTS Ninety-two studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising 999 adults with SCI representing all age, sex, time since injury, lesion level and lesion completeness strata. For muscle health (e.g., muscle mass, fiber type composition), significant improvements were found in 3 out of 4 Level 1-2 studies, and 27 out of 32 Level 3-4 studies (GRADE rating: 'High'). Although lacking Level 1-2 studies, significant improvements were also found in nearly all of 35 Level 3-4 studies on power output and aerobic fitness (e.g., peak power and oxygen uptake during an FES cycling test) (GRADE ratings: 'Low'). CONCLUSION Current evidence indicates that FES cycling exercise improves lower-body muscle health of adults with SCI, and may increase power output and aerobic fitness. The evidence summarized and appraised in this review can inform the development of the first international, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the use of FES cycling exercise in clinical and community settings of adults with SCI. Registration review protocol: CRD42018108940 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W van der Scheer
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
- The Healthcare Improvement Studies (THIS) Institute, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, CB2 OAH, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Sydney E Valentino
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Room IWC EG115, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Glen M Davis
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Chester H Ho
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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24
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Rietveld T, Mason BS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, van der Woude LHV, de Groot S, Vegter RJK. Inertial measurement units to estimate drag forces and power output during standardised wheelchair tennis coast-down and sprint tests. Sports Biomech 2021:1-19. [PMID: 33896385 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1902555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe and explore an inertial measurement unit-based method to analyse drag forces and external power loss in wheelchair tennis, using standardised coast-down and 10 m sprint tests. Drag forces and power output were explored among different wheelchair-athlete combinations and playing conditions (tyre pressure, court-surface). Eight highly trained wheelchair tennis players participated in this study. Three inertial measurement units (IMUs) were placed on the frame and axes of the wheels of their wheelchair. All players completed a set of three standardised coast-down trials and two 10 m sprints with different tyre pressures on hardcourt surface. One athlete completed additional tests on a clay/grass tennis-court. Coast-down based drag forces of 4.8-7.2 N and an external power loss of 9.6-14.4 W at a theoretical speed of 2 m/s were measured on hardcourt surface. A higher tyre pressure led to lower drag forces during coast-down tests on hardcourt surface (Fr (4) = 10.7, p = 0.03). For the single athlete, there was an external power loss of 10.4, 15.6 and 49.4 W, respectively, for the hardcourt, clay and grass. The current prediction of power output was implemented during coast-down testing; unfortunately, the power prediction during 10 m sprints was difficult to accomplish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rietveld
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Lucas H V van der Woude
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Center for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja de Groot
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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25
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Mason BS, Altmann VC, Hutchinson MJ, Petrone N, Bettella F, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Optimising classification of proximal arm strength impairment in wheelchair rugby: A proof of concept study. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:132-139. [PMID: 33541213 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1883291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between proximal arm strength and mobility performance in wheelchair rugby (WR) athletes and examined whether a valid structure for classifying proximal arm strength impairment could be determined. Fifty-seven trained WR athletes with strength impaired arms and no trunk function performed six upper body isometric strength tests and three 10 m sprints in their rugby wheelchair. All strength measures correlated with 2 m and 10 m sprint times (r ≥ -0.43; p ≤ 0.0005) and were entered into k-means cluster analyses with 4-clusters (to mirror the current International Wheelchair Rugby Federation [IWRF] system) and 3-clusters. The 3-cluster structure provided a more valid structure than both the 4-cluster and existing IWRF system, as evidenced by clearer differences in strength (Effect sizes [ES] ≥ 1.0) and performance (ES ≥ 1.1) between adjacent clusters and stronger mean silhouette coefficient (0.64). Subsequently, the 3-cluster structure for classifying proximal arm strength impairment would result in less overlap between athletes from adjacent classes and reduce the likelihood of athletes being disadvantaged due to their impairment. This study demonstrated that the current battery of isometric strength tests and cluster analyses could facilitate the evidence-based development of classifying proximal arm strength impairment in WR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Viola C Altmann
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.,Rehabilitation Medical Center Groot Klimmendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Hutchinson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Nicola Petrone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
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26
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Hoekstra SP, Ogawa T, Dos Santos M, Handsley G, Bailey SJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Tajima F, Cheng JL, Leicht CA. The effects of local versus systemic passive heating on the acute inflammatory, vascular and glycaemic response. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:808-818. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the acute cardiometabolic and perceptual responses between local and whole-body passive heating. Using a water-perfused suit, 10 recreationally active males underwent three 90 min conditions: heating of the legs with upper-body cooling (LBH), whole-body heating (WBH) and exposure to a thermoneutral temperature (CON). Blood samples were collected before and up to 3 h post-session to assess inflammatory markers, while a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test was initiated 1 h post-session. Femoral artery blood flow and perceptual responses were recorded at regular intervals. The interleukin (IL)-6 incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was higher for LBH (1096 ± 851 pg/mL × 270 min) and WBH (833 ± 476 pg/mL × 270 min) compared with CON (565 ± 325 pg/mL × 270 min; p < 0.047). Glucose concentrations were higher after WBH compared with LBH and CON (p < 0.046). Femoral artery blood flow was higher at the end of WBH (1713 ± 409 mL/min) compared with LBH (943 ± 349 mL/min; p < 0.001), and higher in LBH than CON (661 ± 222 mL/min; p = 0.002). Affect and thermal comfort were more negative during WBH compared with LBH and CON (p < 0.010). In conclusion, local passive heating elevated blood flow and the IL-6 iAUC. However, while resulting in more positive perceptual responses, the majority of the included cardiometabolic markers were attenuated compared with WBH. Novelty: The increase in the IL-6 iAUC in response to passive heating is not reduced by upper-body cooling. Upper-body cooling attenuates the plasma nitrite, IL-1ra and femoral artery blood flow response to passive heating. Upper-body cooling leads to more positive perceptual responses to passive heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven P. Hoekstra
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Miguel Dos Santos
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Handsley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Jem L. Cheng
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christof A. Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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27
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Mason BS, Stone B, Warner MB, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Crank length alters kinematics and kinetics, yet not the economy of recumbent handcyclists at constant handgrip speeds. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:388-397. [PMID: 33079394 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Handcycling performance is dependent on the physiological economy of the athlete; however, handbike configuration and the biomechanical interaction between the two are also vital. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of crank length manipulations on physiological and biomechanical aspects of recumbent handcycling performance in highly trained recumbent handcyclists at a constant linear handgrip speed and sport-specific intensity. Nine competitive handcyclists completed a 3-minute trial in an adjustable recumbent handbike in four crank length settings (150, 160, 170 & 180 mm) at 70% peak power output. Handgrip speed was controlled (1.6 m·s-1 ) across trials with cadences ranging from 102 to 85 rpm. Physiological economy, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were monitored in all trials. Handcycling kinetics were quantified using an SRM (Schoberer Rad Messtechnik) powermeter, and upper limb kinematics were determined using a 10-camera VICON motion capture system. Physiological responses were not significantly affected by crank length. However, greater torque was generated (P < .0005) and peak torque occurred earlier during the push and pull phase (P ≤ .001) in longer cranks. Statistical parametric mapping revealed that the timing and orientation of shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, and elbow extension were significantly altered in different crank lengths. Despite the biomechanical adaptations, these findings suggest that at constant handgrip speeds (and varying cadence) highly trained handcyclists may select crank lengths between 150 and 180 mm without affecting their physiological performance. Until further research, factors such as anthropometrics, comfort, and self-selected cadence should be used to facilitate crank length selection in recumbent handcyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, NCSEM, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Benjamin Stone
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, NCSEM, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Martin B Warner
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, NCSEM, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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28
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Hutchinson MJ, Phillips JLK, Mason BS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Beckman EM. Measures of impairment applicable to the classification of Paralympic athletes competing in wheelchair sports: A systematic review of validity, reliability and associations with performance. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:40-61. [PMID: 32912039 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1815957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental aspect of classification systems in Paralympic sport is having valid and reliable measures of impairment. However, minimal consensus exists for assessing impaired strength, coordination and range of motion. This review aimed to systematically identify measures of upper body strength, coordination and range of motion impairments that meet the requirements for use in evidence-based classification systems in wheelchair sports. Three electronic databases were searched from 2003 until 31 August 2019 for studies that assessed upper body function of participants and used a measurement tool that assessed strength, coordination or range of motion. The body of evidence for each identified measure was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. Twenty-three studies were included: ten measured strength and coordination, and six measured range of motion. There was "moderate" confidence in using isometric strength for assessing strength impairment. Tapping tasks for the assessment of coordination impairment received a "low" confidence rating. All other identified measures of coordination and range of motion impairment received a "very low" confidence rating. Several potential measures were identified for assessing upper body strength, coordination and range of motion impairments. Further research is warranted to investigate their use for classification in Paralympic wheelchair sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hutchinson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jamie-Lee K Phillips
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma M Beckman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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29
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Sindall P, Lenton JP, Mason BS, Tolfrey K, Cooper RA, Martin Ginis KA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Practice improves court mobility and self-efficacy in tennis-specific wheelchair propulsion. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2020; 16:398-406. [PMID: 32412809 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2020.1761892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wheelchair tennis (WT) propulsion is uniquely characterized by the requirement for racket holding coupled with effective hand-rim contact. Thus, investigations involving strategies to enhance chair mobility skills are merited. The aim was to examine the effects of organized practice on WT match play responses and the impact of racket holding during practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following physiological profiling involving graded and peak exercise testing, 16 able-bodied (AB) participants performed bouts of WT match play interspersed with practice involving wheelchair mobility drills completed with (R) or without (NR) a tennis racket. A data logger recorded distance and speed. Self-efficacy was reported. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant main effects for match revealed higher post-practice overall and forwards distances (p < 0.05), peak (p < 0.005) and average (p < 0.05) speeds and self-efficacy (SE) (p = 0.001) were attained. During practice, lower distances and speeds were achieved with R, with a lower physiological cost than NR. Practice increases court movement and SE with no associated increases in physiological cost. Changes represent enhanced court mobility. Differences between practice characteristics provide options for skill development and optimization of health outcomes.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONWheelchair tennis participation is likely to confer positive health effects in those with a disability or physical impairment.As chair propulsion combined with racket holding represents a complex skill challenge, novices may find the sport challenging to play.Tennis-specific mobility drills improve confidence and chair propulsion skill with likely crossover into tennis match play competence and ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sindall
- School of Health and Society, The University of Salford, Salford, UK.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - John P Lenton
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Rory A Cooper
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Martin Ginis
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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30
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Hutchinson MJ, Kilgallon JW, Leicht CA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Perceived exertion responses to wheelchair propulsion differ between novice able-bodied and trained wheelchair sportspeople. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:403-407. [PMID: 31706827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate peripheral (RPEP) and central (RPEC) Ratings of Perceived Exertion during wheelchair propulsion in untrained able-bodied (AB) participants, and trained wheelchair rugby athletes with and without cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS 38 participants (AB: n=20; wheelchair rugby athletes with CSCI: n=9; without CSCI: n=9) completed an incremental wheelchair propulsion test to exhaustion on a motorised treadmill. Gas exchange measures and heart rate (HR) were collected throughout. RPEP and RPEC on the Category Ratio-10 were verbally recorded each minute. Blood lactate concentration ([BLa]) was determined post-test. RESULTS Between 50-100% peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), RPEP was greater than RPEC in AB (p<0.05), but not in athletes with (p=0.07) or without (p=0.16) CSCI. RPEP was greater in AB compared to players with CSCI (Effect sizes: 1.24-1.62), as were respiratory exchange ratio (1.02±0.10 vs 0.82±0.11, p<0.05) and [BLa]peak (7.98±2.53 vs 4.66±1.57mmol·L-1). RPEC was greater in athletes without CSCI compared to those with CSCI (Effect sizes: 0.70-1.38), as were HR (166±20 vs 104±15 beats·min-1, p<0.05) and ventilation (59.2±28.8 vs 35.1±16.6L·min-1, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS RPEP was dominant over RPEC during wheelchair propulsion for untrained AB participants. For athletes with CSCI, lower RPEP and RPEC were reported at the same %V̇O2peak compared to those without CSCI. The mechanism for this remains to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hutchinson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Kilgallon
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Christof A Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University, United Kingdom.
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31
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Stephenson BT, Tolfrey K, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Mixed Active and Passive, Heart Rate-Controlled Heat Acclimation Is Effective for Paralympic and Able-Bodied Triathletes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1214. [PMID: 31616314 PMCID: PMC6763681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aims of this study are to explore the effectiveness of mixed active and passive heat acclimation (HA), controlling the relative intensity of exercise by heart rate (HR) in paratriathletes (PARA), and to determine the adaptation differences to able-bodied (AB) triathletes. Methods: Seven elite paratriathletes and 13 AB triathletes undertook an 8-day HA intervention consisting of five HR-controlled sessions and three passive heat exposures (35°C, 63% relative humidity). On the first and last days of HA, heat stress tests were conducted, whereby thermoregulatory changes were recorded during at a fixed, submaximal workload. The AB group undertook 20 km cycling time trials pre- and post-HA with performance compared to an AB, non-acclimated control group. Results: During the heat stress test, HA lowered core temperature (PARA: 0.27 ± 0.32°C; AB: 0.28 ± 0.34°C), blood lactate concentration (PARA: 0.23 ± 0.15 mmol l−1; AB: 0.38 ± 0.31 mmol l−1) with concomitant plasma volume expansion (PARA: 12.7 ± 10.6%; AB: 6.2 ± 7.7%; p ≤ 0.047). In the AB group, a lower skin temperature (0.19 ± 0.44°C) and HR (5 ± 6 bpm) with a greater sweat rate (0.17 ± 0.25 L h−1) were evident post-HA (p ≤ 0.045), but this was not present for the PARA group (p ≥ 0.177). The AB group improved their performance by an extent greater than the smallest worthwhile change based on the normal variation present with no HA (4.5 vs. 3.7%). Conclusions: Paratriathletes are capable of displaying partial HA, albeit not to same extent as AB triathletes. The HA protocol was effective at stimulating thermoregulatory adaptations with performance changes noted in AB triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T Stephenson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Physiology, English Institute of Sport, Loughborough Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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32
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Griggs KE, Stephenson BT, Price MJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Heat-related issues and practical applications for Paralympic athletes at Tokyo 2020. Temperature (Austin) 2019; 7:37-57. [PMID: 32166104 PMCID: PMC7053936 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1617030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
International sporting competitions, including the Paralympic Games, are increasingly being held in hot and/or humid environmental conditions. Thus, a greater emphasis is being placed on preparing athletes for the potentially challenging environmental conditions of the host cities, such as the upcoming Games in Tokyo in 2020. However, evidence-based practices are limited for the impairment groups that are eligible to compete in Paralympic sport. This review aims to provide an overview of heat-related issues for Paralympic athletes alongside current recommendations to reduce thermal strain and technological advancements in the lead up to the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. When competing in challenging environmental conditions, a number of factors may contribute to an athlete's predisposition to heightened thermal strain. These include the characteristics of the sport itself (type, intensity, duration, modality, and environmental conditions), the complexity and severity of the impairment and classification of the athlete. For heat vulnerable Paralympic athletes, strategies such as the implementation of cooling methods and heat acclimation can be used to combat the increase in heat strain. At an organizational level, regulations and specific heat policies should be considered for several Paralympic sports. Both the utilization of individual strategies and specific heat health policies should be employed to ensure that Paralympics athletes' health and sporting performance are not negatively affected during the competition in the heat at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy E. Griggs
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ben T. Stephenson
- Loughborough Performance Centre, English Institute of Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Michael J. Price
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Rosén JS, Arndt A, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Mason BS, Hutchinson MJ, Tarassova O, Bjerkefors A. The impact of impairment on kinematic and kinetic variables in Va'a paddling: Towards a sport-specific evidence-based classification system for Para Va'a. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1942-1950. [PMID: 31006343 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1606763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Para Va'a is a new Paralympic sport in which athletes with trunk and/or leg impairment compete over 200 m. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of impairment on kinematic and kinetic variables during Va'a ergometer paddling. Ten able-bodied and 44 Para Va'a athletes with impairments affecting: trunk and legs (TL), legs bilaterally (BL) or leg unilaterally (UL) participated. Differences in stroke frequency, mean paddling force, and joint angles and correlation of the joint angles with paddling force were examined. Able-bodied demonstrated significantly greater paddling force as well as knee and ankle flexion ranges of movement (ROM) on the top hand paddling side compared to TL, BL and UL. Able-bodied, BL and UL demonstrated greater paddling force and trunk flexion compared to TL, and UL demonstrated larger bottom hand paddling side knee and ankle flexion ROM compared to BL. Significant positive correlations were observed for both male and female athletes between paddling force and all trunk flexion angles and ROM in the trunk and pelvis rotation and bottom hand paddling side hip, knee and ankle flexion. The results of this study are important for creating an evidence-based classification system for Para Va'a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Rosén
- a Department of Sport and Health Sciences , The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anton Arndt
- a Department of Sport and Health Sciences , The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Department of Clinical Sciences , Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- c Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- c Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Michael J Hutchinson
- c Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Olga Tarassova
- a Department of Sport and Health Sciences , The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anna Bjerkefors
- a Department of Sport and Health Sciences , The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Department of Neuroscience , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
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Hoekstra SP, Leicht CA, Kamijo YI, Kinoshita T, Stephenson BT, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Bishop NC, Tajima F. The inflammatory response to a wheelchair half-marathon in people with a spinal cord injury - the role of autonomic function. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1717-1724. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1586296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven P. Hoekstra
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Christof A. Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Yoshi-Ichiro Kamijo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tokio Kinoshita
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ben T. Stephenson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicolette C. Bishop
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Stone B, Mason BS, Bundon A, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Elite handcycling: a qualitative analysis of recumbent handbike configuration for optimal sports performance. Ergonomics 2019; 62:449-458. [PMID: 30281401 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1531149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of handbike configuration is limited, yet it can be a key determinant of performance in handcycling. This study explored how 14 handcycling experts (elite handcyclists, coaches, support staff, and manufacturers) perceived aspects of recumbent handbike configuration to impact upon endurance performance via semi-structured interviews. Optimising the handbike for comfort, stability, and power production was identified as key themes. Comfort and stability were identified to be the foundations of endurance performance and were primarily influenced by the seat, backrest, headrest, and their associated padding. Power production was determined by the relationship between the athletes' shoulder and abdomen and the trajectories of the handgrips, which were determined by the crank axis position, crank arm length, and handgrip width. Future studies should focus on quantifying the configuration of recumbent handbikes before determining the effects that crank arm length, handgrip width, and crank position have on endurance performance. Practitioner Summary: To gain a greater understanding of the impact of handbike configurations on endurance performance, the perceptions of expert handcyclists were explored qualitatively. Optimising the handbike for comfort and stability, primarily via backrest padding and power production, the position of the shoulders relative to handgrips and crank axis, were critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stone
- a Peter Harrison Centre of Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
| | - Barry S Mason
- a Peter Harrison Centre of Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Bundon
- b School of Kinesiology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- a Peter Harrison Centre of Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
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Griggs KE, Havenith G, Price MJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Infographic. Thermoregulatory impairment in athletes with a spinal cord injury. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:1305-1306. [PMID: 30610000 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Ellen Griggs
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, The National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.,Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University - Clifton Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - George Havenith
- Design School, Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Michael J Price
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, The National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Ginis KAM, van der Scheer JW, Latimer-Cheung AE, Barrow A, Bourne C, Carruthers P, Bernardi M, Ditor DS, Gaudet S, de Groot S, Hayes KC, Hicks AL, Leicht CA, Lexell J, Macaluso S, Manns PJ, McBride CB, Noonan VK, Pomerleau P, Rimmer JH, Shaw RB, Smith B, Smith KM, Steeves JD, Tussler D, West CR, Wolfe DL, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Correction: Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline. Spinal Cord 2018; 56:1114. [DOI: 10.1038/s41393-018-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mason BS, Vegter RJK, Paulson TAW, Morrissey D, van der Scheer JW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Bilateral scapular kinematics, asymmetries and shoulder pain in wheelchair athletes. Gait Posture 2018; 65:151-156. [PMID: 30558924 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.07.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoulder pain is the most common complaint for wheelchair athletes. Scapular orientation and dyskinesia are thought to be associated with shoulder pathology, yet no previous studies have examined the bilateral scapula kinematics of wheelchair athletes during propulsion. RESEARCH QUESTION To examine bilateral scapular kinematics of highly trained wheelchair rugby (WR) players and any associations with self-reported shoulder pain during everyday wheelchair propulsion. METHODS Ten WR players (5 with shoulder pain, 5 without) performed 2 × 3-minute bouts of exercise in their everyday wheelchair on a wheelchair ergometer at two sub-maximal speeds (3 and 6 km h-1). During the final minute, 3D kinematic data were collected at 100 Hz to describe scapulothoracic motion relative to each propulsion cycle. Instantaneous asymmetries in scapular orientation between dominant and non-dominant sides were also reported. Differences in scapular kinematics and propulsion asymmetries were compared across shoulders symptomatic and asymptomatic of pain. RESULTS An internally rotated, upwardly rotated and anteriorly tilted scapula was common during wheelchair propulsion and asymmetries ≤14° did exist, yet minimal changes were observed across speeds. Participants with bilateral shoulder pain displayed a less upwardly rotated scapula during propulsion, however large inter-individual variability in scapular kinematics was noted. SIGNIFICANCE Scapular asymmetries are exhibited by wheelchair athletes during wheelchair propulsion, yet these were not exacerbated by increased speed and had limited associations to shoulder pain. This suggests that propulsion kinematics of highly trained athletes may not be the primary cause of pain experienced by this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK(1).
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A W Paulson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK(1)
| | - Dylan Morrissey
- Sport and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jan W van der Scheer
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK(1)
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK(1)
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Withers TM, Croft L, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Dunstan DW, Leicht CA, Bailey DP. Cardiovascular disease risk marker responses to breaking up prolonged sedentary time in individuals with paraplegia: the Spinal Cord Injury Move More (SCIMM) randomised crossover laboratory trial protocol. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021936. [PMID: 29934392 PMCID: PMC6020957 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sedentary behaviour is a distinct risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and could partly explain the increased prevalence of CVD in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Interrupting prolonged sitting periods with regular short bouts of walking acutely suppresses postprandial glucose and lipids in able-bodied individuals. However, the acute CVD risk marker response to breaking up prolonged sedentary time in people with SCI has not been investigated. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A randomised two-condition laboratory crossover trial will compare: (1) breaking up prolonged sedentary time with 2 min moderate-intensity arm-crank activity every 20 min, with (2) uninterrupted prolonged sedentary time (control) in people with SCI. Outcomes will include acute effects on postprandial glucose, insulin, lipids and blood pressure. Blood samples will be collected and blood pressure measured at regular intervals during each 5½-hour condition. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Cambridge South National Health Service Research Ethics Committee. This research will help determine if breaking up prolonged sedentary time could be effective in lowering CVD risk in people with SCI. The findings of the research will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated to relevant user groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN51868437; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Withers
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Louise Croft
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christof A Leicht
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Daniel P Bailey
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
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Goosey-Tolfrey VL, van der Scheer JW, Lexell J, Clements K, Martin Ginis KA. Development of scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52:1166-1167. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arm exercise is performed at lower absolute intensities than lower body exercise. This may impact on intensity-dependent neutrophil responses, and it is unknown whether individuals restricted to arm exercise experience the same changes in the neutrophil response as found for lower body exercise. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the importance of exercise modality and relative exercise intensity on the neutrophil response. METHODS Twelve moderately trained men performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials after determination of peak oxygen uptake for arm exercise (V˙O2peak arms) and cycling (V˙O2peak legs): 1) arm cranking exercise at 60% V˙O2peak arms, 2) moderate cycling at 60% V˙O2peak legs, and 3) easy cycling at 60% V˙O2peak arms. RESULTS Neutrophil numbers in the circulation increased for all exercise trials, but were significantly lower for easy cycling when compared with arm exercise (P = 0.009), mirroring the blunted increase in HR and epinephrine during easy cycling. For all trials, exercising HR explained some of the variation of the neutrophil number 2 h postexercise (R = 0.51-0.69), epinephrine explaining less of this variation (R = 0.21-0.34). The number of neutrophils expressing CXCR2 decreased in the recovery from exercise in all trials (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Arm and leg exercise elicits the same neutrophil response when performed at the same relative intensity, implying that populations restricted to arm exercise might achieve a similar exercise induced neutrophil response as those performing lower body exercise. A likely explanation for this is the higher sympathetic activation and cardiac output for arm and relative intensity-matched leg exercise when compared with easy cycling, which is partly reflected in HR. This study further shows that the downregulation of CXCR2 may be implicated in exercise-induced neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Martin Ginis KA, van der Scheer JW, Latimer-Cheung AE, Barrow A, Bourne C, Carruthers P, Bernardi M, Ditor DS, Gaudet S, de Groot S, Hayes KC, Hicks AL, Leicht CA, Lexell J, Macaluso S, Manns PJ, McBride CB, Noonan V, Pomerleau P, Rimmer JH, Shaw RB, Smith B, Smith KM, Steeves J, Tussler D, West CR, Wolfe DL, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Response to correspondence from the ESSA Statement authors. Spinal Cord 2018; 56:409-411. [PMID: 29348688 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-017-0051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andy Barrow
- Paralympian and Inspirational Speaker, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Pomerleau
- Institut de Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Québec, Ville de Québec, Canada
| | | | - Robert B Shaw
- University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - John Steeves
- ICORD University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Dot Tussler
- National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, UK
| | | | - Dalton L Wolfe
- Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
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Martin Ginis KA, van der Scheer JW, Latimer-Cheung AE, Barrow A, Bourne C, Carruthers P, Bernardi M, Ditor DS, Gaudet S, de Groot S, Hayes KC, Hicks AL, Leicht CA, Lexell J, Macaluso S, Manns PJ, McBride CB, Noonan VK, Pomerleau P, Rimmer JH, Shaw RB, Smith B, Smith KM, Steeves JD, Tussler D, West CR, Wolfe DL, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline. Spinal Cord 2017; 56:308-321. [PMID: 29070812 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-017-0017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the process and outcomes of using a new evidence base to develop scientific guidelines that specify the type and minimum dose of exercise necessary to improve fitness and cardiometabolic health in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING International. METHODS Using Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II reporting criteria, steps included (a) determining the guidelines' scope; (b) conducting a systematic review of relevant literature; (c) holding three consensus panel meetings (European, Canadian and International) to formulate the guidelines; (d) obtaining stakeholder feedback; and (e) process evaluation by an AGREE II consultant. Stakeholders were actively involved in steps (c) and (d). RESULTS For cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength benefits, adults with a SCI should engage in at least 20 min of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise 2 times per week AND 3 sets of strength exercises for each major functioning muscle group, at a moderate to vigorous intensity, 2 times per week (strong recommendation). For cardiometabolic health benefits, adults with a SCI are suggested to engage in at least 30 min of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise 3 times per week (conditional recommendation). CONCLUSIONS Through a systematic, rigorous, and participatory process involving international scientists and stakeholders, a new exercise guideline was formulated for cardiometabolic health benefits. A previously published SCI guideline was endorsed for achieving fitness benefits. These guidelines represent an important step toward international harmonization of exercise guidelines for adults with SCI, and a foundation for developing exercise policies and programs for people with SCI around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andy Barrow
- Paralympian and Inspirational Speaker, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Sonja Gaudet
- Spinal Cord Injury British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Pomerleau
- Institut de Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Québec, Ville de Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dot Tussler
- National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, UK
| | | | - Dalton L Wolfe
- Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The amount of active muscle mass can influence the acute inflammatory response to exercise, associated with reduced risk for chronic disease. This may affect those restricted to upper body exercise, for example, due to injury or disability. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory responses for arm exercise and intensity-matched leg exercise. METHODS Twelve male individuals performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials after determination of peak oxygen uptake for arm exercise (V˙O2peak A) and cycling (V˙O2peak C): 1) arm cranking exercise at 60% V˙O2peak A, 2) moderate cycling at 60% V˙O2peak C, and 3) easy cycling at 60% V˙O2peak A. Cytokine, adrenaline, and flow cytometric analysis of monocyte subsets were performed before and up to 4 h postexercise. RESULTS Plasma IL-6 increased from resting concentrations in all trials; however, postexercise concentrations were higher for arm exercise (1.73 ± 1.04 pg·mL) and moderate cycling (1.73 ± 0.95 pg·mL) compared with easy cycling (0.87 ± 0.41 pg·mL; P < 0.04). Similarly, the plasma IL-1ra concentration in the recovery period was higher for arm exercise (325 ± 139 pg·mL) and moderate cycling (316 ± 128 pg·mL) when compared with easy cycling (245 ± 77 pg·mL, P < 0.04). Arm exercise and moderate cycling induced larger increases in monocyte numbers and larger increases of the classical monocyte subset in the recovery period than easy cycling (P < 0.05). The postexercise adrenaline concentration was lowest for easy cycling (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Arm exercise and cycling at the same relative exercise intensity induces a comparable acute inflammatory response; however, cycling at the same absolute oxygen uptake as arm exercise results in a blunted cytokine, monocyte, and adrenaline response. Relative exercise intensity appears to be more important to the acute inflammatory response than modality, which is of major relevance for populations restricted to upper body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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van der Scheer JW, Hutchinson MJ, Paulson T, Martin Ginis KA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Reliability and Validity of Subjective Measures of Aerobic Intensity in Adults With Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. PM R 2017; 10:194-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.08.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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van der Scheer JW, Martin Ginis KA, Ditor DS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Hicks AL, West CR, Wolfe DL. Effects of exercise on fitness and health of adults with spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Neurology 2017; 89:736-745. [PMID: 28733344 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize and appraise research testing the effects of exercise interventions on fitness, cardiometabolic health, and bone health among adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Electronic databases were searched (1980-2016). Included studies employed exercise interventions for a period ≥2 weeks, involved adults with acute or chronic SCI, and measured fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, power output, or muscle strength), cardiometabolic health (body composition or cardiovascular risk factors), or bone health outcomes. Evidence was synthesized and appraised using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS A total of 211 studies met the inclusion criteria (22 acute, 189 chronic). For chronic SCI, GRADE confidence ratings were moderate to high for evidence showing exercise can improve all of the reviewed outcomes except bone health. For acute SCI, GRADE ratings were very low for all outcomes. For chronic SCI, there was low to moderate confidence in the evidence showing that 2-3 sessions/week of upper body aerobic exercise at a moderate to vigorous intensity for 20-40 minutes, plus upper body strength exercise (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 50%-80% 1-repetition maximum for all large muscle groups), can improve cardiorespiratory fitness, power output, and muscle strength. For chronic SCI, there was low to moderate confidence in the evidence showing that 3-5 sessions per week of upper body aerobic exercise at a moderate to vigorous intensity for 20-44 minutes can improve cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, and cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS Exercise improves fitness and cardiometabolic health of adults with chronic SCI. The evidence on effective exercise types, frequencies, intensities, and durations should be used to formulate exercise guidelines for adults with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W van der Scheer
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Kathleen A Martin Ginis
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.
| | - David S Ditor
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Audrey L Hicks
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Christopher R West
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Dalton L Wolfe
- From the School for Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences (J.W.v.d.S., V.L.G.-T.), Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, UK; School of Health and Exercise Sciences (K.A.M.G.), University of British Columbia, Kelowna; ICORD (K.A.M.G., C.R.W.) and School of Kinesiology (C.R.W.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Department of Kinesiology (D.S.D.), Brock University, St. Catharines; Department of Kinesiology (A.L.H.), McMaster University, Hamilton; and Parkwood Institute (D.L.W.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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Hutchinson MJ, Paulson TAW, Eston R, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Assessment of peak oxygen uptake during handcycling: Test-retest reliability and comparison of a ramp-incremented and perceptually-regulated exercise test. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181008. [PMID: 28704487 PMCID: PMC5509239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the reliability of a perceptually-regulated maximal exercise test (PRETmax) to measure peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2peak) during handcycle exercise and to compare peak responses to those derived from a ramp-incremented protocol (RAMP). Methods Twenty recreationally active individuals (14 male, 6 female) completed four trials across a 2-week period, using a randomised, counterbalanced design. Participants completed two RAMP protocols (20 W·min-1) in week 1, followed by two PRETmax in week 2, or vice versa. The PRETmax comprised five, 2-min stages clamped at Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) 11, 13, 15, 17 and 20. Participants changed power output (PO) as often as required to maintain target RPE. Gas exchange variables (oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation), heart rate (HR) and PO were collected throughout. Differentiated RPE were collected at the end of each stage throughout trials. Results For relative V˙O2peak, coefficient of variation (CV) was equal to 4.1% and 4.8%, with ICC(3,1) of 0.92 and 0.85 for repeated measures from PRETmax and RAMP, respectively. Measurement error was 0.15 L·min-1 and 2.11 ml·kg-1·min-1 in PRETmax and 0.16 L·min-1 and 2.29 ml·kg-1·min-1 during RAMP for determining absolute and relative V˙O2peak, respectively. The difference in V˙O2peak between PRETmax and RAMP was tending towards statistical significance (26.2 ± 5.1 versus 24.3 ± 4.0 ml·kg-1·min-1, P = 0.055). The 95% LoA were -1.9 ± 4.1 (-9.9 to 6.2) ml·kg-1·min-1. Conclusion The PRETmax can be used as a reliable test to measure V˙O2peak during handcycle exercise in recreationally active participants. Whilst PRETmax tended towards significantly greater V˙O2peak values than RAMP, the difference is smaller than measurement error of determining V˙O2peak from PRETmax and RAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Hutchinson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. W. Paulson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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48
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Griggs KE, Havenith G, Paulson TAW, J Price M, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Effects of cooling before and during simulated match play on thermoregulatory responses of athletes with tetraplegia. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:819-824. [PMID: 28389216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Athletes with high level spinal cord injuries (tetraplegia) are under greater thermal strain during exercise than the able-bodied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of pre-cooling using an ice vest and the combination of pre-cooling and cooling during play using water sprays in athletes with tetraplegia. DESIGN Counter-balanced, cross-over design. METHODS Eight wheelchair rugby players with tetraplegia completed a 60min intermittent sprint protocol (ISP) on a wheelchair ergometer in 20.2°C±0.2°C and 33.0%±3.1% relative humidity. The ISP was conducted on three occasions; no cooling (NC), pre-cooling with an ice vest (P) and pre-cooling with an ice vest and water sprays between quarters (PW). Gastrointestinal (Tgi) temperature, mean skin temperature (Tsk) and perceptual responses were measured throughout. RESULTS At the end of pre-cooling, the change in Tgi was not significantly different between conditions (P>0.05) but the change in Tsk was significantly greater in P and PW compared to NC (P<0.001). The change in Tgi over the ISP was significantly lower in PW and P compared to NC (P<0.05), whilst the change in Tsk was lower in PW compared to P and NC (P<0.05). Cooling had no effect on performance or perceptual responses (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Water spraying between quarters combined with pre-cooling using an ice vest lowers thermal strain to a greater degree than pre-cooling only in athletes with tetraplegia, but has no effect on simulated wheelchair rugby performance or perceptual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy E Griggs
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Design School, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Thomas A W Paulson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Michael J Price
- Department of Biomolecular and Sports Science, Coventry University, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
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49
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Griggs KE, Havenith G, Price M, Mason BS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Thermoregulatory Responses during Competitive Wheelchair Rugby Match Play. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38:177-183. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-121263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katy E Griggs
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport and Exercise Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Michael Price
- Department of Biomolecular and Sports Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Barry S. Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport and Exercise Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport and Exercise Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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50
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Leicht CA, Paulson TAW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Bishop NC. Salivary alpha amylase not chromogranin A reflects sympathetic activity: exercise responses in elite male wheelchair athletes with or without cervical spinal cord injury. Sports Med Open 2017; 3:1. [PMID: 28054256 PMCID: PMC5214895 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Salivary alpha amylase (sAA) and chromogranin A (sCgA) have both been suggested as non-invasive markers for sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. A complete cervical spinal cord injury leading to tetraplegia is accompanied with sympathetic dysfunction; the aim of this study was to establish the exercise response of these markers in this in vivo model. Methods Twenty-six elite male wheelchair athletes (C6–C7 tetraplegia: N = 8, T6–L1 paraplegia: N = 10 and non-spinal cord injured controls: N = 8) performed treadmill exercise to exhaustion. Saliva and blood samples were taken pre, post and 30 min post exercise and analysed for sAA, sCgA and plasma adrenaline concentration, respectively. Results In all three subgroups, sAA and sCgA were elevated post exercise (P < 0.05). Whilst sCgA was not different between subgroups, a group × time interaction for sAA explained the reduced post-exercise sAA activity in tetraplegia (162 ± 127 vs 313 ± 99 (paraplegia) and 328 ± 131 U mL−1 (controls), P = 0.005). The post-exercise increase in adrenaline was not apparent in tetraplegia (P = 0.74). A significant correlation was found between adrenaline and sAA (r = 0.60, P = 0.01), but not between adrenaline and sCgA (r = 0.06, P = 0.79). Conclusions The blunted post-exercise rise in sAA and adrenaline in tetraplegia implies that both reflect SNS activity to some degree. It is questionable whether sCgA should be used as a marker for SNS activity, both due to the exercise response which is not different between the subgroups and its non-significant relationship with adrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Leicht
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, The National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Thomas A W Paulson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, The National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, The National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicolette C Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, The National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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