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Murray JA, Esformes JI, Byrne PJ, Moody JA. Integrating Resistance Training Into Secondary School Physical Education Lessons: Effects of a 6-Week Intervention on Athletic Motor Skill Competencies. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39084619 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of resistance training (RT) in physical education lessons on athletic motor skill competencies in secondary school children. METHOD Seventy-eight males were randomized into experimental year groups or a control group. Experimental groups participated in RT during physical education lessons for a 6-week half-term. The control group continued with their games-based curriculum. Countermovement jump (CMJ) height, seated medicine ball throw (SMBT) distance, and RT skills battery scores were measured preintervention and postintervention. RESULTS All experimental groups significantly improved SMBT distance and RT skills quotient (P < .05). All intervention year groups also significantly improved CMJ height (P < .05), except for year 9. Although the control group did not show improvements in CMJ height and RT skills quotient, there was a significant improvement in SMBT distance (P < .05). The year 7 and 8 males exhibited greater improvements in CMJ height and SMBT distance (d = 0.21-0.79) than in year 9 (d = 0.00-0.40). CONCLUSION Results of the study indicated that a 6-week half-term RT intervention in physical education lessons can improve athletic motor skill competencies (P < .05, d = 0.21-2.51) in male youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Murray
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff,United Kingdom
| | - Joseph I Esformes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff,United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Byrne
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University, Carlow,Ireland
| | - Jeremy A Moody
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff,United Kingdom
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Nisantasi University, Istanbul,Turkey
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Burton AM, Cowburn I, Thompson F, Eisenmann JC, Nicholson B, Till K. Associations Between Motor Competence and Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Psychosocial Characteristics in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:2191-2256. [PMID: 37542607 PMCID: PMC10587315 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor competence is an integral component of the health and performance of youth. Numerous studies support the hypothesis that motor competence interacts with perceived motor competence and physical fitness during childhood to induce positive (e.g. healthy weight status) or negative (e.g. reduced physical activity engagement) trajectories. Yet, while adolescence is a key period of rapid growth and maturation, no systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined the association between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial characteristics solely within adolescents. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to (1) analyse the scientific literature evaluating associations between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness and/or psychosocial characteristics amongst adolescents; (2) evaluate the associations between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness characteristics and/or psychosocial characteristics amongst adolescents; and (3) investigate the impact of moderator variables (i.e., age, sex, type of motor competence assessment) on the associations. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted, followed by a qualitative synthesis of study methods. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to establish the magnitude and orientation of pooled correlation coefficients between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial characteristics of adolescents, whilst considering potential moderators (i.e., age, sex, type of motor competence assessment). RESULTS Sixty-one studies were included, totalling 22,256 adolescents. Twenty-seven different assessments of motor competence were used, with 31 studies utilising product-orientated (i.e. outcome) motor competence assessments. Meta-analyses of 43 studies showed that motor competence was positively associated with physical activity (r = 0.20 to 0.26), some physical fitness characteristics (e.g. muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance; r = 0.03 to 0.60) and psychosocial characteristics (r = 0.07 to 0.34), and inversely associated with weight status (r = - 0.36 to - 0.10), speed (r = - 0.31) and agility (r = - 0.37 to 0.41). Associations with flexibility were unclear. CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis support the hypothesised interactions of motor competence with physical activity (positive), physical fitness (positive except for weight status, speed and agility) and psychosocial characteristics (positive) in adolescence. However, methodological approaches vary considerably (e.g. variety of motor competence assessments utilised), with limitations of the current literature including an inadequate assessment of motor competence, a lack of longitudinal observations and a failure to account for biological maturation. Future research assessing associations between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial characteristics of adolescents should include longitudinal observations of a combined motor competence assessment (i.e. process and product) and account for biological maturation. Improved evaluation using these recommendations could provide more accurate data, leading to more targeted interventions to improve adolescents' physical and psychosocial outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42021233441 (PROSPERO ID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Burton
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK.
- Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate, York, UK.
| | - Ian Cowburn
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
| | - Ffion Thompson
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
- Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate, York, UK
| | - Joey C Eisenmann
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
- Lakeland University, Plymouth, WI, USA
| | - Ben Nicholson
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
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Faigenbaum AD, Stracciolini A, MacDonald JP, Rial Rebullido T. Socioecological approach for building stronger youth for life. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1162-1163. [PMID: 37236772 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea Stracciolini
- Orthopaedics/Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James P MacDonald
- Division of Sports Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tamara Rial Rebullido
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey, USA
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García-Pascual F, Ballester-Esteve I, Calabuig F. Influence of Sports Participation on the Behaviors of Customers of Sports Services: Linear and Qualitative Comparative Analysis Models. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091320. [PMID: 37174862 PMCID: PMC10178483 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports services have become an important enclave for our society. Due to its complete sports offer, customers can perform physical activity that helps them to improve their health and well-being. In fitness centers, managers try to know what their customers are looking for in order to create more personalized experiences, as well as to improve their health. This study seeks to understand the influence that sports frequency has on the future behavior of users of a sports center, using two complementary methodologies. A sample of 383 users of a private sports center was used. The two complementary methodologies used were linear models and comparative qualitative analysis, based on the combination of sets. The results show how sports frequency influences the process of creating users' future behaviors. Considering that none of the variables are necessary, it is observed that perceived value has a significant influence on users' future behaviors. The use of two complementary methodologies provides a more complete understanding, which helps sports managers to plan and manage effectively to ensure user satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, facilities can incentivize customers through loyalty programs and promotions to maintain their engagement, as well as healthy styles to encourage service recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Ballester-Esteve
- Department of Teaching and Learning of Physical, Plastic and Musical Education, University Catholic of Valencia, 46110 Godella, Spain
| | - Ferran Calabuig
- Departament d'Educació Física i Esportiva, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Pullen BJ, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Knight CJ. Relationships between Athletic Motor Skill Competencies and Maturity, Sex, Physical Performance, and Psychological Constructs in Boys and Girls. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9030375. [PMID: 35327747 PMCID: PMC8947559 DOI: 10.3390/children9030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between athletic motor skill competencies (AMSC), maturation, sex, body mass index, physical performance, and psychological constructs (motivation to exercise, physical self-efficacy, and global self-esteem). Two-hundred and twenty-four children aged 11–13 years old were included in the study and sub-divided by sex. The athlete introductory movement screen (AIMS) and tuck jump assessment (TJA) were used to assess AMSC, while standing long jump distance assessed physical performance. Online surveys examined participants’ motivation to exercise, physical self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Trivial to moderate strength relationships were evident between AMSC and BMI (boys: rs = −0.183; girls: rs = −0.176), physical performance (boys: rs = 0.425; girls: rs = 0.397), and psychological constructs (boys: rs = 0.130–0.336; girls rs = 0.030–0.260), with the strength of relationships different between the sexes. Higher levels of AMSC were related to significantly higher levels of physical performance (d = 0.25), motivation to exercise (d = 0.17), and physical self-efficacy (d = 0.15–0.19) in both boys and girls. Enhancing AMSC may have mediating effects on levels of physical performance and psychological constructs in school-aged children, which may hold important implications for physical activity levels and the development of physical literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Pullen
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XB, UK; (B.J.P.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XB, UK; (B.J.P.); (J.L.O.)
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, Sophia Gardens, Cardiff CF11 9SW, UK;
- Sports Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XB, UK; (B.J.P.); (J.L.O.)
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, Sophia Gardens, Cardiff CF11 9SW, UK;
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Camilla J. Knight
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, Sophia Gardens, Cardiff CF11 9SW, UK;
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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The Effects of Strength and Conditioning in Physical Education on Athletic Motor Skill Competencies and Psychological Attributes of Secondary School Children: A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8100138. [PMID: 33080924 PMCID: PMC7603223 DOI: 10.3390/sports8100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leading global physical activity guidelines advocate that young children need to engage in activities that strengthen musculoskeletal tissues and improve movement skill competency. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of delivering strength and conditioning as part of the physical education curriculum on athletic motor skill competencies (AMSC), physical performance, and psychosocial factors. Forty-six school children aged 11–14 were included in the study, and sub-divided firstly by sex and then into intervention and control groups. Intervention groups received nine lessons of strength and conditioning based activities over a six-week period, while the control groups continued with traditional physical education curricula. The resistance training skills battery (RTSB) and tuck jump assessment (TJA) assessed AMSC. Standing long jump distance assessed lower limb strength, and online surveys examined motivation, physical self-efficacy and self-esteem. Male and female intervention groups significantly improved RTSB (p > 0.05) whereas no changes were observed in the control groups. No changes were observed in the intervention groups TJA and only trivial and small non-significant changes in standing long jump performance. Significant increases in motivation of the male intervention group occurred. Strength and conditioning integrated in physical education can improve AMSC in short-term interventions.
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Stricker PR, Faigenbaum AD, McCambridge TM. Resistance Training for Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2020-1011. [PMID: 32457216 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training is becoming more important as an integral part of comprehensive sport training regimens, school physical education classes, and after-school fitness programs. The increasing number of youth who are involved in sport activities, coupled with the health problems of inactivity and being overweight, have resulted in increased interest in resistance training. Secular declines in measures of muscular fitness in modern-day youth highlight the need for participation in youth resistance training for nonathletes as well as athletes. Parents often ask pediatricians to offer advice regarding the safety, benefits, and implementation of an effective resistance-training program. This report is a revision of the 2008 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement and reviews current information and research on the benefits and risks of resistance training for children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Stricker
- Department of Orthopedics, Pediatric & Adolescent Sports Medicine, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California;
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; and
| | - Teri M McCambridge
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Pichardo AW, Oliver JL, Harrison CB, Maulder PS, Lloyd RS, Kandoi R. The Influence of Maturity Offset, Strength, and Movement Competency on Motor Skill Performance in Adolescent Males. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E168. [PMID: 31323944 PMCID: PMC6680597 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the extent to which maturity offset, strength, and movement competency influences motor skill performance in adolescent boys. One hundred and eight secondary school boys completed anthropometric and physical testing on two non-consecutive days for the following variables: Maturity offset, isometric mid-thigh pull absolute (IMTPABS) and relative (IMTPREL) peak force, resistance training skills quotient, 10-, 20-, and 30-m sprint time, countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, anaerobic endurance performance, and seated medicine ball throw (SMBT). The IMTPREL displayed significant small to large correlations with all performance variables (r = 0.27-0.61), whereas maturity offset was significantly correlated with IMTPABS (r = 0.69), sprint (r = 0.29-0.33), jump (r = 0.23-0.34), and SMBT (r = 0.32). Absolute and relative strength were the strongest predictors of all performance variables and combined with maturity to explain 21%-76% of the variance. Low and average relative strength boys were nearly eight times (odds ratio: 7.80, confidence interval: 1.48-41.12, p < 0.05) and nearly four times (odds ratio: 3.86, confidence interval: 0.95-15.59, p < 0.05) more likely to be classified as lower competency compared to high relative strength boys. Relative strength has more influence on motor skill performance than maturity when compared with movement competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Pichardo
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Craig B Harrison
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Peter S Maulder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato University of Technology, 51 Akoranga Road, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato University of Technology, 51 Akoranga Road, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Rohan Kandoi
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato University of Technology, 51 Akoranga Road, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
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