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Dawson L, Beato M, Devereux G, McErlain-Naylor SA. A Review of the Validity and Reliability of Accelerometer-Based Metrics From Upper Back-Mounted GNSS Player Tracking Systems for Athlete Training Load Monitoring. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e459-e474. [PMID: 38968210 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dawson, L, Beato, M, Devereux, G, and McErlain-Naylor, SA. A review of the validity and reliability of accelerometer-based metrics from upper back-mounted GNSS player tracking systems for athlete training load monitoring. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e459-e474, 2024-Athlete load monitoring using upper back-mounted global navigation satellite system (GNSS) player tracking is common within many team sports. However, accelerometer-based load monitoring may provide information that cannot be achieved with GNSS alone. This review focuses on the accelerometer-based metrics quantifying the accumulation of accelerations as an estimation of athlete training load, appraising the validity and reliability of accelerometer use in upper back-mounted GNSS player tracking systems, the accelerometer-based metrics, and their potential for application within athlete monitoring. Reliability of GNSS-housed accelerometers and accelerometer-based metrics are dependent on the equipment model, signal processing methods, and the activity being monitored. Furthermore, GNSS unit placement on the upper back may be suboptimal for accelerometer-based estimation of mechanical load. Because there are currently no feasible gold standard comparisons for field-based whole-body biomechanical load, the validity of accelerometer-based load metrics has largely been considered in relation to other measures of training load and exercise intensity. In terms of convergent validity, accelerometer-based metrics (e.g., PlayerLoad, Dynamic Stress Load, Body Load) have correlated, albeit with varying magnitudes and certainty, with measures of internal physiological load, exercise intensity, total distance, collisions and impacts, fatigue, and injury risk and incidence. Currently, comparisons of these metrics should not be made between athletes because of mass or technique differences or between manufacturers because of processing variations. Notable areas for further study include the associations between accelerometer-based metrics and other parts of biomechanical load-adaptation pathways of interest, such as internal biomechanical loads or methods of manipulating these metrics through effective training design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dawson
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Devereux
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A McErlain-Naylor
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Vaccaro-Benet P, Gómez-Carmona CD, Marzano-Felisatti JM, Pino-Ortega J. Internal and External Load Profile during Beach Invasion Sports Match-Play by Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3738. [PMID: 38931522 PMCID: PMC11207299 DOI: 10.3390/s24123738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Beach variants of popular sports like soccer and handball have grown in participation over the last decade. However, the characterization of the workload demands in beach sports remains limited compared to their indoor equivalents. This systematic review aimed to: (1) characterize internal and external loads during beach invasion sports match-play; (2) identify technologies and metrics used for monitoring; (3) compare the demands of indoor sports; and (4) explore differences by competition level, age, sex, and beach sport. Fifteen studies ultimately met the inclusion criteria. The locomotive volumes averaged 929 ± 269 m (average) and 16.5 ± 3.3 km/h (peak) alongside 368 ± 103 accelerations and 8 ± 4 jumps per session. The impacts approached 700 per session. The heart rates reached 166-192 beats per minute (maximal) eliciting 60-95% intensity. The player load was 12.5 ± 2.9 to 125 ± 30 units. Males showed 10-15% higher external but equivalent internal loads versus females. Earlier studies relied solely on a time-motion analysis, while recent works integrate electronic performance and tracking systems, enabling a more holistic quantification. However, substantial metric intensity zone variability persists. Beach sports entail intermittent high-intensity activity with a lower-intensity recovery. Unstable surface likely explains the heightened internal strain despite moderately lower running volumes than indoor sports. The continued integration of technology together with the standardization of workload intensity zones is needed to inform a beach-specific training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Vaccaro-Benet
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (P.V.-B.); (J.P.-O.)
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martín Marzano-Felisatti
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (P.V.-B.); (J.P.-O.)
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Kirk C, Langan-Evans C, Clark DR, Morton JP. The Relationships Between External and Internal Training Loads in Mixed Martial Arts. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:173-184. [PMID: 38134900 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a multidisciplined combat sport, relationships between external and internal training loads and intensities of mixed martial arts (MMA) have not been described. The aim of this study was to determine the external loads and intensities of MMA training categories and their relationship to internal loads and intensities. METHODS Twenty MMA athletes (age = 23.3 [5.3] y, mass = 72.1 [7.2] kg, stature = 171.5 [8.4] cm) were observed for 2 consecutive weeks. Internal load and intensity (session rating of perceived exertion [sRPE]) were calculated using the Foster RPE for the session overall (sRPE-training load [TL]) and segmented RPE (segRPE-TL) for each training category: warm-up, striking drills, wrestling drills, Brazilian jiujitsu (BJJ) drills, striking sparring, wrestling sparring, BJJ sparring, and MMA sparring. External load and intensity were measured via Catapult OptimEye S5 for the full duration of each session using accumulated Playerload (PLdACC) and PLdACC per minute (PLdACC·min-1). Differences in loads between categories and days were assessed via Bayesian analysis of variance (BF10 ≥ 3). Predictive relationships between internal and external variables were calculated using Bayesian regression. RESULTS Session overall sRPE-TL = 448.6 (191.1) arbitrary units (AU); PLdACC = 310.6 (112) AU. Category segRPE-TL range = 33.8 (22.6) AU (warm-up) to 122.8 (54.6) AU (BJJ drills). Category PLdACC range = 44 (36.3) AU (warm-up) to 125 (58.8) AU (MMA sparring). Neither sRPE-TL nor PLdACC changed between days. PLdACC was different between categories. Evidence for regressions was strong-decisive except for BJJ drills (BF10 = 7, moderate). R2 range = .50 to .77, except for warm-up (R2 = .17), BJJ drills (R2 = .27), BJJ sparring (R2 = .49), and session overall (R2 = .13). CONCLUSIONS While MMA training categories may be differentiated in terms of external load, overall session external load does not change within or between weeks. Resultant regression equations may be used to appropriately plan MMA technical/tactical training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kirk
- Sport and Human Performance Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David R Clark
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Horsley BJ, Tofari PJ, Halson SL, Kemp JG, Chalkley D, Cole MH, Johnston RD, Cormack SJ. Validity and Reliability of Thoracic-Mounted Inertial Measurement Units to Derive Gait Characteristics During Running. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:274-282. [PMID: 37884006 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Horsley, BJ, Tofari, PJ, Halson, SL, Kemp, JG, Chalkley, D, Cole, MH, Johnston, RD, and Cormack, SJ. Validity and reliability of thoracic-mounted inertial measurement units to derive gait characteristics during running. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 274-282, 2024-Inertial measurement units (IMUs) attached to the tibia or lumbar spine can be used to analyze running gait but, with team-sports, are often contained in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) units worn on the thoracic spine. We assessed the validity and reliability of thoracic-mounted IMUs to derive gait characteristics, including peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF peak ) and vertical stiffness (K vert ). Sixteen recreationally active subjects performed 40 m run throughs at 3-4, 5-6, and 7-8 m·s -1 . Inertial measurement units were attached to the tibia, lumbar, and thoracic spine, whereas 2 GNSS units were also worn on the thoracic spine. Initial contact (IC) from a validated algorithm was evaluated with F1 score and agreement (mean difference ± SD ) of gait data with the tibia and lumbar spine using nonparametric limits of agreement (LoA). Test-retest error {coefficient of variation, CV (95% confidence interval [CI])} established reliability. Thoracic IMUs detected a nearly perfect proportion (F1 ≥ 0.95) of IC events compared with tibia and lumbar sites. Step length had the strongest agreement (0 ± 0.04 m) at 3-4 m·s -1 , whereas contact time improved from 3 to 4 (-0.028 ± 0.018 second) to 7-8 m·s -1 (-0.004 ± 0.013 second). All values for K vert fell within the LoA at 7-8 m·s -1 . Test-retest error was ≤12.8% for all gait characteristics obtained from GNSS units, where K vert was most reliable at 3-4 m·s -1 (6.8% [5.2, 9.6]) and vGRF peak at 7-8 m·s -1 (3.7% [2.5, 5.2]). The thoracic-spine site is suitable to derive gait characteristics, including K vert , from IMUs within GNSS units, eliminating the need for additional sensors to analyze running gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Horsley
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Paul J Tofari
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Shona L Halson
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Justin G Kemp
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Daniel Chalkley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Michael H Cole
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Rich D Johnston
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
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Morral-Yepes M, Gonzalo-Skok O, Dos´Santos T, Moras Feliu G. Are change of direction speed and agility different abilities from time and coordinative perspectives? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295405. [PMID: 38060543 PMCID: PMC10703208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to test whether agility and change of direction speed (COD) are independent capacities using the same movement pattern (1) in terms of the completion time and (2) the entropy. Seventeen semi-professional female football players participated in the study. The agility task consisted of a Y-shaped (45° COD) task with three possible exit options (center, right and left) performed pre-planned or in reaction to the movement of two testers (i.e., blocking exit gates). Players' acceleration was measured using an inertial measurement unit. Entropy was calculated from the acceleration signal and completion time was extracted using a magnet-based timing system. Significantly greater times and lower entropy (p<0.001) were found during agility runs to pre-planned COD runs. Furthermore, weak to moderate correlations were found between COD and agility for both completion time (r = 0.29, p<0.001) and entropy (r = 0.53, p<0.001, r2 = 28.1%). These results highlight that COD speed and agility are independent capacities and skills, and as such, should be tested and trained as distinct, separate qualities. Modifying task constraints including a reactive stimulus (i.e., cognitive factors), is essential for increasing task complexity by altering the biomechanical and coordinative aspects of the action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Morral-Yepes
- Department of Sports Performance, INEFC, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Group in Technology Applied to High Performance and Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Thomas Dos´Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Center, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Moras Feliu
- Department of Sports Performance, INEFC, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Losada-Benitez JA, Nuñez-Sánchez FJ, Barbero-Álvarez JC. Quantifying technical load and physical activity in professional soccer players during pre-season matches with IMU technology. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1274171. [PMID: 38098803 PMCID: PMC10720354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1274171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to record, analyze and quantify professional soccer players' technical (TL) and physical load (PL) in friendly matches to compare their records during the first and second halves and between players with different positions. Eighteen professional soccer players, 24.6 ± 2.7 years, 1.78 ± 0.3 height (m), 74.6 ± 4.5 body mass (kg), 9.8 ± 2.2 body fat (%), and 65.6 ± 2.7 maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, ml·kg-1·min-1) were monitored during six preseason friendly matches to analyze the activity profile using technical and physical variables through inertial measurement unit (IMU). No significant differences were found between the periods for the TL and PL. Significant differences were found between specific positions: Full Back (FB: n = 4), Central Defender (CD: n = 3), Midfielder (MD: n = 4), Winger (WG: n = 4), and Forward (FW: n = 3), both the TL and PL. We conclude that the PL profile based on his playing position is independent of the development of the PL shown during friendly matches. The monitoring, quantifying, and controlling of the TL added to the PL provides a more holistic vision of soccer players in friendly matches. The relative ease IMU application technology offers an alternative with less time-cost and more significant benefits than other types of technologies applied up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Augusto Losada-Benitez
- Head of Performance, FC Persepolis, Tehran, Iran
- Physical Performance and Sports Research, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
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Mason R, Pearson LT, Barry G, Young F, Lennon O, Godfrey A, Stuart S. Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:241-268. [PMID: 36242762 PMCID: PMC9807497 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance. OBJECTIVES We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings. RESULTS A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42021235527.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mason
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Liam T Pearson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gillian Barry
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fraser Young
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Alan Godfrey
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Zeng Z, Liu Y, Hu X, Tang M, Wang L. Validity and Reliability of Inertial Measurement Units on Lower Extremity Kinematics During Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:86. [PMID: 35759130 PMCID: PMC9237201 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are useful in monitoring running and alerting running-related injuries in various sports settings. However, the quantitative summaries of the validity and reliability of the measurements from IMUs during running are still lacking. The purpose of this review was to investigate the concurrent validity and test–retest reliability of IMUs for measuring gait spatiotemporal outcomes and lower extremity kinematics of health adults during running. Methods PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science electronic databases were searched from inception until September 2021. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) evaluated the validity or reliability of measurements from IMUs, (2) measured specific kinematic outcomes, (3) compared measurements using IMUs with those obtained using reference systems, (4) collected data during running, (5) assessed human beings and (6) were published in English. Eligible articles were reviewed using a modified quality assessment. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the pooled correlation coefficients of validity and reliability. Results Twenty-five articles were included in the systematic review, and data from 12 were pooled for meta-analysis. The methodological quality of studies ranged from low to moderate. Concurrent validity is excellent for stride length (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 0.937 (0.859, 0.972), p < 0.001), step frequency (ICC (95% CI) = 0.926 (0.896, 0.948), r (95% CI) = 0.989 (0.957, 0.997), p < 0.001) and ankle angle in the sagittal plane (r (95% CI) = 0.939 (0.544, 0.993), p = 0.002), moderate to excellent for stance time (ICC (95% CI) = 0.664 (0.354, 0.845), r (95% CI) = 0.811 (0.701, 0.881), p < 0.001) and good for running speed (ICC (95% CI) = 0.848 (0.523, 0.958), p = 0.0003). The summary Fisher's Z value of flight time was not statistically significant (p = 0.13). Similarly, the stance time showed excellent test–retest reliability (ICC (95% CI) = 0.954 (0.903, 0.978), p < 0.001) and step frequency showed good test–retest reliability (ICC (95% CI) = 0.896 (0.837, 0.933), p < 0.001). Conclusions Findings in the current review support IMUs measurement of running gait spatiotemporal parameters, but IMUs measurement of running kinematics on lower extremity joints needs to be reported with caution in healthy adults. Trial Registration: PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42021279395. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00477-0.
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Wylde MJ, Callaway AJ, Williams JM, Yap J, Leow S, Low CY. Limb specific training magnitude and asymmetry to discriminate between athletes with and without unilateral or bilateral injury history. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 56:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ellens S, Middleton K, Gastin PB, Varley MC. Techniques to derive and clean acceleration and deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies in team sports: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1772-1800. [PMID: 35446231 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2054535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of acceleration and deceleration data as a measure of an athlete's physical performance is common practice in team sports. Acceleration and deceleration are monitored with athlete tracking technologies during training and games to quantify training load, prevent injury and enhance performance. However, inconsistencies exist throughout the literature in the reported methodological procedures used to quantify acceleration and deceleration. The object of this review was to systematically map and provide a summary of the methodological procedures being used on acceleration and deceleration data obtained from athlete tracking technologies in team sports and describe the applications of the data. Systematic searches of multiple databases were undertaken. To be included, studies must have investigated full body acceleration and/or deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies. The search identified 276 eligible studies. Most studies (60%) did not provide information on how the data was derived and what sequence of steps were taken to clean the data. Acceleration and deceleration data were commonly applied to quantify and describe movement demands using effort metrics. This scoping review identified research gaps in the methodological procedures and deriving and cleaning techniques that warrant future research focussing on their effect on acceleration and deceleration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Benson LC, Räisänen AM, Clermont CA, Ferber R. Is This the Real Life, or Is This Just Laboratory? A Scoping Review of IMU-Based Running Gait Analysis. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051722. [PMID: 35270869 PMCID: PMC8915128 DOI: 10.3390/s22051722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) can be used to monitor running biomechanics in real-world settings, but IMUs are often used within a laboratory. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe how IMUs are used to record running biomechanics in both laboratory and real-world conditions. We included peer-reviewed journal articles that used IMUs to assess gait quality during running. We extracted data on running conditions (indoor/outdoor, surface, speed, and distance), device type and location, metrics, participants, and purpose and study design. A total of 231 studies were included. Most (72%) studies were conducted indoors; and in 67% of all studies, the analyzed distance was only one step or stride or <200 m. The most common device type and location combination was a triaxial accelerometer on the shank (18% of device and location combinations). The most common analyzed metric was vertical/axial magnitude, which was reported in 64% of all studies. Most studies (56%) included recreational runners. For the past 20 years, studies using IMUs to record running biomechanics have mainly been conducted indoors, on a treadmill, at prescribed speeds, and over small distances. We suggest that future studies should move out of the lab to less controlled and more real-world environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Benson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Tonal Strength Institute, Tonal, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences—Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR 97355, USA
| | - Christian A. Clermont
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Sport Product Testing, Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6B7, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Cumming School of Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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12
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Sasaki S, Nagano Y, Suganuma Y, Koyama T, Ichikawa H. Acceleration profile of high-impact movements during young football games: a cross-sectional study involving healthy children. Sports Biomech 2021:1-15. [PMID: 34490829 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1970796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive high-impact movements cause growth-related injuries in children. This study aimed to identify which movements during junior football games require >6 G and >8 G acceleration and the frequency at which they occur. Additionally, we compared the components of acceleration among movements with >8 G resultant acceleration. Eleven young male footballers (10.7 ± 0.4 years) played 8-a-side games while wearing a tri-axial accelerometer on their upper back. The number and frequency of the movements that generated >6 G and >8 G were calculated, and each directive acceleration of the top five items was compared using two-way ANOVA to examine the effect of movements. The frequency of movements that generated >6 G and >8 G acceleration during junior football games was 8.70 case/min and 2.62 case/min, respectively. The top five >8 G movements were braking and pre-braking in shuffle, slowdown, stop, and run/jog items. The vertical acceleration was significantly greater during braking in shuffle than during slowdown, stop, and run/jog and also greater during stop and pre-braking in shuffle than during run/jog movement. This pilot study suggests that decelerated movements mainly provoked high-impact situations and may be key actions for preventing overuse injury in young footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nagano
- Department of Sports and Health Science, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Suganuma
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Koyama
- Sports Medical Science Research Institute, Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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13
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Tan JH, Polglaze T, Peeling P. Validity and reliability of a player-tracking device to identify movement orientation in team sports. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1945881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin H.Y. Tan
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences). The University of Western, Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Ted Polglaze
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences). The University of Western, Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences). The University of Western, Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport. Mt Claremont, Western Australia
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14
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Blazey P, Michie TV, Napier C. A narrative review of running wearable measurement system accuracy and reliability: can we make running shoe prescription objective? FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1878287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Blazey
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Napier
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,Canada
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15
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Marris J, Barrett S, Abt G, Towlson C. Quantifying technical actions in professional soccer using foot-mounted inertial measurement units. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:203-214. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1910333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Marris
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
- Sports Science and Medicine Department, Hull City AFC, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Steve Barrett
- Department of Sports Science and Research Innovation, PlayerMaker™, London, UK
| | - Grant Abt
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Chris Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
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16
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Horsley BJ, Tofari PJ, Halson SL, Kemp JG, Dickson J, Maniar N, Cormack SJ. Does Site Matter? Impact of Inertial Measurement Unit Placement on the Validity and Reliability of Stride Variables During Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1449-1489. [PMID: 33761128 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are used for running gait analysis in a variety of sports. These sensors have been attached at various locations to capture stride data. However, it is unclear if different placement sites affect the derived outcome measures. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of placement on the validity and reliability of IMU-derived measures of running gait. METHODS Online databases SPORTDiscus with Full Text, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), EMBASE (Ovid) and Scopus were searched from the earliest record to 6 August 2020. Articles were included if they (1) used an IMU during running (2) reported spatiotemporal variables, peak ground reaction force (GRF) or vertical stiffness and (3) assessed validity or reliability. Meta-analyses were performed for a pooled validity estimate when (1) studies reported means and standard deviation for variables derived from the IMU and criterion (2) used the same IMU placement and (3) determined validity at a comparable running velocity (≤ 1 m·s-1 difference). RESULTS Thirty-nine articles were included, where placement varied between the foot, tibia, hip, sacrum, lumbar spine (LS), torso and thoracic spine (TS). Initial contact, toe-off, contact time (CT), flight time (FT), step time, stride time, swing time, step frequency (SF), step length (SL), stride length, peak vertical and resultant GRF and vertical stiffness were analysed. Four variables (CT, FT, SF and SL) were meta-analysed, where CT was compared between the foot, tibia and LS placements and SF was compared between foot and LS. Foot placement data were meta-analysed for FT and SL. All data are the mean difference (MD [95%CI]). No significant difference was observed for any site compared to the criterion for CT (foot: - 11.47 ms [- 45.68, 22.74], p = 0.43; tibia: 22.34 ms [- 18.59, 63.27], p = 0.18; LS: - 48.74 ms [- 120.33, 22.85], p = 0.12), FT (foot: 11.93 ms [- 8.88, 32.74], p = 0.13), SF (foot: 0.45 step·min-1 [- 1.75, 2.66], p = 0.47; LS: - 3.45 step·min-1 [- 16.28, 9.39], p = 0.37) and SL (foot: 0.21 cm [- 1.76, 2.18], p = 0.69). Reliable derivations of CT (coefficient of variation [CV] < 9.9%), FT (CV < 11.6%) and SF (CV < 4.4%) were shown using foot- and LS-worn IMUs, while the CV was < 7.8% for foot-determined stride time, SL and stride length. Vertical GRF was reliable from the LS (CV = 4.2%) and TS (CV = 3.3%) using a spring-mass model, while vertical stiffness was moderately (r = 0.66) and nearly perfectly (r = 0.98) correlated with criterion measures from the TS. CONCLUSION Placement of IMUs on the foot, tibia and LS is suitable to derive valid and reliable stride data, suggesting measurement site may not be a critical factor. However, evidence regarding the ability to accurately detect stride events from the TS is unclear and this warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Horsley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, 3065, Australia.
| | - Paul J Tofari
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, 3065, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, 3065, Australia.,Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin G Kemp
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, 3065, Australia
| | - Jessica Dickson
- Library and Academic Research Services, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nirav Maniar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, 3065, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, 3065, Australia.,Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Day EM, Alcantara RS, McGeehan MA, Grabowski AM, Hahn ME. Low-pass filter cutoff frequency affects sacral-mounted inertial measurement unit estimations of peak vertical ground reaction force and contact time during treadmill running. J Biomech 2021; 119:110323. [PMID: 33609984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are popular tools for estimating biomechanical variables such as peak vertical ground reaction force (GRFv) and foot-ground contact time (tc), often by using multiple sensors or predictive models. Despite their growing use, little is known about the effects of varying low-pass filter cutoff frequency, which can affect the magnitude of force-related dependent variables, the accuracy of IMU-derived metrics, or if simpler methods for such estimations exist. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of varying low-pass filter cutoff frequency on the correlation of IMU-derived peak GRFv and tc to gold-standard lab-based measurements. Thirty National Collegiate Athletics Association Division 1 cross country runners ran on an instrumented treadmill at a range of speeds while outfitted with a sacral-mounted IMU. A simple method for estimating peak GRFv from the IMU was implemented by multiplying the IMU's vertical acceleration by the runner's body mass. Data from the IMU were low-pass filtered with 5, 10, and 30 Hz cutoffs. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine how well the IMU-derived estimates matched gold-standard biomechanical estimations. Correlations ranged from very weak to moderate for peak GRFv and tc. For peak GRFv, the 10 Hz low-pass filter cutoff performed best (r = 0.638), while for tc the 5 Hz cut-off performed best (r = 0.656). These results suggest that IMU-derived estimates of force and contact time are influenced by the low-pass filter cutoff frequency. Further investigations are needed to determine the optimal low-pass filter cutoff frequency or a different method to accurately estimate force and contact time is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Day
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Ryan S Alcantara
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Alena M Grabowski
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael E Hahn
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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18
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Armitage M, Beato M, McErlain-Naylor SA. Inter-unit reliability of IMU Step metrics using IMeasureU Blue Trident inertial measurement units for running-based team sport tasks. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1512-1518. [PMID: 33541230 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1882726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the inter-unit reliability of IMU Step biomechanical load monitoring metrics using IMeasureU Blue Trident inertial measurement units in tasks common to running-based team sports. Knowledge of variability between units is required before researchers and practitioners can make informed decisions on "true" differences between limbs. Sixteen male college soccer players performed five running-based tasks, generating 224 trials and 17,012 steps. Data were analysed for each task and for the whole session, investigating six IMU Step metrics: step count; impact load; bone stimulus; and low, medium and high intensity steps. Inter-unit reliability was excellent (ICC ≥ 0.90) for 21 out of 26 metrics, and good (0.83 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.86) for all other metrics except for Yo-Yo impact load (ICC = 0.79) which was acceptable. These findings confirm the inter-unit reliability of IMU Step metrics using IMeasureU Blue Trident inertial measurement units for running-based team sports. Now that inter-unit variability has been quantified, researchers and practitioners can use this information when interpreting inter-limb differences for monitoring external biomechanical training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Armitage
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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19
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Seshadri DR, Thom ML, Harlow ER, Gabbett TJ, Geletka BJ, Hsu JJ, Drummond CK, Phelan DM, Voos JE. Wearable Technology and Analytics as a Complementary Toolkit to Optimize Workload and to Reduce Injury Burden. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:630576. [PMID: 33554111 PMCID: PMC7859639 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.630576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable sensors enable the real-time and non-invasive monitoring of biomechanical, physiological, or biochemical parameters pertinent to the performance of athletes. Sports medicine researchers compile datasets involving a multitude of parameters that can often be time consuming to analyze in order to create value in an expeditious and accurate manner. Machine learning and artificial intelligence models may aid in the clinical decision-making process for sports scientists, team physicians, and athletic trainers in translating the data acquired from wearable sensors to accurately and efficiently make decisions regarding the health, safety, and performance of athletes. This narrative review discusses the application of commercial sensors utilized by sports teams today and the emergence of descriptive analytics to monitor the internal and external workload, hydration status, sleep, cardiovascular health, and return-to-sport status of athletes. This review is written for those who are interested in the application of wearable sensor data and data science to enhance performance and reduce injury burden in athletes of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv R. Seshadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mitchell L. Thom
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ethan R. Harlow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Sports Medicine Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tim J. Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Geletka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Sports Medicine Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Colin K. Drummond
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Dermot M. Phelan
- Sports Cardiology, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Program, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - James E. Voos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Sports Medicine Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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20
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Glassbrook DJ, Fuller JT, Alderson JA, Doyle TLA. Measurement of lower-limb asymmetry in professional rugby league: a technical note describing the use of inertial measurement units. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9366. [PMID: 32612890 PMCID: PMC7319021 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantifying lower-limb load and asymmetry during team sport match-play may be important for injury prevention and understanding performance. However, current analysis methods of lower-limb symmetry during match-play employ wearable microtechnology that may not be best suited to the task. A popular microtechnology is global positioning systems (GPS), which are torso worn. The torso location, and the summary workload measures calculated by GPS are not suited to the calculation of lower-limb load. Instead, research grade accelerometers placed directly on the lower-limb may provide better load information than GPS. This study proposes a new technique to quantify external mechanical load, and lower-limb asymmetry during on-field team sport play using inertial measurement units. Methods Four professional rugby league players (Age: 23.4 ± 3.1 years; Height: 1.89 ± 0.05 m; Mass: 107.0 ± 12.9 kg) wore two accelerometers, one attached to each foot by the boot laces, during match simulations. Custom Matlab (R2017b, The Mathworks Inc, Natick, MA) code was used to calculate total time, area under the curve (AUC), and percentage of time (%Time) spent in seven acceleration categories (negative to very high, <0 g to >16 g), as well as minimum and maximum acceleration during match simulations. Lower-limb AUC and %Time asymmetry was calculated using the Symmetry Angle Equation, which does not require normalization to a reference leg. Results The range of accelerations experienced across all participants on the left and right sides were 15.68–17.53 g, and 16.18–17.69 g, respectively. Clinically significant asymmetry in AUC and %Time was observed for all but one participant, and only in negative (<0 g) and very high accelerations (>16 g). Clinically significant AUC differences in very high accelerations ranged from 19.10%–26.71%. Clinically significant %Time differences in negative accelerations ranged from 12.65%–25.14%, and in very high accelerations from 18.59%–25.30%. All participants experienced the most AUC at very low accelerations (2–4 g), and the least AUC at very high accelerations (165.00–194.00 AU vs. 0.32–3.59 AU). The %Time results indicated that all participants spent the majority of match-play (73.82–92.06%) in extremely low (0–2 g) to low (4–6 g) acceleration intensities, and the least %Time in very high accelerations (0.01%–0.05%). Discussion A wearable located on the footwear to measure lower-limb load and asymmetry is feasible to use during rugby league match-play. The location of the sensor on the boot is suited to minimize injury risk occurring from impact to the sensor. This technique is able to quantify external mechanical load and detect inter limb asymmetries during match-play at the source of impact and loading, and is therefore likely to be better than current torso based methods. The results of this study may assist in preparing athletes for match-play, and in preventing injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Glassbrook
- Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joel T Fuller
- Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline A Alderson
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tim L A Doyle
- Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Pogson M, Verheul J, Robinson MA, Vanrenterghem J, Lisboa P. A neural network method to predict task- and step-specific ground reaction force magnitudes from trunk accelerations during running activities. Med Eng Phys 2020; 78:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Verheul J, Nedergaard NJ, Vanrenterghem J, Robinson MA. Measuring biomechanical loads in team sports – from lab to field. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1709654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Verheul
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Mark A. Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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23
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Validation of Wearable Sensors during Team Sport-Specific Movements in Indoor Environments. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163458. [PMID: 31394885 PMCID: PMC6720677 DOI: 10.3390/s19163458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine possible influences, including data processing and sport-specific demands, on the validity of acceleration measures by an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in indoor environments. IMU outputs were compared to a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis (MA) system and processed with two sensor fusion algorithms (Kalman filter, KF; Complementary filter, CF) at temporal resolutions of 100, 10, and 5 Hz. Athletes performed six team sport-specific movements whilst wearing a single IMU. Mean and peak acceleration magnitudes were analyzed. Over all trials (n = 1093), KF data overestimated MA resultant acceleration by 0.42 ± 0.31 m∙s−2 for mean and 4.18 ± 3.68 m∙s−2 for peak values, while CF processing showed errors of up to 0.57 ± 0.41 m∙s−2 and −2.31 ± 2.25 m∙s−2, respectively. Resampling to 5 Hz decreased the absolute error by about 14% for mean and 56% for peak values. Still, higher acceleration magnitudes led to a large increase in error. These results indicate that IMUs can be used for assessing accelerations in indoor team sports with acceptable means. Application of a CF and resampling to 5 Hz is recommended. High-acceleration magnitudes impair validity to a large degree and should be interpreted with caution.
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Seshadri DR, Li RT, Voos JE, Rowbottom JR, Alfes CM, Zorman CA, Drummond CK. Wearable sensors for monitoring the internal and external workload of the athlete. NPJ Digit Med 2019; 2:71. [PMID: 31372506 PMCID: PMC6662809 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-019-0149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The convergence of semiconductor technology, physiology, and predictive health analytics from wearable devices has advanced its clinical and translational utility for sports. The detection and subsequent application of metrics pertinent to and indicative of the physical performance, physiological status, biochemical composition, and mental alertness of the athlete has been shown to reduce the risk of injuries and improve performance and has enabled the development of athlete-centered protocols and treatment plans by team physicians and trainers. Our discussions in this review include commercially available devices, as well as those described in scientific literature to provide an understanding of wearable sensors for sports medicine. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the applications of wearable technology for assessing the biomechanical and physiological parameters of the athlete. A secondary objective of this paper is to identify collaborative research opportunities among academic research groups, sports medicine health clinics, and sports team performance programs to further the utility of this technology to assist in the return-to-play for athletes across various sporting domains. A companion paper discusses the use of wearables to monitor the biochemical profile and mental acuity of the athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv R. Seshadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Ryan T. Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - James E. Voos
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - James R. Rowbottom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Celeste M. Alfes
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, 9501 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Christian A. Zorman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Colin K. Drummond
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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25
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Validity of the Polar Team Pro Sensor for measuring speed and distance indoors. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1260-1265. [PMID: 31272915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the validity of the Polar Team Pro Sensor for measuring speed and distance indoors during continuous locomotive and change-of-direction tasks at low, medium, and high intensities. DESIGN Descriptive validation study. METHODS 26 recreationally-active participants (age: 32.2 ± 11.0 yr; stature: 173.3 ± 9.9 cm; body mass: 74.2 ± 16.2 kg) completed three trials of low- (walking speed), medium- (jogging speed), and high-intensity (maximal sprinting speed) continuous locomotive and change-of-direction tasks. Participants wore back- and chest-mounted sensors to determine mean speed and total distance covered. One-way analysis of variance, t-tests, Pearson's Product moment correlation, and Bland-Altman plots were utilised to compare the speed and distance measured with the back- and chest-mounted sensors to reference measures (measured distance of the court via a trundle wheel and speed derived from measured distance and electronic timing lights). RESULTS Speed and distance measured using the back- and chest-mounted sensors showed wide limits of agreement, which increased at high intensities for speed. The sensors typically underestimated speed and distance by as much as 2.76 km h-1 and 32.6 m, and overestimated speed and distance by as much as 4.52 km h-1 and 59.6 m across tasks and intensities compared to reference measures (168.45 and 40.00 m). CONCLUSIONS There was low agreement between both back- and chest-mounted sensors and the reference devices for measuring speed and distance indoors. Practitioners should understand the limitations and potential for error when using the Polar Team Pro Sensors indoors to measure speed and distance during continuous locomotive and change-of-direction tasks.
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