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Fariod M, Seffrin A, Andrade MS, Wilhelm M, Weiss K, Ahmad W, Moreitz S, Stanula A, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Analysis of the fastest backstroke age group swimmers competing in the World Masters Championships 1986-2024. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17214. [PMID: 39060396 PMCID: PMC11282104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Backstroke has been thoroughly investigated in the context of sports science. However, we have no knowledge about the nationalities of the fastest age group backstroke swimmers. Therefore, the present study intended to investigate the nationalities of the fastest backstroke swimmers. For all World Masters Championships held between 1986 and 2024, the year of competition, the first and last name, the age, and the age group, and both the stroke and the distance were recorded for each swimmer. Descriptive data were presented using mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values, and confidence intervals. The top ten race times for each swimming distance and sex were identified for descriptive purposes. Nationalities were then grouped into six categories: the top five nationalities with the most appearances in the backstroke swimming top ten times by distance each year and one group consisting of all other nationalities. The Kruskal-Wallis test compared nationality differences, followed by Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons to identify specific distinctions. Between 1986 and 2024, most age group backstroke swimmers (39.6%) competed in the 50 m event (11,964, 6206 women, and 5,758 men), followed by the 100 m event (32.3%, n = 9764, 5157 women, and 4607 men), and the 200 m event (28.1%, n = 8483, 4511 women, and 3,972 men). Germany had the highest number of top ten female swimmers in the 50 m backstroke distance. Brazil had the highest number of top ten male swimmers in the same distance. The USA had the highest number of female and male swimmers among the top ten in the 100 m and 200 m backstroke distances. Germany and Great Britain were the only countries with swimmers in the top ten for all female backstroke distances. Brazil, the USA, Italy, and Germany were the countries that had swimmers in the top ten for all male backstroke distances. In summary, the fastest backstroke age group swimmers originated from Germany, Brazil, USA, Great Britain, and Italy, where differences between the sexes and race distances exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mielad Fariod
- Centre for Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mathias Wilhelm
- Centre for Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wais Ahmad
- Sanatorium Kilchberg, Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Moreitz
- Radiology and Neuroradiology, Institute of Radiology, Spital Zollikerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Swimming and Water Rescue, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Rejman M, Nevill AM, Garrido ND, Rudnik D, Morais JE. Identification of key somatic features that are common and the ones that differ between swim strokes through allometric modeling. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1308033. [PMID: 38107674 PMCID: PMC10722254 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1308033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to explore which key somatic features are common to four swim strokes and medley, and specifically to identify which characteristics benefit only specific strokes. Methods The sample was composed of 130 swimmers (95 males aged 19.5 ± 2.9 years and 35 females aged 18.4 ± 2.8 years). A set of anthropometric variables was used to predict swimming speed in the four swimming strokes and medley. Results A multiplicative model with allometric body size components was used to identify the demographic and anthropometric predictors of swimming speed. Trunk height and waist circumference were the only variables significantly different among swimming strokes (p < 0.05). Associations between swimming speed and arm length were similar in breaststroke and medley, and in freestyle, backstroke and butterfly (R2 = 60.9%). The model retained as swimming speed predictors the age2, upper body circumference, hand breadth, waist circumference, and subscapular skinfold thickness (these last two had negative associations). Conclusion All these predictors were common to all four swim strokes and medley. Arm length was also retained as a significant predictor, but this one varied significantly between the four different swim strokes and medley. These findings highlight the importance of having a "V-shape" trunk, longer upper limbs, and large hands as predictors of swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Rejman
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alan M. Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health, and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno D. Garrido
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daria Rudnik
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jorge E. Morais
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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Sammoud S, Negra Y, Chaabene H, Bouguezzi R, Attia A, Granacher U, Younes H, Nevill AM. Key Anthropometric Variables Associated With Front-Crawl Swimming Performance in Youth Swimmers: An Allometric Approach. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1259-1263. [PMID: 32040029 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sammoud, S, Negra, Y, Chaabene, H, Bouguezzi, R, Attia, A, Granacher, U, Younes, H, and Nevill, AM. Key anthropometric variables associated with front-crawl swimming performance in youth swimmers: an allometric approach. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1120-1124, 2022-This study aimed to establish key anthropometric characteristics (e.g., optimal body height, limb-segment length, and girth/breadth ratios) related to 100-m front-crawl performance in young swimmers. In total, 74 swimmers (boys [ n = 41; age: 18.1 ± 3.5 years]; girls [ n = 33; age: 15.9 ± 3.1 years]) participated in this study. We adopted a multiplicative allometric log-linear regression model to identify key anthropometric characteristics associated with 100-m front-crawl swimming performance. The main outcomes indicated that length ratio = ([height/leg length]), foot length and ankle girth, biacromial breadth, and % of body fat were associated with 100-m front-crawl mean swimming speed performance. These findings highlight the importance of assessing anthropometric characteristics in young front-crawl swimmers for talent identification and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senda Sammoud
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunisia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Tunisia ; and
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Attia
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hachana Younes
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunisia
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health, and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, United Kingdom
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Change of Direction Speed in Youth Male Soccer Players: The Predictive Value of Anthropometrics and Biological Maturity. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023; 35:1-7. [PMID: 35512741 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop the optimal allometric body size/shape and a biological maturity model that predicted the change of direction (CoD) mean speed performance in youth male soccer players. One-hundred and fifteen youth soccer players (age: 12.4 [1.3] y) participated in this study. The 505 test was used to assess CoD mean speed performance. Anthropometric measurements comprised body height (cm), sitting height (cm), body mass (kg), fat mass (kg), lower limb length (cm), thigh length (cm), leg length (cm), foot length (cm), thigh girth (cm), and calf girth (cm). The maturity status was determined based on the maturity offset method. To identify size/shape and maturity characteristics associated with CoD speed performance, we computed a multiplicative allometric log-linear regression model, which was refined using backward elimination. The multiplicative allometric model exploring the association between 505 CoD mean speed performance and the different anthropometric characteristics in youth soccer players estimated that fat mass (P < .001), sitting height (P = .02), and maturity offset (P = .004) are the key predictors. More specifically, youths who are more mature and have a lower fat mass and a shorter trunk length, are likely to achieve a better CoD mean speed performance. These findings highlight the relevance of considering anthropometric and maturity characteristics in youth soccer players to support talent identification.
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Pan Q, Zhu R, Qiu J, Cai G. Construction of an anthropometric discriminant model for identification of elite swimmers: an adaptive lasso approach. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14635. [PMID: 36643641 PMCID: PMC9835708 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anthropometric characteristics are important factors that affect swimming performance. The aim of this study is to build a discriminant model using anthropometric factors to identify elite short-to-medium-distance freestyle swimmers through an adaptive Lasso approach. Methods The study recruited 254 swimmers (145 males and 109 females) who were divided them into elite (aged 17.9 ± 2.2 years, FINA points 793.8 ± 73.8) and non-elite (aged 17.1 ± 1.3 years, FINA points 560.6 ± 78.7) groups. Data for 73 variables were obtained, including basic information, anthropometric and derivative indicators. After filtering out highly correlated variables, 24 candidate variables were retained to be used in adaptive Lasso to select variables for prediction of elite swimmers. Deviance and area under the curve (AUC) were applied to assess the goodness of fit and prediction accuracy of the model, respectively. Results The adaptive Lasso selected 12 variables using the whole sample, with an AUC being 0.926 (95% CI [0.895-0.956]; P = 2.42 × 10-29). In stratified analysis by gender, nine variables were selected for male swimmers with an AUC of 0.921 (95% CI [0.880-0.963]; P = 8.82 × 10-17), and eight variables were for female swimmers with an AUC of 0.941 (95% CI [0.898-0.984]; P = 7.67 × 10-15). Conclusion The adaptive Lasso showed satisfactory performance in selecting anthropometric characteristics to identify elite swimmers. Additional studies with longitudinal data or data from other ethnicities are needed to validate our findings.
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How Anthropometrics of Young and Adolescent Swimmers Influence Stroking Parameters and Performance? A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052543. [PMID: 35270236 PMCID: PMC8909379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics, biomechanical variables and performance in the conventional swimming techniques in young and adolescent swimmers. A database search from 1 January 2001 to 30 June 2021 was done according to the PRISMA statement, with 43 studies being selected for analysis. Those manuscripts were divided in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and front crawl techniques as main categories. The results showed the importance of the anthropometric variables for the performance of the young swimmer, although there was a lack of variables common to the studies that analysed the butterfly, backstroke and breaststroke techniques. For the front crawl technique there is a consensus among studies on the advantage of having higher height and arm span values, variables that concurrently with high body mass and lean body mass values, contribute positively to better stroke length and stoke index values.
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7
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Morais J, Barbosa TM, Lopes VP, Marques MC, Marinho DA. Propulsive Force of Upper Limbs and its Relationship to Swim Velocity in the Butterfly Stroke. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1105-1112. [PMID: 33862640 DOI: 10.1055/a-1386-4985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to: (1) verify the sex effect; (2) assess upper limb asymmetry in anthropometrics and propulsive force variables; and (3) identify the main determinants of butterfly swim velocity based on a set of anthropometrics, kinematics, and propulsive force variables. Twenty swimmers (10 males: 15.40±0.30 years; 10 females: 14.43±0.23 years) at the national level were recruited for analysis. A set of anthropometrics, kinematics, and propulsive force variables were measured. Overall, a significant sex effect was verified (p≤0.05). Non-significant differences between upper-limbs were noted for males and females in all variables, except for the dF in males (t=-2.66, p=0.026, d=0.66). Stroke frequency presented the highest contribution, where a one unit increase in the stroke frequency imposed an increase of 0.375 m·s-1 (95CI: 0.105;0.645, p=0.010) in the swim velocity. The swim velocity was predicted by the mean propulsive force, intra-cyclic variation of the swim velocity, and stroke frequency. Overall, swimmers exhibit non-significant differences in the variables assessed. Swim velocity in the butterfly stroke was determined by an interaction of propulsive force and kinematic variables in young swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vitor P Lopes
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mario C Marques
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel Almeida Marinho
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Longitudinal Relationships Between Maturation, Technical Efficiency, and Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Improving Swimmer Evaluation. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1082–1088. [PMID: 33706288 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to (1) accurately examine longitudinal relationships between maturity status and both technical skill indices and performance in Australian male (N = 64) age-group Front-crawl swimmers (10-15 y) and (2) determine whether individual differences in maturation influenced relationships between technical skill level and swimming performance. METHODS A repeated-measures design was used to assess maturity status and performance on 200-m Front-crawl trial across 2 competition seasons (2018-2020). Assessments were made on 3 to 5 occasions (median = 3) separated by approximately 4 months. Average horizontal velocity and stroke frequency were used to calculate technical skill indices, specifically stroke index, and arm propelling efficiency. Relationships between variables were assessed using linear mixed models, identifying fixed, and random effect estimates. RESULTS Curvilinear trends best described significant longitudinal relationships between maturity status with horizontal velocity (F = 10.33 [1, 233.77]; P = .002) and stroke index (F = 5.55 [1, 217.9]; P = .02) during 200-m Front-crawl trials. Maturity status was not significantly related to arm propelling efficiency (P = .08). However, arm propelling efficiency was an independent predictor of Front-crawl velocity (F = 55.89 [1, 210.45]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Maturity status predicted assessment of swimmer technical skill (stroke index) and swimming performance. However, technical skill accessed via arm propelling efficiency was independent of maturation and was predictive of performance. Maturity status influences performance evaluation based on technical skill and velocity. Findings highlight the need to account for maturation and technical skill in age-group swimmers to better inform swimmer evaluation.
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Dos Santos MAM, Henrique RS, Salvina M, Silva AHO, Junior MADVC, Queiroz DR, Duncan MJ, Maia JAR, Nevill AM. The influence of anthropometric variables, body composition, propulsive force and maturation on 50m freestyle swimming performance in junior swimmers: An allometric approach. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1615-1620. [PMID: 33661083 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1891685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current article was to use allometric models to identify the best body size descriptors and other anthropometric variables, body composition, and offset maturity that might be associated with the youngsters' 50m personal-best (PB) swim speeds (m·s-1). Eighty-five competitive swimmers (male, n=50; 13.5±1.8 y; female, n=35; 12.6±1.8 y) participated in this study. Height, body mass, sitting height, arm span, skinfolds, arm muscle area (AMA), and maturity offset were assessed. Swimming performance was taken as the PB time recorded in competition, and the propulsive force of their arm (PFA) was assessed by the tied swimming test. The multiplicative allometric model relating 50m PB swim speeds (m·s-1) to all the predictor variables found percentage body fat as a negative [(BF%) β= -.121±.036; P=0.001], and PFA (PFA β=.108±.033; P=0.001) and the girl's arm span (β=.850±.301; P=0.006), all log-transformed, as positive significant predictors of log-transformed swim speed. The adjusted coefficient of determination, Radj2 was 54.8% with the log-transformed error ratio being 0.094 or 9.8%, having taken antilogs. The study revealed, using an allometric approach, that body fatness and PFA were significant contributors to 50m freestyle swim performance in young swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A M Dos Santos
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,CIFI2D, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael S Henrique
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,CIFID, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marlene Salvina
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniel R Queiroz
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - José A R Maia
- CIFID, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
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Oliveira M, Henrique RS, Queiroz DR, Salvina M, Melo WV, Moura Dos Santos MA. Anthropometric variables, propulsive force and biological maturation: A mediation analysis in young swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:507-514. [PMID: 32268839 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1754468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Youth swimming performance may be influenced by anthropometric and body composition factors during growth. Propulsive force of the arm (PFA) is highly related to swimming performance as 85-90% of the propulsive power comes from the arms. The current study analyzed the mediating effect of biological maturation on the relationship between anthropometric variables and body composition with PFA in young swimmers. A total of 128 swimmers [boys: n = 53, age = 13.6 (1.8) y; girls: n = 75, age = 12.5 (1.8) y] were evaluated. Propulsive force of the arm was estimated by the tethered swimming test. Anthropometric characteristics (body mass, stature, sitting height, arm span, arm muscle area, %body fat, and fat-free mass) were evaluated. Biological maturation was estimated by the age of peak height velocity. Mediation analyses were performed using the Preacher and Hayes bootstrapping method, adjusted for chronological age and sex. All anthropometric and body composition variables, except %body fat, were positively associated with PFA, being mediated by biological maturation. Indirect effects and 95% confidence intervals were: body mass [.20 (.09-.34)], stature [.22 (.11-.43)], arm span [0.17 (.05-.31)], arm muscle area [.74 (.38-1.19)] and fat free-mass [.17 (.05-.34)]. In conclusion, biological maturation mediated the positive associations between body size and composition and PFA in young swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Henrique
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Centro Acadêmico de Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Anto, Brazil
| | - Daniel R Queiroz
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marlene Salvina
- Department of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Wilson V Melo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Centro Acadêmico de Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Anto, Brazil
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Nevill AM, Negra Y, Myers TD, Sammoud S, Chaabene H. Key somatic variables associated with, and differences between the 4 swimming strokes. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:787-794. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1734311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) «Sports Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Universite de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | - Senda Sammoud
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) «Sports Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Universite de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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12
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Pla R, Leroy A, Massal R, Bellami M, Kaillani F, Hellard P, Toussaint JF, Sedeaud A. Bayesian approach to quantify morphological impact on performance in international elite freestyle swimming. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000543. [PMID: 31749980 PMCID: PMC6830458 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of morphological characteristics on freestyle swimming performance by event and gender. Design Height, mass, body mass index (BMI) and speed data were collected for the top 100 international male and female swimmers from 50 to 1500 m freestyle events for the 2000–2014 seasons. Methods Several Bayesian hierarchical regressions were performed on race speed with height, mass and BMI as predictors. Posterior probability distributions were computed using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. Results Regression results exhibited relationships between morphology and performance for both genders and all race distances. Height was always positively correlated with speed with a 95% probability. Conversely, mass plays a different role according to the context. Heavier profiles seem favourable on sprint distances, whereas mass becomes a handicap as distance increases. Male and female swimmers present several differences on the influence of morphology on speed, particularly about the mass. Best morphological profiles are associated with a gain of speed of 0.7%–3.0% for men and 1%–6% for women, depending on race distance. BMI has been investigated as a predictor of race speed but appears as weakly informative in this context. Conclusion Morphological indicators such as height and mass strongly contribute to swimming performance from sprint to distance events, and this contribution is quantified for each race distance. These profiles may help swimming federations to detect athletes and drive them to compete in specific distances according to their morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Pla
- French Swimming Federation, Clichy, France.,'Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France
| | - Arthur Leroy
- 'Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Romain Massal
- 'Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Maxime Bellami
- 'Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Kaillani
- 'Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Philippe Hellard
- French Swimming Federation, Clichy, France.,'Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- 'Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Adrien Sedeaud
- 'Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, Île-de-France, France
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