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Zhu Y, Wang Z, Li R, Li Y, Bai P, Gao W, Zhong Y. Skiing economy and kinematic during a field double poling roller skiing among novice and experienced cross-country skiers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7073. [PMID: 38528144 PMCID: PMC10963750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the skiing economy (SE) and kinematics during double poling (DP) roller skiing between two groups of skiers in a field setting. Five experienced and five novice male skiers performed a SEDP test at 16 km∙h-1 on an outdoor athletics track. Gas exchange parameters were measured to determine SEDP. A two-dimensional video was filmed to measure the kinematics variables. Experienced skiers exhibited a 21% lower oxygen cost than novice skiers (p = 0.016) in DP, indicating a strong association between SEDP, cycle length and cycle rate (p < 0.001). Additionally, before the poling phase, experienced skiers manifested significantly greater maximum hip and knee extension angles than novice skiers (p < 0.001). During the poling phase, experienced skiers with a greater pole plant angle (p = 0.001), longer flexion time (p < 0.001) and higher flexion angular velocity in the elbow joint (p < 0.05) demonstrated better SEDP. There was an interaction effect of the one-repetition maximum bench press × group in SEDP (b = - 0.656, SE = 0.097, t = - 6.78, p = 0.001). Therefore, experienced skiers with better SEDP demonstrated more efficient cycles, potentially accomplished using dynamic full-body DP motion to ascertain effective propulsion. Combined upper body strength and ski-specific skill training may enhance SEDP in novice skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhu
- Sports Big-data Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Basic Science, Wuchang Shouyi University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Sports Big-data Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruoyang Li
- School of Competitive Sports, Shandong Sports University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Sports Economics and Management, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Bai
- Sports Big-data Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weifeng Gao
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaping Zhong
- Sports Big-data Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Sports and Health Innovation and Development Research Center, Wuhan, China.
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Tian Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Sun G, Zhou Z, Liu C, Huo B. Effects of poling camber angle on the biomechanics of cross-country sit-skiing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20893. [PMID: 38017144 PMCID: PMC10684654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-country sit-skiers use double poling (DP) technique to drive the slide. The aim of this study is to analyze how poling camber angle affect the capacity of power output and biomechanical parameters of the DP process. Twenty-four non-disabled college students (24.67 ± 1.46 years old) were recruited to perform three successive 30-s maximal effort tests with different poling camber angles of 0°, 15°, 24° and 30° using a sit-skiing ergometer. The biomechanical parameters, output power and muscle activation of the subjects were analyzed. The results showed that DP output power increased with the increase of poling camber angle at 15° (597.78 ± 150.31 J), 24° (610.94 ± 158.96 J, P = 0.011) and 30° (629.10 ± 168.78 J, P < 0.001) compared with 0° (590.65 ± 148.95 J). However, effective output power decreased with the increase of camber angle. Poling with camber angle of 24° had the shortest cycle time 1.53 ± 0.17 s, compared with other abduction angle (0°, 1.57 ± 0.19 s, 15°, 1.55 ± 0.16 s, and 30°, 1.56 ± 0.19 s). Compared with 0° (1.02 ± 0.14 m), the cycle distance significantly increased at poling camber angles of 24° (1.07 ± 0.12 m, P = 0.029) and 30° (1.11 ± 0.13 m, P < 0.001). With the increase of poling camber angle, the shoulder and elbow joint range of motions and joint moments were significantly increased. This study found that poling with shoulder abducted increased the output power but decreased the efficiency. By analyzing the poling angle and poling force, we find that the optimal poling camber angle may depend on the terrain or the skiing speed. These results may guide the competition techniques and tactics in the matches, and may further influence the strength-training programs of cross-country sit-skiing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Chen
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Sun
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- School of Physical Education and Coaching Science, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Huo
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Jonsson Kårström M, Stöggl T, Ohlsson ML, McGawley K, Laaksonen MS. Kinematical effects of rifle carriage on roller skiing in well-trained female and male biathletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:444-454. [PMID: 36408766 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate how rifle carriage and skiing speed during biathlon roller skiing affect range of motion (ROM) in joint angles and equipment (skis and poles), the vertical distance between shoulders and treadmill (vertdist ), as well as possible sex differences associated with rifle carriage. METHODS Fourteen biathletes (6 women, 8 men) roller-skied on a treadmill at submaximal and simulated race speeds, with (WR) and without (NR) a rifle, using gears 3 and 2. Kinematical data for the whole body, poles, roller-skis, rifle, and treadmill were monitored using a 3D motion capture system. Movements determined as flexion/extension (x), abduction/adduction (y), and/or internal/external rotation (z) were analyzed for the hip, shoulder, thorax, knee, ankle, elbow, poles, and roller skis. ROM (the difference between maximal and minimal angles) in joints and equipment, and vertdist were analyzed over six skiing cycles during each condition (WR and NR) and speed. RESULTS The maximal vertdist was lower for WR compared with NR (gear 3: 1.53 ± 0.06 vs 1.54 ± 0.06 m; gear 2: 1.49 ± 0.06 vs 1.51 ± 0.06 m; both p < 0.001). ROM in the upper body was altered when roller skiing WR (movements decreased in thorax and shoulder (x) and increased in elbow (only gear 3) (x), thorax (only gear 2), and shoulder (y) and (z); all p < 0.05) and increased with speed, without differences between sexes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Since rifle carriage and speed appear to affect the kinematics of roller skiing, coaches, and biathletes are advised to perform skiing technique training under competition-like conditions (i.e., at race speeds while carrying the rifle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Jonsson Kårström
- Department of Health Science, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marie Lund Ohlsson
- Department of Health Science, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Kerry McGawley
- Department of Health Science, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Marko S Laaksonen
- Department of Health Science, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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Upper limb isokinetic muscle strength predicts the performance in cross-country sit-skiing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6093. [PMID: 35414091 PMCID: PMC9002028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The double poling (DP) technique in cross-country sit-skiing is primarily considered as an upper-body exercise. The upper limb muscle strength and motion economy are important factors accounting for DP performance in cross-country sit-skiing. The present study investigates how upper limb muscle strength predicts DP performance in cross-country sit-skiing. A total of 19 female non-disabled college students (age 23.2 ± 0.8 years, BMI 20.4 ± 2.2) performed 30-s and 3-min DP performance tests using a sit-skiing ergometer. Isokinetic muscle strength of the shoulder and elbow extensor were measured at the angular velocity of 30°/s, 60°/s, and 120°/s with an ISOMED2000 isokinetic system. A medium correlation was found between DP output power and isokinetic upper limb muscle strength (shoulder strength at all speeds, r = 0.39–0.74, p ≤ 0.1). Multiple regression analyses which were employed to predict power production in the 30-s and 3-min tests showed that shoulder extension strength at 60°/s accounted for 34% of the variation in the 30-s test, and 40% of the variance in the 3-min test. Muscle strength and biomechanical analysis of DP process indicated that upper limb extensor muscle strength and muscle coordination were important factors for the power output generation in sit-skiing DP. These results may use to guide special physical fitness training for paralympic cross-country sit-skiing.
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Ardigò LP, Stöggl TL, Thomassen TO, Winther AK, Sagelv EH, Pedersen S, Hammer TM, Heitmann KA, Olsen OE, Welde B. Ski Skating Race Technique-Effect of Long Distance Cross-Country Ski Racing on Choice of Skating Technique in Moderate Uphill Terrain. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:89. [PMID: 33345080 PMCID: PMC7739746 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged ski racing using skating style on technique choice in a transition section among female and male high-level skiers. Fifty three national-to-elite level skiers (20 females: 26.7 ± 4.8 years, 167.0 ± 6.5 m, 61.0 ± 5.1 kg, and 75.5 ± 68.8 FIS points; 33 males: 25.2 ± 3.5 years, 179.0 ± 5.2 cm, 73.1 ± 5.7 kg, and 73.7 ± 63.2 FIS points) were video recorded along a flat-to-uphill transition section of a course during the 30-km (females) and 50-km (males) races at the 2018 Norwegian National Championships. Across laps, section speeds decreased (P < 0.001) in all skiers, with the best-ranked skiers faster than the lowest-ranked (P < 0.001), and males faster than females in the first and middle laps. Section speed within each lap was associated with race performance (r = 0.76–0.86, P < 0.001 in females and r = 0.87–0.89, P < 0.001 in males). The prevalence of Gear 2 (G2) increased, while Gear 3 (G3) use decreased (both P < 0.001) across the subsequent laps, with females preferring G2 more than males in lap one (P = 0.027). In long-distance skate-style skiing, transition performance is representative of race performance and skiers decrease the use of the often-faster G3 technique while increasing the use of the slower G2 technique due to prolonged exercise. Especially female skiers should consider adding some flat-to-uphill G3 practice into established training, specifically early in the session before fatigue may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas Leonhard Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Athlete Performance Center, Red Bull Sports, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tor Oskar Thomassen
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Sigurd Pedersen
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Kim Arne Heitmann
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Odd-Egil Olsen
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Boye Welde
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Strøm Solli G, Kocbach J, Bucher Sandbakk S, Haugnes P, Losnegard T, Sandbakk Ø. Sex-based differences in sub-technique selection during an international classical cross-country skiing competition. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239862. [PMID: 32991633 PMCID: PMC7523995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare speed, sub-technique selection and temporal patterns between world-class male and female cross-country (XC) skiers and to examine the combined associations of sex and speed on sub-technique selection. Thirty-three XC skiers performed an international 10-km (women; n = 8) and 15-km (men; n = 25) time-trial competition in the classical style (with the first 10 km of the race being used for analyses). An integrated GNSS/IMU system was used to continuously track position speed and automatically classify sub-techniques and temporal patterns (i.e. cycle length and–rate). When comparing the eight highest ranked men and women, men spent less time than women (29±2 vs. 45±5% of total time) using diagonal stride (DIA), more time (44±4 vs. 31±4%) using double poling (DP) and more time (23±2 vs. 19±3%) using tucking and turning (all P < .01). Here, men and women used these sub-techniques at similar temporal patterns within the same speed-intervals; although men employed all sub-techniques at steeper uphill gradients (all P < .05). In subsequent analyses including all 33 skiers, adjustment for average racing speed did not fully attenuate the observed sex differences in the proportion of time using DIA (CI95% [-10.7, -1.6]) and DP (CI95% [0.8, 9.3]). Male world-class XC skiers utilized less DIA and more DP compared to women of equal performance levels. Although these differences coincided with men’s higher speed and their ability to use the various sub-techniques at steeper uphill gradients, sexual dimorphism in the proportional use of DIA and DP also occurred independently of these speed-differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Strøm Solli
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan Kocbach
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silvana Bucher Sandbakk
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål Haugnes
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Losnegard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Zoppirolli C, Hébert-Losier K, Holmberg HC, Pellegrini B. Biomechanical determinants of cross-country skiing performance: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2127-2148. [PMID: 32552520 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1775375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cross-country skiing is a complex endurance sport requiring technical skills, in addition to considerable physiological and tactical abilities. This review aims to identify biomechanical factors that influence the performance of cross-country skiers. Four electronic databases were searched systematically for original articles in peer-reviewed journals addressing the relationship between biomechanical factors (including kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation) and performance while skiing on snow or roller skiing. Of the 46 articles included, 22 focused exclusively on the classical technique, 18 on the skating technique, and six on both. The indicators of performance were: results from actual or simulated races (9 articles); speed on specific tracts (6 articles); maximal or peak speed (11 articles); skiing economy or efficiency (11 articles); and grouping on the basis of performance or level of skill (12 articles). The main findings were that i) cycle length, most often considered as a major determinant of skiing speed, is also related to skiing economy and level of performance; ii) higher cycle rate related with maximal speed capacity, while self-selected cycle rate improves skiing economy at sub-maximal speeds; iii) cross-country skiing performance appears to be improved by joint, whole-body, ski, and pole kinematics that promote forward propulsion while minimizing unnecessary movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM, University of Verona , Rovereto, Italy.,Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science Department, University of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato , Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University , Östersund, Sweden.,School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University , Beijing, China
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8
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Zoppirolli C, Bortolan L, Schena F, Pellegrini B. Double poling kinematic changes during the course of a long-distance race: effect of performance level. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:863-872. [PMID: 32138604 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1736246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the changes in double poling (DP) kinematics due to a long-distance cross-country skiing race in athletes with different performance levels. A total of 100 cross-country skiers, belonging to 10 different performance groups, were filmed on flat terrain 7 and 55 km after the start line, during a 58-km classical race. Cycle velocity, frequency and length decreased from the best to the lower-ranked group, while duty cycle increased (all P <.001). Between track sections, cycle velocity and length decreased, duty cycles increased (all P <.001) while frequency was unaltered (P =.782). Group*section interactions resulted for cycle velocity (P =.005). Considering all the participants together, % change in cycle velocity between sections correlated with % change in length and duty cycle (all P <.001). Thus i) skiers in better groups showed longer and more frequent cycles as well as shorter duty cycles than skiers in slower groups; ii) throughout the race all the groups maintained the same cycle frequency while decreasing cycle velocity and length; iii) better groups showed a lower reduction in cycle velocity. Individually, a low reduction in cycle velocity during the race related to the capacity to maintain long cycles and short duty cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bortolan
- CeRiSM, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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9
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Stöggl TL, Hertlein M, Brunauer R, Welde B, Andersson EP, Swarén M. Pacing, Exercise Intensity, and Technique by Performance Level in Long-Distance Cross-Country Skiing. Front Physiol 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32116742 PMCID: PMC7033470 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long-distance cross-country skiing (XCS) has gained increased popularity within the past decades. However, research about long-distance XCS is limited; therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the intensity distribution, technique application, and pacing strategies during long-distance XCS racing. Methods Heart rate (HR) and section skiing speeds of 9 elite (ranked 1–100) and 10 amateur skiers (ranked 101–1,500) during the 90-km Vasaloppet race were collected. In addition, during the first uphill, the first 1,000 skiers were video-recorded to analyze the applied skiing strategy (e.g. grip-waxed skis versus exclusive double poling). Results Mean race intensity was 82% of maximal HR and was not different between performance groups even though elite skiers skied ∼15% faster than amateurs. There was an interaction effect of section × group with a pronounced decrease in HR in amateurs compared with more even pacing in elite skiers (0.13 vs. 0.04% decrease/km) and skiing at higher percentage in the high-intensity zones in elite compared with amateurs (46 vs. 24%). Ninety-eight percent of the top 100 skiers and 59% of the first 1,000 skiers used exclusively double poling. Conclusion Elite and amateur skiers ski at comparable mean race exercise intensity, but they have clear differences in skiing speed. The difference in the pacing profiles between elite and amateur skiers (more even vs. distinct positive pacing) demonstrate the greater capacity of the former with respect to physiological capacity and highlights that amateurs seem to start too fast according to their capacities. The exclusive application of the double poling technique is no longer a phenomenon of elite skiers but is widely used among the top 1,000 ranked skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Hertlein
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Brunauer
- Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Salzburg, Austria
| | - Boye Welde
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik P Andersson
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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10
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Sunde A, Johansen JM, Gjøra M, Paulsen G, Bråten M, Helgerud J, Støren Ø. Stronger Is Better: The Impact of Upper Body Strength in Double Poling Performance. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1091. [PMID: 31507453 PMCID: PMC6716506 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare time results from a roller-skiing double poling (DP) time trial with different physiological variables, muscular strength variables, and DP characteristics in both male and female young competitive skiers with the same relative training background. In order to do this, 28 (16 women and 12 men) well-trained 16–25-year-old cross-country skiers from three Norwegian high schools for skiers, as well as local high performance competitive skiers from the South-East of Norway were recruited to participate in the study. All participants were tested for; maximal oxygen uptake in running, Peak oxygen uptake in DP, lactate threshold in DP, DP economy, time to voluntary exhaustion in DP, force analyses in DP, one repetition maximum and power output in pulldown, and leg press and a time trial during DP roller skiing. The results expressed strong correlations between roller skiing time trial performance and maximal strength in pull-down, both independent (rxy = −0.83, p < 0.01) and dependent (rxy–z = −0.50, p < 0.02) of sex. Higher maximal upper body strength was related to higher DP peak forces (PF) (rxy = 0.78, p < 0.02), lower DP frequency (rxy = −0.71, p < 0.01), and shorter DP contact time (CT) (rxy = −0.48, p < 0.02). The practical implications of the present study is to acknowledge maximal upper body strength as a performance determining factor in DP. This point at the importance of including maximal strength training in cross-country skiers training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnstein Sunde
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Jan-Michael Johansen
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Martin Gjøra
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Technical and Motor Development, The Norwegian Olympic Sports Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Bråten
- Department of Technical and Motor Development, The Norwegian Olympic Sports Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Støren
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
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