1
|
Gomes M, Fitas A, Santos P, Pezarat-Correia P, Mendonca GV. Validation of a Single-Session Protocol to Determine the Load-Velocity Profile and One-Repetition Maximum for the Back Squat Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1013-1018. [PMID: 38373076 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gomes, M, Fitas, A, Santos, P, Pezarat-Correia, P, and Mendonca, GV. Validation of a single session protocol to determine the load-velocity profile and one-repetition maximum for the back squat exercise. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1013-1018, 2024-We investigated whether a single session of absolute incremental loading is valid to obtain the individual load-velocity profile (LVP) and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for the free-weight parallel back squat. Twenty strength-trained male subjects completed 3 testing sessions, including a baseline 1RM session and 2 LVP sessions (LVP rel based on incremental relative loads and LVP abs based on absolute load increments until 1RM). The 1RM load was compared between the baseline and LVP abs . The load at zero velocity (load-axis intercept [L 0 ]), maximal velocity capacity (velocity-axis intercept [V 0 ]), slope, and area under the load-velocity relationship line (A line ) were compared between the LVP rel and LVP abs using equivalence testing through 2 one-sided t -tests. Measurement accuracy was calculated using the absolute percent error. The 1RM measured at baseline and LVP abs was equivalent and presented a low absolute percent error (1.2%). The following LVP parameters were equivalent between LVP rel and LVP abs : 1RM, L 0 , and A line because the mean difference between sessions was close to zero and the Bland-Altman limits of agreement (1RM:5.3 kg; L 0 :6.8 kg; A line : 9.5 kg·m -1 ·s -1 ) were contained within the a priori defined ± equivalent margins (5% for 1RM and L 0 and 10% for A line ). The aforementioned variables presented a low absolute percent error. However, slope and V 0 were not equivalent between sessions. In conclusion, a single session of absolute incremental loading is a valid approach to obtain the L 0 and A line of the individual LVP and 1RM, and can be used to efficiently track the magnitude of neuromuscular adaptations throughout the training cycles for the free-weight back squat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gomes
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Afonso Fitas
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Paulo Santos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
LeMense AT, Malone GT, Kinderman MA, Fedewa MV, Winchester LJ. Validity of Using the Load-Velocity Relationship to Estimate 1 Repetition Maximum in the Back Squat Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:612-619. [PMID: 38416447 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT LeMense, AT, Malone, GT, Kinderman, MA, Fedewa, MV, and Winchester, LJ. Validity of using the load-velocity relationship to estimate 1 repetition maximum in the back squat exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 612-619, 2024-The one repetition maximum (1RM) test is commonly used to assess muscular strength. However, 1RM testing can be time consuming, physically taxing, and may be difficult to perform in athletics team settings with practice and competition schedules. Alternatively, 1RM can be estimated from bar or movement velocity at submaximal loads using the minimum velocity threshold (MVT) method based on the load-velocity relationship. Despite its potential utility, this method's validity has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the validity of estimated 1RM from bar velocity in the back squat exercise. A systematic search of 3 electronic databases was conducted using combinations of the following keywords: "velocity-based training," "load-velocity profiling," "mean velocity," "mean propulsive velocity," "peak velocity," "maximal strength," "1RM," "estimation," "prediction," "back squat," and "regression." The search identified 372 unique articles, with 4 studies included in the final analysis. Significance was defined as a p level less than 0.05. A total of 27 effects from 71 subjects between the ages of 17-25 years were analyzed; 85.2% of effects were obtained from male subjects. Measured 1RMs ranged from 86.5 to 153.1 kg, whereas estimated 1RMs ranged from 88.6 to 171.6 kg. Using a 3-level random effects model, 1RM back squat was overestimated when derived from bar velocity using the MVT method (effect sizes [ES] = 0.5304, 95% CI: 0.1878-0.8730, p = 0.0038). The MVT method is not a viable option for estimating 1RM in the free weight back squat. Strength and conditioning professionals should exercise caution when estimating 1RM from the load-velocity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T LeMense
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
García-Ramos A. The 2-Point Method: Theoretical Basis, Methodological Considerations, Experimental Support, and Its Application Under Field Conditions. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1092-1100. [PMID: 37541677 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The "2-point method," originally referred to as the "2-load method," was proposed in 2016 by Prof Slobodan Jaric to characterize the maximal mechanical capacities of the muscles to produce force, velocity, and power. Two years later, in 2018, Prof Jaric and I summarized in a review article the scientific evidence showing that the 2-point method, compared with the multiple-point method, is capable of providing the outcomes of the force-velocity (F-V) and load-velocity (L-V) relationships with similar reliability and high concurrent validity. However, a major gap of our review was that, until 2018, the feasibility of the 2-point method had only been explored through testing procedures based on multiple (more than 2) loads. This is problematic because (1) it has misled users into thinking that implementing the 2-point method inevitably requires testing more than 2 conditions and (2) obtaining the data from the same test could have artificially inflated the concurrent validity of the 2-point method. To overcome these limitations, subsequent studies have implemented in separate sessions the 2-point method under field conditions (only 2 different loads applied in the testing protocol) and the standard multiple-point method. These studies consistently demonstrate that while the outcomes of the 2-point method exhibit comparable reliability, they tend to have slightly higher magnitudes compared with the standard multiple-point method. This review article emphasizes the practical aspects that should be considered when applying the 2-point method under field conditions to obtain the main outcomes of the F-V and L-V relationships.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rivière JR, Morin JB, Bowen M, Cross MR, Messonnier LA, Samozino P. Exploring the Low Force-High Velocity Domain of the Force-Velocity Relationship in Acyclic Lower-Limb Extensions. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:55. [PMID: 37439876 PMCID: PMC10344854 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare linear and curvilinear models describing the force-velocity relationship obtained in lower-limb acyclic extensions, considering experimental data on an unprecedented range of velocity conditions. METHODS Nine athletes performed lower-limb extensions on a leg-press ergometer, designed to provide a very broad range of force and velocity conditions. Previously inaccessible low inertial and resistive conditions were achieved by performing extensions horizontally and with assistance. Force and velocity were continuously measured over the push-off in six resistive conditions to assess individual force-velocity relationships. Goodness of fit of linear and curvilinear models (second-order polynomial function, Fenn and Marsh's, and Hill's equations) on force and velocity data were compared via the Akaike Information Criterion. RESULTS Expressed relative to the theoretical maximal force and velocity obtained from the linear model, force and velocity data ranged from 26.6 ± 6.6 to 96.0 ± 3.6% (16-99%) and from 8.3 ± 1.9 to 76.6 ± 7.0% (5-86%), respectively. Curvilinear and linear models showed very high fit (adjusted r2 = 0.951-0.999; SEE = 17-159N). Despite curvilinear models better fitting the data, there was a ~ 99-100% chance the linear model best described the data. CONCLUSION A combination between goodness of fit, degrees of freedom and common sense (e.g., rational physiologically values) indicated linear modelling is preferable for describing the force-velocity relationship during acyclic lower-limb extensions, compared to curvilinear models. Notably, linearity appears maintained in conditions approaching theoretical maximal velocity. Using horizontal and assisted lower-limb extension to more broadly explore resistive/assistive conditions could improve reliability and accuracy of the force-velocity relationship and associated parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Romain Rivière
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France.
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maximilien Bowen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Matt R Cross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rial-Vázquez J, Nine I, Guerrero-Moreno JM, Rúa-Alonso M, Fariñas J, Márquez G, Giráldez-García MA, Méndez-Bouza KY, López-Pillado H, Coutado-Sánchez E, Losada-Rodríguez A, Iglesias-Soler E. Face Masks at the Gymnasium: Physiological Responses and Mechanical Performance Are Not Compromised by Wearing Surgical or Filtering Facepiece 2 Masks in Healthy Subjects. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1404-1410. [PMID: 37347944 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rial-Vázquez, J, Nine, I, Guerrero-Moreno, JM, Rúa-Alonso, M, Fariñas, J, Márquez, G, Giráldez-García, MA, Méndez-Bouza, KY, López-Pillado, H, Coutado-Sánchez, E, Losada-Rodríguez, A, and Iglesias-Soler, E. Face masks at the gym: physiological responses and mechanical performance are not compromised by wearing surgical or filtering facepiece 2 masks in healthy subjects. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1404-1410, 2023-This study explored the effects of wearing 2 types of face masks on mechanical performance and physiological responses during high-intensity resistance exercise. Twelve healthy men performed 3 workout protocols in a randomized order: wearing a surgical or filtering facepiece 2 (FFP2) mask or without a mask. Each workout consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions of bench press (BP) and parallel squat (SQ) with a 12 repetition maximum load, including 2 minutes of recovery between sets and exercises. Mechanical performance was evaluated through the mean propulsive velocity and the number of repetitions completed during each session. Physiological responses were the oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood lactate concentration, heart rate (HR), and HR variability. Perceived exertion was recorded after each set, and The Beck Anxiety Inventory scale was completed at the end of each workout. The number of repetitions completed and the session mean propulsive velocity {(BP [m·s-1]: surgical: 0.35 ± 0.05; FFP2: 0.36 ± 0.04; nonmask: 0.38 ± 0.06) and (SQ: surgical: 0.43 ± 0.05; FFP2: 0.40 ± 0.07; nonmask: 0.41 ± 0.05)} were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). Heart rate recorded during sessions was similar across conditions: surgical: 119 ± 14, FFP2: 117 ± 13, and nonmask: 118 ± 10 bpm (p = 0.919). Face masks had no effect on SpO2, blood lactate concentration, HR variability, perceived exertion, and anxiety values (p > 0.05). Face masks do not compromise strength performance, physiological parameters, and perceived comfort of young and healthy individuals during a high-intensity resistance training session.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rial-Vázquez
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Iván Nine
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Jose María Guerrero-Moreno
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - María Rúa-Alonso
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Juan Fariñas
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuel Avelino Giráldez-García
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | | | - Hugo López-Pillado
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Etham Coutado-Sánchez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miras-Moreno S, García-Ramos A, Jukic I, Pérez-Castilla A. Two-point Method Applied in Field Conditions: A Feasible Approach to Assess the Load-Velocity Relationship Variables During the Bench Pull Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1367-1374. [PMID: 36728020 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Miras-Moreno, S, García-Ramos, A, Jukic, I, and Pérez-Castilla, A. Two-point method applied in field conditions: a feasible approach to assess the load-velocity relationship variables during the bench pull exercise. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1367-1374, 2023-This study explored the between-session reliability and concurrent validity of the load-velocity (L-V) relationship variables obtained from different methods during the Smith machine bench pull exercise. In a counterbalanced order, 23 resistance-trained male subjects performed 2 sessions against 6 different loads in one week and 2 sessions against the lightest and heaviest loads in another week. The L-V relationship variables (load-axis intercept [ L0 ], velocity-axis intercept [ v0 ], and area under the L-V relationship line [ Aline ]) were obtained using the mean and peak velocity by the standard multiple-point (all 6 loads were used for the L-V modeling), modified multiple-point (the data point that most reduced the coefficient of determination was omitted from the L-V modeling), and 2-point (only 2 loads were used for the L-V modeling) methods. The reliability of the L-V relationship variables was acceptable for all methods (within-subjects coefficient of variation [CV] = 2.09-9.21%). The standard multiple-point and 2-point methods provided greater reliability for all L-V relationship variables compared with the modified multiple-point method (CV ratio ≥ 1.27), while the 2-point method provided similar (CV ratio = 1.04 for Aline ) or greater (CV ratio = 1.50 for L0 and 1.62 for v0 ) reliability than the standard multiple-point method. The concurrent validity of the modified multiple-point and 2-point methods was acceptable for the L-V relationship variables (effect size ≤ 0.62; r ≥ 0.76). These results suggest that the 2-point method is not only a valid procedure but also more reliable, simpler, faster, and less prone to fatigue than multiple-point methods for assessing maximal neuromuscular capacities through the L-V relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martínez-Ferrán M, Berlanga LA, Barcelo-Guido O, Matos-Duarte M, Vicente-Campos D, Sánchez-Jorge S, Romero-Morales C, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Pareja-Galeano H. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation on muscle adaptations to resistance training: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2023; 105:111848. [PMID: 36283241 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine whether antioxidant vitamin supplementation with vitamin C (VitC) and vitamin E (VitE) affects the hypertrophic and functional adaptations to resistance training in trained men. METHODS This was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which participants were supplemented daily with VitC and VitE ( n = 12) or placebo ( n = 11) while completing a 10-wk resistance training program accompanied by a dietary intervention (300 kcal surplus and adequate protein intake) designed to optimize hypertrophy. Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), handgrip strength, and one-repetition maximum (1-RM), maximal force (F0), velocity (V0), and power (Pmax) were measured in bench press (BP) and squat (SQ) tests conducted before and after the intervention. To detect between-group differences, multiple-mixed analysis of variance, standardized differences, and qualitative differences were estimated. Relative changes within each group were assessed using a paired Student's t test. RESULTS In both groups, similar improvements were produced in BP 1-RM , SQ 1-RM SQ, and BP F0 (P < 0.05) after the resistance training program. A small effect size was observed for BP 1-RM (d = 0.53), BP F0 (d = 0.48), and SQ 1-RM (d = -0.39), but not for SQ F0 (d = 0.03). Dominant handgrip strength was significantly increased only in the placebo group (P < 0.05). According to body composition data, a significant increase was produced in upper body fat-free mass soft tissue (FFMST; P < 0.05) in the placebo group, whereas neither total nor segmental FFMST was increased in the vitamin group. Small intervention effect sizes were observed for upper body FFSMT (d = 0.32), non-dominant and dominant leg FFMST (d = -0.39; d = -0.42). Although a significant increase in total body fat was observed in both groups (P < 0.05) only the placebo group showed an increase in visceral adipose tissue (P < 0.05), showing a substantial intervention effect (d = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that, although VitC/VitE supplementation seemed to blunt upper body strength and hypertrophy adaptations to resistance training, it could also mitigate gains in visceral adipose tissue elicited by an energy surplus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-Ferrán
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Luis A Berlanga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Barcelo-Guido
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alcazar J, Pareja-Blanco F, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Gutierrez-Reguero H, Sanchez-Valdepeñas J, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Ara I, Alegre LM. A novel equation that incorporates the linear and hyperbolic nature of the force-velocity relationship in lower and upper limb exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2305-2313. [PMID: 35864344 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide a force-velocity (F-V) equation that combines a linear and a hyperbolic region, and to compare its derived results to those obtained from linear equations. A total of 10 cross-training athletes and 14 recreationally resistance-trained young men were assessed in the unilateral leg press (LP) and bilateral bench press (BP) exercises, respectively. F-V data were recorded using a force plate and a linear encoder. Estimated maximum isometric force (F0), maximum muscle power (Pmax), and maximum unloaded velocity (V0) were calculated using a hybrid (linear and hyperbolic) equation and three different linear equations: one derived from the hybrid equation (linearhyb), one applied to data from 0 to 100% of F0 (linear0-100), and one applied to data from 45 to 100% of F0 (linear45-100). The hybrid equation presented the best fit to the recorded data (R2 = 0.996 and 0.998). Compared to the results derived from the hybrid equation in the LP, significant differences were observed in F0 derived from linear0-100; V0 derived from linearhyb, linear0-100 and linear45-100; and Pmax derived from linearhyb and linear45-100 (all p < 0.05). For the BP, compared to the hybrid equation, significant differences were found in F0 derived from linear0-100; and V0 and Pmax derived from linearhyb, linear0-100 and linear45-100 (all p < 0.05). An F-V equation combining a linear and a hyperbolic region showed to fit adequately recorded F-V data from ~ 20 to 100% of F0, and overcame the limitations shown by linear equations while providing relevant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Gutierrez-Reguero
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchez-Valdepeñas
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain. .,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pérez-Castilla A, Samozino P, Jukic I, Iglesias-Soler E, García-Ramos A. The linear regression model provides the force-velocity relationship parameters with the highest reliability. Sports Biomech 2022:1-20. [PMID: 35377269 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2058992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An a-posteriori multicentre reliability study was conducted to compare the between-session reliability of the force-velocity relationship parameters (force-intercept [F0], velocity-intercept [v0], and maximum power [Pmax]) between different regression models during the bench press (BP) and bench press throw (BPT) exercises. Data from four and three studies were considered for the BP (n = 102) and BPT (n = 81) exercises, respectively. The force-velocity relationships were determined using five regression models: linear multiple-point, linear two-point, quadratic polynomial, hyperbolic, and exponential. All regression models provided F0 and Pmax with acceptable reliability (cut-off CV ≤ 9.45%; cut-off ICC ≥ 0.79) with the exceptions of F0 for the quadratic polynomial and hyperbolic models (BPT) and Pmax for the exponential model (BP and BPT). Only the linear multiple- and linear two-point models provided v0 with acceptable absolute reliability (cut-off CV ≤ 7.72%). Regardless of the exercise, the reliability of the three parameters was generally higher for the linear multiple- and two-point models compared to the other models (CVratio ≥ 1.22), and no significant differences were observed between multiple- and linear two-point models (CVratio ≤ 1.11). Linear regression models are recommended to maximise the reliability of the force-velocity relationship parameters during the BP and BPT exercises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Savoie Mont BlancInter-university, Chambery, France
| | - Ivan Jukic
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of a Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jukic I, García-Ramos A, Malecek J, Omcirk D, Tufano JJ. Validity of Load-Velocity Relationship to Predict 1 Repetition Maximum During Deadlifts Performed With and Without Lifting Straps: The Accuracy of Six Prediction Models. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:902-910. [PMID: 32287093 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Jukic, I, García-Ramos, A, Malecek, J, Omcirk, D, and Tufano, JJ. Validity of load-velocity relationship to predict 1 repetition maximum during deadlifts performed with and without lifting straps: The accuracy of six prediction models. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 902-910, 2022-This study aimed to compare the accuracy of six 1 repetition maximum (1RM) prediction models during deadlifts performed with (DLw) and without (DLn) lifting straps. In a counterbalanced order, 18 resistance-trained men performed 2 sessions that consisted of an incremental loading test (20-40-60-80-90% of 1RM) followed by 1RM attempts during the DLn (1RM = 162.0 ± 26.9 kg) and DLw (1RM = 179.0 ± 29.9 kg). Predicted 1RMs were calculated by entering both group and individualized mean concentric velocity of the 1RM (V1RM) into an individualized linear and polynomial regression equations, which were derived from the load-velocity relationship of 5 ([20-40-60-80-90% of 1RM], i.e., multiple-point method) or 2 ([40 and 90% of 1RM] i.e., 2-point method) incremental warm-up sets. The predicted 1RMs were deemed highly valid if the following criteria were met: trivial to small effect size, practically perfect r, and low absolute errors (<5 kg). The main findings revealed that although prediction models were more accurate during the DLn than DLw, none of the models provided an accurate estimation of the 1RM during both DLn (r = 0.92-0.98; absolute errors: 6.6-8.1 kg) and DLw (r = 0.80-0.93; absolute errors: 12.4-16.3 kg) according to our criteria. Therefore, these results suggest that the 1RM for both DLn and DLw should not be estimated through the recording of movement velocity if sport professionals are not willing to accept more than 5 kg of absolute errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain ; and
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jan Malecek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Omcirk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pérez-Castilla A, Jukic I, Janicijevic D, Akyildiz Z, Senturk D, García-Ramos A. Load-Velocity Relationship Variables to Assess the Maximal Neuromuscular Capacities During the Back-Squat Exercise. Sports Health 2022; 14:885-893. [PMID: 35114871 PMCID: PMC9631046 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211064603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the external load lifted and movement velocity can be modeled by a simple linear regression, and the variables derived from the load-velocity (L-V) relationship were recently used to estimate the maximal neuromuscular capacities during 2 variants of the back-squat exercise. HYPOTHESIS The L-V relationship variables will be highly reliable and will be highly associated with the traditional tests commonly used to evaluate the maximal force and power. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-four male wrestlers performed 5 testing sessions (a 1-repetition maximum [1RM] session, and 4 experimental sessions [2 with the concentric-only back-squat and 2 with the eccentric-concentric back-squat]). Each experimental session consisted of performing 3 repetitions against 5 loads (45%-55%-65%-75%-85% of the 1RM), followed by single 1RM attempts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Individual L-V relationships were modeled from the mean velocity collected under all loading conditions from which the following 3 variables were calculated: load-axis intercept (L0), velocity-axis intercept (v0), and area under the line (Aline = L0·v0/2). The back-squat 1RM strength and the maximum power determined as the apex of the power-velocity relationship (Pmax) were also determined as traditional measures of maximal force and power capacities, respectively. RESULTS The between-session reliability was high for the Aline (coefficient of variation [CV] range = 2.58%-4.37%; intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] range = 0.98-0.99) and generally acceptable for L0 and v0 (CV range = 5.08%-9.01%; ICC range = 0.45-0.96). Regarding the concurrent validity, the correlations were very large between L0 and the 1RM strength (rrange = 0.87-0.88) and nearly perfect between Aline and Pmax (r = 0.98-0.99). CONCLUSION The load-velocity relationship variables can be obtained with a high reliability (L0, v0, and Aline) and validity (L0 and Aline) during the back-squat exercise. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The load-velocity relationship modeling represents a quick and simple procedure to estimate the maximal neuromuscular capacities of lower-body muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and
Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute
New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Danica Janicijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of
Sport and Physical Education, The Research Centre, Belgrade, Serbia,Research Academy of Human Biomechanics,
The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University,
Ningbo, China,Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo
University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Movement and Training Science
Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Senturk
- Sports Department, School of Physical
Education, Gelişim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and
Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Department of Sports Sciences and
Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima
Concepción, Concepción, Chile,Amador García Ramos,
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences,
University of Granada, Ctra. Alfacar, 21, Granada, 18011, Spain (
) (Twitter: @amagr)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Comparison of movement velocity and force-velocity parameters using a free video analysis software and a linear position transducer during unilateral and bilateral ballistic leg press. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2022-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study aim: This study compared movement velocity and force-velocity profile parameters measured by a free video analysis software program, with the use of a high-speed video recording, and a validated linear position transducer (LPT).
Material and methods: Ten team-sports athletes performed double-leg and single-leg ballistic lower limb extensions on a leg press machine against a wide range of resistive loads. Each repetition was recorded by the LPT a high-speed camera (300 fps), and later analysed with a free video analysis software program.
Results: Mean and peak movement velocity presented high reliability (ICC: 0.990 and 0.988, p < 0.001) and agreement between the two measuring systems (systematic bias: –0.06 ± 0.04 and –0.01 ± 0.03 m/s, respectively). Force-velocity profile parameters were also similar: maximum velocity at zero load (Vo: 1.79 ± 0.15 vs. 1.78 ± 0.12 m/s, p = 0.64), slope (b: –1585 ± 503 vs. –1562 ± 438 N · s/m, p = 0.43), maximum force at zero velocity (Fo: 2835 ± 937 vs. 2749 ± 694 N, p = 0.41) and maximum power (1274 ± 451 vs 1214 ± 285 W, p = 0.38). Both measuring systems could similarly detect the individual force or velocity deficit (p=0.91).
Conclusion: In conclusion, a free video analysis software combined with a high-speed camera was shown to be a reliable, accurate, low bias and cost-effective method in velocity-based testing.
Collapse
|
13
|
Muñoz-López A, Floría P, Sañudo B, Pecci J, Carmona Pérez J, Pozzo M. The Maximum Flywheel Load: A Novel Index to Monitor Loading Intensity of Flywheel Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8124. [PMID: 34884128 PMCID: PMC8662394 DOI: 10.3390/s21238124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main aim of this study was (1) to find an index to monitor the loading intensity of flywheel resistance training, and (2) to study the differences in the relative intensity workload spectrum between the FW-load and ISO-load. METHODS twenty-one males participated in the study. Subjects executed an incremental loading test in the squat exercise using a Smith machine (ISO-load) or a flywheel device (FW-load). We studied different association models between speed, power, acceleration, and force, and each moment of inertia was used to find an index for FW-load. In addition, we tested the differences between relative workloads among load conditions using a two-way repeated-measures test. RESULTS the highest r2 was observed using a logarithmic fitting model between the mean angular acceleration and moment of inertia. The intersection with the x-axis resulted in an index (maximum flywheel load, MFL) that represents a theoretical individual maximal load that can be used. The ISO-load showed greater speed, acceleration, and power outcomes at any relative workload (%MFL vs. % maximum repetition). However, from 45% of the relative workload, FW-load showed higher vertical forces. CONCLUSIONS MFL can be easily computed using a logarithmic model between the mean angular acceleration and moment of inertia to characterize the maximum theoretical loading intensity in the flywheel squat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pablo Floría
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Javier Pecci
- Department of Physical Education, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jorge Carmona Pérez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Marco Pozzo
- SmartCoach Europe AB, 118 20 Stockholm, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Validation of a novel method to assess maximal neuromuscular capacities through the load-velocity relationship. J Biomech 2021; 127:110684. [PMID: 34416531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to elucidate whether the assessment of the load-velocity relationship during the bench press throw exercise can be used as an indicator of the maximal capacity of upper-body muscles to produce force at low and high velocities as well as doing work at a maximal rate. Twenty-four resistance-trained men (bench press one-repetition maximum [1RM] relative to body mass = 1.14 ± 0.17) performed two incremental loading tests from 14 kg until the 1RM during the bench press throw exercise 7 days apart. Individual load-velocity relationships were modelled from the mean velocity values collected under all loading conditions and three variables were calculated from the individual load-velocity relationships: load-axis intercept (L0), velocity-axis intercept (v0), and area under the line (Aline = L0·v0/2). The bench press 1RM strength, peak velocity achieved against 14 kg (PV14kg), and the maximum power determined as the apex of the power-velocity relationship (Pmax) were also determined as traditional measures of maximal neuromuscular capacities. The three load-velocity relationship variables showed a very high reliability (CV ≤ 2.36%; ICC ≥ 0.86). Regarding the concurrent validity of the load-velocity relationship variables, nearly perfect correlations were observed between L0 and 1RM strength (r = 0.98) and between Aline and Pmax (r = 0.96), while lower correlations were observed between v0 and PV14kg (r = 0.59). These results highlight that the three maximal mechanical capacities of upper-body muscles can be quickly estimated through the assessment of the load-velocity relationship during the bench press throw exercise.
Collapse
|
15
|
Knudson D. Letter to the editor regarding 'the correlation of force-velocity-power relationship of a whole-body movement with 20 m and 60 m sprint'. Sports Biomech 2021:1-5. [PMID: 34423748 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1968481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duane Knudson
- Department of Health & Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sandau I, Chaabene H, Granacher U. Concurrent validity of barbell force measured from video-based barbell kinematics during the snatch in male elite weightlifters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254705. [PMID: 34280222 PMCID: PMC8289080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the concurrent validity of an inverse dynamic (force computed from barbell acceleration [reference method]) and a work-energy (force computed from work at the barbell [alternative method]) approach to measure the mean vertical barbell force during the snatch using kinematic data from video analysis. For this purpose, the acceleration phase of the snatch was analyzed in thirty male medal winners of the 2018 weightlifting World Championships (age: 25.2±3.1 years; body mass: 88.9±28.6 kg). Vertical barbell kinematics were measured using a custom-made 2D real-time video analysis software. Agreement between the two computational approaches was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis, Deming regression, and Pearson product-moment correlation. Further, principal component analysis in conjunction with multiple linear regression was used to assess whether individual differences related to the two approaches are due to the waveforms of the acceleration time-series data. Results indicated no mean difference (p > 0.05; d = −0.04) and an extremely large correlation (r = 0.99) between the two approaches. Despite the high agreement, the total error of individual differences was 8.2% (163.0 N). The individual differences can be explained by a multiple linear regression model (R2adj = 0.86) on principal component scores from the principal component analysis of vertical barbell acceleration time-series waveforms. Findings from this study indicate that the individual errors of force measures can be associated with the inverse dynamic approach. This approach uses vertical barbell acceleration data from video analysis that is prone to error. Therefore, it is recommended to use the work-energy approach to compute mean vertical barbell force as this approach did not rely on vertical barbell acceleration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Sandau
- Research Group Weightlifting, Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alonso-Aubin DA, Picón-Martínez M, Chulvi-Medrano I. Strength and Power Characteristics in National Amateur Rugby Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115615. [PMID: 34074013 PMCID: PMC8197353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rugby players need muscular strength and power to meet the demands of the sport; therefore, a proper assessment of the performance in rugby players should include both variables. The purpose of this study was to examine the strength and power characteristics (SPC) during the squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) in national amateur rugby players and to analyze gender- and position-related differences. A total of 47 players (30 males and 17 females; age: 25.56 ± 1.14 and 23.16 ± 1.38 years, respectively) participated in the study. The one repetition-maximum (1-RM) and SPC in SQ and BP were obtained using a Smith Machine. Then, subjects performed one set of five repetitions on the SQ and BP against six relative loads (30-40-50-60-70-80% 1-RM) using a linear transducer. Differences between genders were found in 1-RM for maximal power, kilograms lifted at maximal power, maximal power, maximal strength and maximal speed in BP (p < 0.00) and 1-RM, kilograms lifted at maximal power, maximal power, maximal strength and maximal speed in SQ (p < 0.00). Comparisons between variables in SQ and BP present a significant relationship (p < 0.01) in SQ and BP 1-RM with kilograms lifted at maximal power (r = 0.86 and r = 0.84), maximal strength (r = 0.53 and r = 0.92) and maximal power (r = 0.76 and r = 0.93). This study confirms the importance of the SPC assessment for training prescription in rugby amateur players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Chulvi-Medrano
- UIRFIDE (Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Should We Base Training Prescription on the Force-Velocity Profile? Exploratory Study of Its Between-Day Reliability and Differences Between Methods. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1001-1007. [PMID: 33639609 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the differences in the force-velocity (F-v) profile assessed under unconstrained (ie, using free weights) and constrained (ie, on a Smith machine) vertical jumps, as well as to determine the between-day reliability. METHODS A total of 23 trained participants (18 [1] y) performed an incremental load squat jump test (with ∼35%, 45%, 60%, and 70% of the subjects' body mass) on 2 different days using free weights and a Smith machine. Nine of these participants repeated the tests on 2 other days for an exploratory analysis of between-day reliability. F-v variables (ie, maximum theoretical force [F0], velocity [v0], and power, and the imbalance between the actual and the theoretically optimal F-v profile) were computed from jump height. RESULTS A poor agreement was observed between the F-v variables assessed under constrained and unconstrained conditions (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] < .50 for all). The height attained during each single jump performed under both constrained and unconstrained conditions showed an acceptable reliability (coefficient of variation < 10%, ICC > .70). The F-v variables computed under constrained conditions showed an overall good agreement (ICC = .75-.95 for all variables) and no significant differences between days (P > .05), but a high variability for v0, the imbalance between the actual and the theoretically optimal F-v profile, and maximal theoretical power (coefficient of variation = 17.0%-27.4%). No between-day differences were observed for any F-v variable assessed under unconstrained conditions (P > .05), but all of the variables presented a low between-day reliability (coefficient of variation > 10% and ICC < .70 for all). CONCLUSIONS F-v variables differed meaningfully when obtained from constrained and unconstrained loaded jumps, and most importantly seemed to present a low between-day reliability.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sandau I, Chaabene H, Granacher U. Validity and Reliability of a Snatch Pull Test to Model the Force-Velocity Relationship in Male Elite Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2808-2815. [PMID: 33470598 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sandau, I, Chaabene, H, and Granacher, U. Validity and reliability of a snatch pull test to model the force-velocity relationship in male elite weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This study examined the concurrent validity and within-session reliability of parameters describing the force-velocity relationship (FvR) such as maximal force, velocity, power, and the theoretical one repetition maximum snatch performance (snatchth) during the snatch pull. The FvR was assessed using the multiple-load (FvRm) approach and the 2-load (FvR2) approach. Eight male elite weightlifters from the German national team executed the snatch pull in 2 separate experiments. For the concurrent validity assessment (experiment one), during the snatch pull, 7 loads from 70 to 100% were lifted to compute the FvRm, and 2 loads (70 and 100%) were lifted to compute the FvR2. For the reliability assessment (experiment 2), a test-retest protocol for the FvR2 was conducted. Input FvR parameters were determined from video-based barbell tracking. Results indicated no differences (all p > 0.05; all d ≤ 0.07) and extremely large correlations (all r ≥ 0.91) between the FvRm and FvR2 parameters. The within-session reliability of FvR2 parameters was excellent (all intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.97; SEM% ≤1.23%). The percentage smallest real difference (SRD95%) of FvR2 parameters ranged between 1.89 and 3.39%. In summary, using the snatch pull to model FvR2 parameters is a valid and reliable approach that can easily be integrated into elite weightlifters' daily training routines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Sandau
- Research Group Weightlifting, Department Strength, Power and Technical Sports, Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig; and Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Iglesias-Soler E, Rial-Vázquez J, Boullosa D, Mayo X, Fariñas J, Rúa-Alonso M, Santos L. Load-velocity Profiles Change after Training Programs with Different Set Configurations. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:794-802. [PMID: 33352601 DOI: 10.1055/a-1323-3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the changes in load-velocity relationship of bench press and parallel squat exercises following two programs differing in the set configuration. A randomized controlled trial was carried out in a sample of 39 physically active individuals. Participants were assigned to rest redistribution set configuration, traditional set configuration, or control groups. Over 5 weeks, the experimental groups completed 10 sessions with the 10 repetitions maximum load of both exercises. Rest redistribution sets consisted in 16 sets of 2 repetitions with 60 s of rest between sets, and 5 min between exercises, whereas traditional sets entailed 4 sets of 8 repetitions with 5 min of rest between sets and exercises. The load-velocity relationships of both exercises were obtained before and after the training period. For bench press, an increase of the velocity axis intercept, and a decrease of the slope at post-test were observed in both rest redistribution (p<0.001, G=1.264; p<0.001; G=0.997) and traditional set (p=0.01, G=0.654; p=0.001; G=0.593) groups. For squat, the slope decreased (p<0.001; G=0.588) and the velocity axis intercept increased (p<0.001; G=0.727) only in the rest redistribution group. These results show that rest redistribution sets were particularly efficient for inducing changes in the load-velocity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jessica Rial-Vázquez
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Xian Mayo
- Observatory of Healthy and Active Living of Spain Active Foundation, Centre for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fariñas
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María Rúa-Alonso
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Luis Santos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of León, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alcazar J, Pareja-Blanco F, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Navarro-Cruz R, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Ara I, Alegre LM. Comparison of linear, hyperbolic and double-hyperbolic models to assess the force-velocity relationship in multi-joint exercises. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:359-369. [PMID: 32255757 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1753816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study assessed the validity of linear, hyperbolic and double-hyperbolic models to fit measured force-velocity (F-V) data in multi-joint exercises and the influence of muscle excitation on the F-V relationship. The force-joint angle and F-V relationships were assessed in 10 cross-training athletes and 14 recreationally resistance-trained subjects in the unilateral leg press (LP) and bilateral bench press (BP) exercises, respectively. A force plate and a linear encoder were installed to register external force and velocity, respectively. Muscle excitation was assessed by surface EMG recording of the quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus muscles during the unilateral LP. Linear, Hill's (hyperbolic) and Edman's (double-hyperbolic) equations were fitted to the measured F-V data and compared. Measured F-V data were best fitted by double-hyperbolic models in both exercises (p < 0.05). F-V data deviated from the rectangular hyperbola above a breakpoint located at 90% of measured isometric force (F0) and from the linearity at ≤45% of F0 (both p < 0.05). Hyperbolic equations overestimated F0 values by 13 ± 11% and 6 ± 6% in the LP and BP, respectively (p < 0.05). No differences were found between muscle excitation levels below and above the breakpoint (p > 0.05). Large associations between variables obtained from linear and double-hyperbolic models were noted for F0, maximum muscle power, and velocity between 25% and 100% of F0 (r = 0.70-0.99; all p < 0.05). The F-V relationship in multi-joint exercises was double-hyperbolic, which was unrelated with lower muscle excitation levels. However, linear models may be valid to assess F0, maximal muscle power and velocity between 25% and 100% of F0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Navarro-Cruz
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rial-Vázquez J, Mayo X, Tufano JJ, Fariñas J, Rúa-Alonso M, Iglesias-Soler E. Cluster vs. traditional training programmes: changes in the force-velocity relationship. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:85-103. [PMID: 32138607 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1718197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This randomised controlled study examined the force-velocity relationship changes (force and velocity axis intercepts, slope and estimated maximum power) in response to 5-week training programmes differing in the set configuration. For each session, the traditional group performed 4 sets of 8 repetitions with 5 min of rest between sets and exercises, while the cluster group completed 16 sets of 2 repetitions with 1 min of rest between sets and 5 min between exercises. Both programmes were performed with the 10-repetition maximum load, including bench press, parallel squat, lat pull-down and leg curl exercises. Individual force-velocity profiles were obtained for bench press and squat using a linear velocity transducer before and after the intervention, along with lactate and mechanical performance during the intervention. Results showed in bench press similar changes of the force-velocity profile after both protocols (no shift of the slope and higher force and velocity axis intercept values). For the squat, significant changes in the slope (P = 0.001) and the velocity intercept (P = 0.002) towards a velocity profile were observed after cluster but not after traditional training. These results suggest that set configuration may modulate changes of force-velocity relationship, especially for squat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rial-Vázquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Xian Mayo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain.,Observatory of Healthy and Active Living of Spain Active Foundation, Centre for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Fariñas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María Rúa-Alonso
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|