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Estrázulas JA, Pereira Dos Santos F, Taborda Machado AJ, Legnani E, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE. Effects of Acute Ingestion of Guarana ( Paullinia Cupana) on Soccer Player Performance: A Randomized, Cross-over, Placebo-Controlled Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38958672 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2024.2373189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the acute effects of ingesting a beverage containing guarana (Paullinia cupana) seed powder on performance during field tests related to physical capacities that are determinants of soccer performance, such as lower limb power, sprint, agility, and the capacity to carry out intermittent exercise. METHODS The study was conducted using a randomized, crossover, and counterbalanced design, with a beverage containing guarana or placebo administered in a double-blind manner. Twenty-seven under-17 soccer players of a professional soccer club performed a battery of tests 60 min after the ingestion of guarana (3 g of the fruit seed powder) or placebo. Trials were performed with a 7-day washout period. The battery of tests included a countermovement jump test, sprints of 10 and 20 m, an Illinois agility test, and a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1). RESULTS Guarana ingestion did not improve countermovement jump, sprints, or agility (p > 0.05). However, guarana ingestion increased the distance covered in the YYIR1, compared with placebo ingestion (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Acute ingestion of guarana improves the capacity to perform intermittent exercise in soccer players but seems to be ineffective to improve lower limb power, sprint, and agility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisson Agne Estrázulas
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Julia Taborda Machado
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elto Legnani
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nasser I, Willardson JM, Monteiro W, Miranda H. Postactivation performance enhancement in the vertical jump using loads above or below the optimum-power load for a jump squat. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:348-354. [PMID: 38093641 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) is an acute response of increased muscle performance following a conditioning activity (CA), generally prescribed based on the percentage of a one-repetition maximum. However, it is unknown how the PAPE response is affected when the CA is performed near the optimum power zone. The purpose of this study was to examine PAPE using loads that were 20% above or below the optimum-power load (OPL). METHODS Fifteen recreationally trained subjects, with at least one-year resistance training experience participated in this study. First, the OPL for the JS was determined. Then, subjects performed two protocols in a counterbalanced order: 20% above (+20%OPL) or below (-20%OPL). To examine PAPE on performance, the vertical jump was performed prior to and seven times following each jump squat protocol, with a 2-min rest interval between trials. RESULTS The two-way ANOVA revealed main effects for condition (F=4.978; P<0.001) for jump height and jump power (F=2.589; P=0.017), but post-hoc comparisons did not show differences. Between baseline and the best trial following each jump squat protocol, two-way ANOVA did not reveal main effects (F=3.048; P=0.103) or interactions (F=0.304; P=0.590). Paired t-tests did not show significant differences between conditions for relative changes in jump height (P=0.543) or jump power (P=0.233). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed similar results between 20% above or below the OPL on subsequent vertical jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Nasser
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -
- Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory (LADTEF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -
| | - Jeffrey M Willardson
- Health and Human Performance Department, Montana State University Billings, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Walace Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sports Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Research and Education, National Institute of Cardiology, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Miranda
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory (LADTEF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pereira LA, Freitas TT, Zabaloy S, Ferreira RCA, Silva ML, Azevedo PHSM, Loturco I. Sprint and Jump Training on Sand vs. Grass Surfaces: Effects on the Physical Performance of Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1828-1833. [PMID: 36723059 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pereira, LA, Freitas, TT, Zabaloy, S, Ferreira, RCA, Silva, ML, Azevedo, PHSM, and Loturco, I. Sprint and jump training on sand versus grass surfaces: effects on the physical performance of young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1828-1833, 2023-The aims of this study were to (a) examine the effects of a 6-week sand training program including both sprint and jump exercises on the speed-related and vertical jump performance of elite young soccer players and (b) compare the changes induced by a sand training scheme with those induced by a similar training program (in volume, intensity, and exercise types) performed on grass. Twenty-four under-20 soccer players were randomly allocated to 2 training groups, as follows: "sand" ( n = 12) or "grass" ( n = 12) groups. Athletes performed squat and countermovement jumps, linear sprints, and Zigzag change-of-direction speed tests at pre-, mid- (after 6 training sessions), and postintervention (after 12 training sessions). Both groups exhibited similar increases in the vertical jump and Zigzag performance after the 6-week training period ( p values ranging from 0.0001 to 0.025; effect size ranging from 1.05 to 3.78, for main effect of time). No significant changes were detected for the linear sprint velocity for both the groups ( p values ranging from 0.079 to 1.00; effect size ranging from 0.07 to 0.65, for main effect of time). In summary, training on sand or grass surfaces resulted in similar improvements in the physical performance of elite young soccer players. This study confirms the current evidence on the effectiveness of both soft and harder training surfaces in improving the sprint and jump performance of team-sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Ricardo C A Ferreira
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus L Silva
- Secretaria de Esportes e Qualidade de Vida, Prefeitura Municipal de São José dos Campos, São José dos Campos, Brazil; and
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Wales, United Kingdom
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Kannas TM, Argiriadou E, Chalatzoglidis G. Ankle-Specific Training Does Not Alter Drop Jumping Biomechanics Despite Increased Plantar Flexor Strength and Jumping Performance. Cureus 2023; 15:e42228. [PMID: 37605680 PMCID: PMC10439999 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Power plays a crucial role in determining an athlete's final performance, as it signifies the ability to rapidly generate force. The plantar flexor muscles have a crucial role in producing the necessary power. The plantar flexor muscles are important in explosive sports movements due to their ability to generate substantial force quickly during the propulsion phase and facilitate efficient energy transfer through the joints. This study aimed to investigate the effects of specific plantar flexor training on drop jumping (DJ) biomechanics, muscle activation, and muscle strength. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 30 male participants were divided into three groups: the incline hopping (IH) group, which performed continuous jumps on a 15° inclined surface; the plane hopping (PH) group, which performed jumps on a plane surface; and the electrostimulation (EMS) group (n = 10 for each group). All groups trained four times weekly, performing 10 sets of 10 jumps per session. The intervention period lasted four weeks. Participants' drop jumping ability was assessed before and immediately after the training period using hip, knee, and ankle kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the medial gastrocnemius (MGas), tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles. In addition, maximal isokinetic plantar flexor force measurements were evaluated in eccentric and concentric conditions. RESULTS Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that only the inclined hopping showed significant improvements in the take-off velocity (Vto) of the fast drop jump (bounce drop jump (BDJ)) (p < 0.05). These improvements were accompanied by significantly higher MGas activity during the propulsion phase of the jump (p < 0.05). In addition, all groups demonstrated greater eccentric torque (p < 0.05), while IH also improved concentric torque (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results support the efficacy of inclined hopping in improving the Vto of BDJs. The increased MGas activity and stable co-activation index (CI) during the propulsion phase are likely to contribute to these improvements. Coaches should consider incorporating incline hopping into the periodization of athletes, while level hopping and electrostimulation could be used to increase overall strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros M Kannas
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Eirini Argiriadou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Georgios Chalatzoglidis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
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Speed-Related Abilities Are Similarly Improved After Sled Training Under Different Magnitudes of Velocity Loss in Highly Trained Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:420-427. [PMID: 36863354 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of two 8-week resisted-sprint training programs under different magnitudes of velocity loss (VL) on the speed-related performance of highly trained soccer players. METHODS Twenty-one soccer players (age: 25.9 [5.4] y) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: (1) the "moderate-load group," players who trained with sled loads that induced 15%VL relative to unloaded sprint velocity (n = 11); and (2) the "heavy-load group," players who trained with sled loads that induced 40% VL relative to unloaded sprint velocity (n = 10). Linear sprint (10 m), curve sprint, change-of-direction speed, resisted-sprint performance at 15% VL and 40% VL, and vertical jumping ability were tested pretraining and posttraining. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test for differences between groups. In addition, percentage changes were calculated for speed-related abilities and compared with their respective coefficients of variation to determine whether individual changes in performance were greater than the test variance (ie, "true change"). RESULTS A main effect of time was detected for 10-m sprint, curve sprint, change-of-direction speed, and 15% VL and 40% VL resisted-sprint times, with significant decreases in sprint times (P = .003, P = .004, P = .05, P = .036, and P = .019, respectively). Jump variables did not change significantly over time. There were no group-by-time interactions for any tested variable (P > .05), but the "true change" analysis revealed meaningful individual changes in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Both moderate- and heavy-sled loading conditions may optimize the development of speed-related abilities in highly trained soccer players. Nevertheless, resisted-sprint training responses may differ meaningfully when assessed on an individual basis.
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Cormier P, Freitas TT, Loturco I, Turner A, Virgile A, Haff GG, Blazevich AJ, Agar-Newman D, Henneberry M, Baker DG, McGuigan M, Alcaraz PE, Bishop C. Within Session Exercise Sequencing During Programming for Complex Training: Historical Perspectives, Terminology, and Training Considerations. Sports Med 2022; 52:2371-2389. [PMID: 35816233 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this narrative review was to outline the historical genesis of resistance training strategies that incorporate high-load, low-velocity exercises and low-load, high-velocity exercises in the same training session allowing for different "exercise sequences" to be simultaneously implemented. Discrepancies between scientific works and the terminology used within contemporary sport science publications are identified. Upon review of the literature, we propose "complex training" to be considered an umbrella term with 4 different implementations, generally used to indicate a method in which movement velocity or load is altered between sets and/or exercises within the same session with the aim of improving slow and fast force expression. We propose the following terminology for said implementations: contrast training-exercise sequence with alternating high-load and low-load (higher-velocity) exercises in a set-by-set fashion within the same session (corresponding with 'contrast pairs' and 'intra-contrast rest'); descending training-several sets of high-load (e.g., back squat) exercises completed before the execution of several sets of low-load, higher-velocity (e.g., vertical jump) exercises within the same session; ascending training-several sets of low-load, higher-velocity exercises completed before several sets of high-load exercises within the same session; and French contrast training-subset of contrast training in which a series of exercises are performed in sequence within a single session: heavy compound exercise, plyometric exercise, light-to-moderate load compound exercise that maximises movement speed (i.e., external power), and a plyometric exercise (often assisted). Finally, practical applications and training considerations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain. .,NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil. .,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy. .,Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Adam Virgile
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Vermont, USA
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Molly Henneberry
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel G Baker
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Michael McGuigan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain.,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
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The Optimum Power Load: A Simple and Powerful Tool for Testing and Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:151-159. [PMID: 34942592 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The optimal power load is defined as the load that maximizes power output in a given exercise. This load can be determined through the use of various instruments, under different testing protocols. Specifically, the "optimum power load" (OPL) is derived from the load-velocity relationship, using only bar force and bar velocity in the power computation. The OPL is easily assessed using a simple incremental testing protocol, based on relative percentages of body mass. To date, several studies have examined the associations between the OPL and different sport-specific measures, as well as its acute and chronic effects on athletic performance. The aim of this brief review is to present and summarize the current evidence regarding the OPL, highlighting the main lines of research on this topic and discussing the potential applications of this novel approach for testing and training. CONCLUSIONS The validity and simplicity of OPL-based schemes provide strong support for their use as an alternative to more traditional strength-power training strategies. The OPL method can be effectively used by coaches and sport scientists in different sports and populations, with different purposes and configurations.
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Variability of External Intensity Comparisons between Official and Friendly Soccer Matches in Professional Male Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9121708. [PMID: 34946434 PMCID: PMC8702108 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the external intensity between official (OMs) and friendly matches (FMs), and between first and second halves in the Iranian Premier League. Twelve players participated in this study (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg). External intensity was measured by total duration, total distance, average speed, high-speed running distance, sprint distance, maximal speed and body load. In general, there was higher intensity in OMs compared with FMs for all variables. The first half showed higher intensities than the second half, regardless of the type of the match. Specifically, OMs showed higher values for total sprint distance (p = 0.012, ES = 0.59) and maximal speed (p < 0.001, ES = 0.27) but lower value for body load (p = 0.038, ES = −0.42) compared to FMs. The first half of FMs only showed lower value for body load (p = 0.004, ES = −0.38) than FMs, while in the second half of OMs, only total distance showed a higher value than FMs (p = 0.013, ES = 0.96). OMs showed higher demands of high intensity, questioning the original assumption of FMs demands. Depending on the period of the season that FMs are applied, coaches may consider requesting higher demands from their teams.
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Muñoz-López A, Floría P, Sañudo B, Pecci J, Carmona Pérez J, Pozzo M. The Maximum Flywheel Load: A Novel Index to Monitor Loading Intensity of Flywheel Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8124. [PMID: 34884128 PMCID: PMC8662394 DOI: 10.3390/s21238124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main aim of this study was (1) to find an index to monitor the loading intensity of flywheel resistance training, and (2) to study the differences in the relative intensity workload spectrum between the FW-load and ISO-load. METHODS twenty-one males participated in the study. Subjects executed an incremental loading test in the squat exercise using a Smith machine (ISO-load) or a flywheel device (FW-load). We studied different association models between speed, power, acceleration, and force, and each moment of inertia was used to find an index for FW-load. In addition, we tested the differences between relative workloads among load conditions using a two-way repeated-measures test. RESULTS the highest r2 was observed using a logarithmic fitting model between the mean angular acceleration and moment of inertia. The intersection with the x-axis resulted in an index (maximum flywheel load, MFL) that represents a theoretical individual maximal load that can be used. The ISO-load showed greater speed, acceleration, and power outcomes at any relative workload (%MFL vs. % maximum repetition). However, from 45% of the relative workload, FW-load showed higher vertical forces. CONCLUSIONS MFL can be easily computed using a logarithmic model between the mean angular acceleration and moment of inertia to characterize the maximum theoretical loading intensity in the flywheel squat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pablo Floría
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Javier Pecci
- Department of Physical Education, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jorge Carmona Pérez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Marco Pozzo
- SmartCoach Europe AB, 118 20 Stockholm, Sweden;
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Falces-Prieto M, Sáez de Villarreal-Sáez E, Raya-González J, González-Fernández FT, Clemente FM, Badicu G, Murawska-Ciałowicz E. The Differentiate Effects of Resistance Training With or Without External Load on Young Soccer Players' Performance and Body Composition. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771684. [PMID: 34803744 PMCID: PMC8602856 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 15 weeks (2/week) of two different resistance training (RT) programs [the self-load group (SG) vs. the overload group (OG)] on selected measures of physical performance in young male soccer players. Methods: The countermovement jump (CMJ), aerobic endurance (VO2 max), and body composition [body mass (BM), height (H), body fat percentage (% BF), and lean mass (LM)] were measured before and after the 15-week RT interventions. Subjects were randomized to treatments: 1. SG [age = 15.34 ± 1.34 years]; 2. OG [age = 16.28 ± 1.21 years]. Results: The level of significance set for the study (p ≤ 0.05). Within-group analysis did report significant differences in all variables for the SG (p = 0.008 to 0.001; ES = -0.33 to 1.41, small to large) as in the OG (p = 0.001; ES = 0.82 to 1.30, large). Between-groups analysis reported differences in CMJ (F = 4.32; p = 0.004) for the OG. Conclusion: The main findings of this study indicated that RT with and without external load was effective in improving the measures of physical performance in young soccer players, with special attention to jumping ability, where the OG group was more effective. Furthermore, there is no interference to aerobic endurance. It is recommended that soccer coaches implement RT without external load in the early stages of training or in players with late maturation development and in those soccer clubs with limited material resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Falces-Prieto
- Research Center High Performance Soccer, Marcet Academy, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Football and Science, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, Palma, Spain
- SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, Palma, Spain
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, RuaEscola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, University Transilvania of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
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Bishop C, Turner A, Jordan M, Harry J, Loturco I, Lake J, Comfort P. A Framework to Guide Practitioners for Selecting Metrics During the Countermovement and Drop Jump Tests. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study are to: (1) determine within- and between-session reliability of multiple metrics obtained during the triple hop test; and (2) determine any systematic bias in both the test and inter-limb asymmetry scores for these metrics. Thirteen male young American football athletes performed three trials of a triple hop test on each leg on two separate occasions. In addition to the total distance hopped, manual detection of touch down and toe-off were calculated via video analysis, enabling flight time (for each hop), ground contact time (GCT), reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness (between hops) to be calculated. Results showed all coefficient of variation (CV) values were ≤ 10.67% and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged from moderate to excellent (0.53–0.95) in both test sessions. Intrarater reliability showed excellent reliability for all metrics (CV ≤ 3.60%, ICC ≥ 0.97). No systematic bias was evident between test sessions for raw test scores (g = −0.34 to 0.32) or the magnitude of asymmetry (g = −0.19 to 0.43). However, ‘real’ changes in asymmetry (i.e., greater than the CV in session 1) were evident on an individual level for all metrics. For the direction of asymmetry, kappa coefficients revealed poor-to-fair levels of agreement between test sessions for all metrics (K = −0.10 to 0.39), with the exception of the first hop (K = 0.69). These data show that, given the inherent limitations of distance jumped in the triple hop test, practitioners can confidently gather a range of reliable data when computed manually, provided sufficient test familiarization is conducted. In addition, although the magnitude of asymmetry appears to show only small changes between test sessions, limb dominance does appear to fluctuate between test sessions, highlighting the value of also monitoring the direction of the imbalance.
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Effects of Combined Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Soccer-Specific Performance in Elite Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136919. [PMID: 34203286 PMCID: PMC8297001 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Creatine and sodium bicarbonate are both ergogenic aids for athletic performance. However, research on the combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate (CSB) supplementation in soccer is limited. This study investigated the changes in soccer-specific performance in elite soccer players after supplementing with CSB. Twenty well-trained elite soccer players participated in the study (age: 20.70 ± 1.08 years; height: 173.95 ± 2.81 cm; body weight: 70.09 ± 3.96 kg; soccer experience: 8 years; average training hours per week: 20 h). The participants were randomly allocated into CSB groups (CSB, n = 10) and placebo groups (PLA, n = 10). The CSB group took creatine (20 g/day) and sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg/day); these two supplements were taken four times a day (morning, afternoon, evening, and before sleep) for seven days. Soccer-specific performance was assessed via 10- and 30-m sprint, coordination, arrowhead agility, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests. Compared to the PLA group, the CSB group performed better in the 30-m sprint (CSB: −3.6% vs. PLA: −0.6%, p = 0.007, effect size (ES): 2.3) and both right and left arrowhead agility (right: CSB: −7.3% vs. PLA: −0.7%, p < 0.001, ES: 2.8; left: CSB: −5.5% vs. PLA: −1.2%, p = 0.001, ES: 2.1) tests. However, there were no differences in 10 m sprints, coordination, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests between the two groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, CSB supplementation improved sprint and agility in elite soccer players. However, it is still unclear whether such effect is synergistic effect of two supplements or the result of either one of them. Therefore, caution should be taken when interpreting the results, and the limitations should be examined further in future studies.
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Traditional Versus Optimum Power Load Training in Professional Cyclists: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:496-503. [PMID: 33401239 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of optimum power load training (OPT, training with an individualized load and repetitions that maximize power output) and traditional resistance training (TRT, same number of repetitions and relative load for all individuals) in professional cyclists. METHODS Participants (19 [1] y, peak oxygen uptake 75.5 [6] mL/kg/min) were randomly assigned to 8 weeks (2 sessions per week) of TRT (n = 11) or OPT (n = 9), during which they maintained their usual cycle training schedule. Training loads were continuously registered, and measures of muscle strength/power (1-repetition maximum and maximum mean propulsive power on the squat, hip thrust, and lunge exercises), body composition (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and endurance performance (assessed on both an incremental test and an 8-min time trial) were collected before and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS OPT resulted in a lower average intensity (percentage of 1-repetition maximum) during resistance training sessions for all exercises (P < .01), but no differences were found for overall training loads during resistance or cycling sessions (P > .05). Both programs led to significant improvements in all strength/power-related parameters, muscle mass (with no changes in total body mass but a decreased fat mass), and time-trial performance (all Ps < .05). A trend toward increased power output at the respiratory compensation point was also found (P = .056 and .066 for TRT and OPT, respectively). No between-groups differences were noted for any outcome (P > .05). CONCLUSION The addition of either TRT or OPT to an endurance training regimen of elite cyclists results in similar improvements of body composition, muscle strength/power, and endurance performance.
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Calleja-Gonzalez J, Lalín C, Cos F, Marques-Jimenez D, Alcaraz PE, Gómez-Díaz AJ, Freitas TT, Mielgo Ayuso J, Loturco I, Peirau X, Refoyo I, Terrados N, Sampaio JE. SOS to the Soccer World. Each Time the Preseason Games Are Less Friendly. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:559539. [PMID: 33367274 PMCID: PMC7750874 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.559539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria, Spain
| | | | - Francesc Cos
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Manchester City Football Club, 1st Team, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Marques-Jimenez
- Academy Department, Deportivo Alavés, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,Núcleo de Alto Rendimento Esportivo de São Paulo (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan Mielgo Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus de Soria, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Núcleo de Alto Rendimento Esportivo de São Paulo (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xavi Peirau
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ignacio Refoyo
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas Terrados
- Departamento de Medicina Deportiva, Fundación Deportiva Municipal de Avilés (FDM), Aviles, Spain
| | - Jaime E Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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16
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Effects of Strength vs. Plyometric Training on Change of Direction Performance in Experienced Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8110144. [PMID: 33143353 PMCID: PMC7693778 DOI: 10.3390/sports8110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare how 6 weeks of strength- vs. plyometric training, which were matched upon direction of motion and workload, influences change of direction (COD) performance. Twenty-one experienced male soccer players (age: 22.2 ± 2.7) were pair-matched into a strength- (n = 10) and a plyometric (n = 11) training group. CODs of 45°, 90°, 135° and 180° performed from either a 4 m or 20 m approach distance were compared before and after intervention. Results showed no significant difference between groups. Significant effects were only found within the plyometric training group (−3.2% to −4.6%) in 90°, 135° and 180° CODs from 4 m and a 180° COD from a 20 m approach distance. Individual changes in COD performances showed that with the 4 m approach at least 55% and 81% of the strength and plyometric training group, respectively, improved COD performance, while with the 20 m approach at least 66% of both groups improved performance. This study showed that the plyometric training program can improve most CODs, with angles over 90°, although this is dependent on the distance approaching the COD. Considering the limited time of implementing physical conditioning, in addition to regular soccer practice in most soccer environments, the current plyometric training program can be advantageous in improving CODs at maximal intensity.
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17
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Bisciotti GN, Eirale C, Corsini A, Baudot C, Saillant G, Chalabi H. Return to football training and competition after lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: medical recommendations. Biol Sport 2020; 37:313-319. [PMID: 32879554 PMCID: PMC7433324 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic represents a great unknown regarding the physiological changes induced in elite football players. Although it will differ from country to country, the return to sport for professional football players will follow a forced lockdown never experienced and longer than the normal annual season break. Moreover, in addition to an obvious decrease in performance, the lockdown will possibly lead to an increase of the injury risk. In fact, preseason is always a period with a specific football injury epidemiology, with an increase in the incidence and prevalence of overuse injuries. Therefore, it seems appropriate to recommend that specific training and injury prevention programmes be developed, with careful load monitoring. Training sessions should include specific aerobic, resistance, speed and flexibility training programmes. The aerobic, resistance and speed training should respect some specific phases based on the progressiveness of the training load and the consequent physiological adaptation response. These different phases, based on the current evidence found in the literature, are described in their practical details. Moreover, injury prevention exercises should be incorporated, especially focusing on overuse injuries such as tendon and muscle lesions. The aim of this paper is to provide practical recommendations for the preparation of training sessions for professional footballers returning to sport after the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiano Eirale
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France
- Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Hakim Chalabi
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France
- Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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18
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Boullosa D, Casado A, Claudino JG, Jiménez-Reyes P, Ravé G, Castaño-Zambudio A, Lima-Alves A, de Oliveira SA, Dupont G, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Do you Play or Do you Train? Insights From Individual Sports for Training Load and Injury Risk Management in Team Sports Based on Individualization. Front Physiol 2020; 11:995. [PMID: 32973548 PMCID: PMC7472986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- Graduate Program of Movement Sciences, INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I University, Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriano Lima-Alves
- Department of Sport Sciences, University Federal of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvio Assis de Oliveira
- Graduate Program of Movement Sciences, INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Postdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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Valenzuela PL, McGuigan M, Sánchez-Martínez G, Torrontegi E, Vázquez-Carrión J, Montalvo Z, Abad CCC, Pereira LA, Loturco I. Reference power values for the jump squat exercise in elite athletes: A multicenter study. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2273-2278. [PMID: 32573360 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1783150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to provide reference values for lower-limb muscle power assessed during the incremental jump squat (JS) test in elite athletes (i.e., professional athletes competing at international level). We pooled data from all JS tests performed by elite athletes of different sports in two high-performance centres between 2015 and 2019, and computed reference values (i.e., terciles) for mean power (MP), mean propulsive power (MPP), and peak power (PP). Reference values were obtained from 684 elite athletes (458 male and 226 female) of 16 different sports (boxing, judo, karate, fencing, taekwondo, wrestling, basketball, soccer, futsal, handball, rugby union, badminton, tennis, long distance running, triathlon, and sprinting). Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found between male and female athletes for MP (7.47 ± 1.93 and 6.15 ± 1.68 W·Kg-1, respectively), MPP (10.50 ± 2.75 and 8.63 ± 2.43 W·Kg-1), and PP (23.64 ± 6.12 and 19.35 ± 5.49 W·Kg-1). However, the velocity at which these power measures was attained seemed to be independent of sex (~0.95, 1.00 and 2.00 m·s-1 for mean, mean propulsive, and peak velocity, respectively) and homogeneous across different sport disciplines (coefficient of variation <10%). These data can be used to classify athletes' power capabilities, and the optimum velocity ranges provided here could be useful for training purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physiology Unit, Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá , Madrid, Spain.,Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Perth, Australia
| | | | - Elaia Torrontegi
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vázquez-Carrión
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Zigor Montalvo
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD) , Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil.,University of South Wales , Pontypridd, Wales, UK
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