1
|
Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Validation of the Method for Determination of Arsenic Species in Carrageenan-Producing Seaweed, Kappaphycus spp., Using HPLC-ICP-MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
2
|
An Overview of the Factors Influencing Apple Cider Sensory and Microbial Quality from Raw Materials to Emerging Processing Technologies. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given apple, an easily adapted culture, and a large number of apple varieties, the production of apple cider is widespread globally. Through the fermentation process, a series of chemical changes take place depending on the apple juice composition, type of microorganism involved and technology applied. Following both fermentations, alcoholic and malo-lactic, and during maturation, the sensory profile of cider changes. This review summarises the current knowledge about the influence of apple variety and microorganisms involved in cider fermentation on the sensory and volatile profiles of cider. Implications of both Saccharomyces, non-Saccharomyces yeast and lactic acid bacteria, respectively, are discussed. Also are presented the emerging technologies applied to cider processing (pulsed electric field, microwave extraction, enzymatic, ultraviolet and ultrasound treatments, high-pressure and pulsed light processing) and the latest trends for a balanced production in terms of sustainability, authenticity and consumer preferences.
Collapse
|
3
|
Iglesias-González A, Hardy EM, Appenzeller BMR. Cumulative exposure to organic pollutants of French children assessed by hair analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105332. [PMID: 31785528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Children represent one of the most vulnerable parts of the population regarding the effects of pollutants exposure on health. In this study, hair samples were collected between October 2013 and August 2015 from 142 French children originating from different geographical areas (urban and rural) and analysed with a GC/MS-MS method, allowing for the detection of 55 biomarkers for pesticides and metabolites both persistent and non-persistent from different families, including: organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, azoles, dinitroanilines, oxadiazines, phenylpyrazoles and carboxamidas; 4 polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and 5 polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). The number of compounds detected in each sample ranged from 9 up to 37 (21 on average), which clearly highlighted the cumulative exposure of the children. The results also showed a wide range of concentration of the pollutants in hair (often more than 100 times higher in the most exposed child compared to the less exposed), suggesting significant disparities in the exposure level, even in children living in the same area. In addition to the detection of currently used chemicals, the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in children also suggests that the French population is still exposed to POPs nowadays. PCP, DEP, PNP, 3Me4NP, trans-Cl2CA, 3PBA, fipronil and fipronil sulfone, presented statistically significant higher concentration in the hair of boys compared to girls. PCP, PNP and 3Me4NP presented statistically significant higher concentration in younger children. Finally, this study also suggests that local environmental contamination would not be the main source of exposure, and that individual specificities (habits, diet…) would be the main contributors to the exposure to the pollutants analysed here. The present study strongly supports the relevance of hair for the biomonitoring of exposure and provides the first values of organic pollutant concentration in the hair of French children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Iglesias-González
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1-A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, 2, avenue de l'Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Emily M Hardy
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1-A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1-A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo X, Wang K, Chen GH, Shi J, Wu X, Di LL, Wang Y. Determination of strobilurin fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables by nonaqueous micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with indirect laser-induced fluorescence. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2004-2010. [PMID: 28497571 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A nonaqueous micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method with indirect LIF was developed for the determination of strobilurin fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables. Hydrophobic CdTe quantum dots (QDs) synthesized in aqueous phase were used as background fluorescent substance. The BGE solution, QD concentration, and separation voltage were optimized to obtain the best separation efficiency and the highest signal intensity. The optimal BGE solution consists of 40 mM phosphate, 120 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, 15% v/v water and 15% v/v hydrophobic CdTe QDs in formamide, of which apparent pH is 9.5. The optimized separation voltage is controlled as 25 kV. The resultant detection limits of azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, and pyraclostrobin are all 0.001 mg/kg, their linear dynamic ranges are 0.005-2.5 mg/kg, and the recoveries of the spiked samples are 81.7-96.1%, 86.5-95.7%, and 87.3-97.4%, respectively. This method has been proved to be sensitive enough to detect the aforementioned fungicides in fruits and vegetables at the maximum residue limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Hua Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shi
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xian Wu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Di
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Guo XF, Fan ZJ, Zhang NL, Zhu YJ, Zhang ZM, Khazhieva I, Yurievich MY, Belskaya NP, Bakulev VA. Synthesis and fungicidal activity of 3,4-dichloroisothiazole based strobilurins as potent fungicide candidates. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25520e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 3,4-dichloroisothiazole based novel strobilurin analogs were synthesized, the compound8dwas discovered as a new fungicidal candidate with better efficacy than commercial standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jin Fan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Nai-Lou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Inna Khazhieva
- The Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
- Ekaterinburg
- Russia
| | - Morzherin Y. Yurievich
- The Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
- Ekaterinburg
- Russia
| | - Nataliya P. Belskaya
- The Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
- Ekaterinburg
- Russia
| | - Vasiliy A. Bakulev
- The Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
- Ekaterinburg
- Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu YG, Luo Y, Lu Y. A Concise Synthesis of Azoxystrobin using a Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14418863197125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, efficient and eco-friendly process for the synthesis in good yield of azoxystrobin from 2-bromophenol has been developed using phenolic hydroxyl protection, Grignard reaction, Suzuki cross-coupling, hydrogenation and a nucleophilic reaction on a 2-chloropyrimidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mercader JV, López-Moreno R, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Sensitive monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays for kresoxim-methyl analysis in QuEChERS-based food extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2816-2821. [PMID: 24611510 DOI: 10.1021/jf500287t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Kresoxim-methyl is nowadays widely used to combat a diversity of common diseases affecting high-value crops. In this article, we report the development and characterization of two novel immunoassays for the analysis of this pioneer strobilurin fungicide, and for the first time, a validation study with food samples was performed. A direct and an indirect competitive immunoassay based on a new anti-kresoxim-methyl monoclonal antibody were developed for sensitive and specific chemical analysis. Optimized assays showed limits of detection of 0.1 μg/L. Fruit and vegetable samples were extracted with acetonitrile by the QuEChERS procedure and analyzed by the developed immunoassays after a simple dilution in buffer, affording limits of quantification below US and European maximum residue limits. Immunochemical results of samples from kresoxim-methyl-sprayed strawberry fields demonstrated good statistical agreement with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as reference technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josep V Mercader
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC) , Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Determination of the fungicide kresoxim-methyl in grape juices using square-wave voltammetry and a boron-doped diamond electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Malhat F, Kamel E, Saber A, Hassan E, Youssef A, Almaz M, Hassan A, Fayz AES. Residues and dissipation of kresoxim methyl in apple under field condition. Food Chem 2013; 140:371-4. [PMID: 23578655 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The dissipation and residual levels of kresoxim methyl in apple under field condition were determined by using HPLC-DAD with QuEChERS method. At fortification levels of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) in apple, it was shown that recoveries were ranged from 91.1% to 96.9% with coefficient variation of the method (CV%) for repeatability ranged from 1.27% to 4.77%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 0.05 mg kg(-1). The dissipation rates of kresoxim methyl were described by using first-order kinetics and its half-life, as they are ranged from 4.58 to 4.77 days in apple. The terminal residues of kresoxim methyl were below the FAO/WHO maximum residue limit (MRL, 0.2 mg kg(-1)) in apple when measured 14 days after the final application, which suggested that the use of this fungicide was safe for humans. This study would help in providing the basic information for developing regulation to guard a safe use of kresoxim methyl in apple orchard and to prevent health problem from consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farag Malhat
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang K, Chen GH, Wu X, Shi J, Guo DS. Determination of Strobilurin Fungicide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography with Sweeping. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:157-63. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
11
|
Jin B, Xie L, Guo Y, Pang G. Multi-residue detection of pesticides in juice and fruit wine: A review of extraction and detection methods. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Araujo L, Rojas C, Cubillan D, Villa N, Mercado J, Prieto A. Determination of Trifloxystrobin, Tebufenozide, and Halofenozide in Foods by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003717372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Stir bar sorptive extraction coupled to liquid chromatography for the analysis of strobilurin fungicides in fruit samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4529-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
14
|
Ge J, Qin D, Zhao Y, Pan C, Jiang S, Liu F. Dissipation and residue of famoxadone in grape and soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 162:219-224. [PMID: 19241128 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The analytical method of famoxadone residue and its dissipation in grape and soil were investigated. Famoxadone (68.75% water-dispersible granule) was applied at two dosages (1.25 and 2.5 g l(-1)). Soil and grape samples were collected at intervals and analyzed for famoxadone residues. The results showed that the degradation rate of famoxadone in grape and soil were similar, and their dynamics could be described by C = 1.1738e (-0.0562t ) with correlation coefficient r = 0.9044 in grape and C = 5.6565e (-0.0515t ) with r = 0.9620 in soil, respectively. Half-lives were 12.3 and 13.5 days in grape and soil, respectively. The results indicated that at harvest time, the residues of famoxadone in grape were well below the EU's maximum residue level (2 mg kg(-1)) and was safe to apply in grape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Li W, Wu YJ, Qin DM, Ma Y, Sun YJ, Qiu SP. A Method for Quantifying Azoxystrobin Residues in Grapes and Soil Using GC with Electron Capture Detection. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
17
|
Chen J, Loo B, Ray C. Determination of trifloxystrobin and its metabolites in Hawaii soils by ASE-LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:1829-1837. [PMID: 18284206 DOI: 10.1021/jf071527z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods for the determination of trifloxystrobin and four of its metabolites were developed in a leaching study conducted in Hawaii. To duplicate plots at each of five locations representing various agricultural areas in Hawaii, trifloxystrobin was applied at label rates and allowed to leach under normal rain and irrigation conditions. Soil samples were collected at weekly to monthly intervals and the residual concentrations of trifloxystrobin and metabolites measured. A quantitative analytical method for their determination in various soil samples was developed using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Extraction solvent with various ratios of methanol to water, addition of EDTANa2 to the extract solvent, and ASE cell temperature were adjusted to improve recovery. Deuterated (E, E)-trifloxystrobin was chosen as the internal standard of the analytical method. The limit of quantitation was 2.5 ppb in the soil for trifloxystrobin and its metabolites. Laboratory aerobic degradation studies with the soils from the five sites were also conducted to measure the same compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Chen
- Water Resources Research Center and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abreu SDM, Herbert P, Caboni P, Cabras P, Alves A, Garau VL. Validation and global uncertainty of a gas chromatographic with mass spectrometry method for fenamidone analysis in grapes and wines. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2007; 42:817-22. [PMID: 17763039 DOI: 10.1080/03601230701551525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fenamidone is an imidazolinone fungicide recently introduced in viticulture practices. This work reports the validation and assessment of global uncertainty of a gas chromatographic with mass spectrometry method to analyze fenamidone in grapes and wines. This method consists in a simple and fast liquid-liquid extraction step followed by chromatographic determination. Limits of detection for fenamidone in grapes and wines were, respectively, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/L, precision was below 9.4% and average recovery was 89 +/- 5%. In the concentration range from 0.05 to 1.00 mg/kg (or mg/L) of fenamidone, global uncertainty calculated following the EURACHEM/CITAC rules, and also by the Horwitz function, was below 25%. The EURACHEM/CITAC global uncertainty budget used gave lower estimates than those obtained from the Horwitz function.
Collapse
|
19
|
Likas DT, Tsiropoulos NG, Miliadis GE. Rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of famoxadone, trifloxystrobin and fenhexamid residues in tomato, grape and wine samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1150:208-14. [PMID: 16950327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trifloxystrobin, fenhexamid and famoxadone belong to the generation of fungicides acting against a broad spectrum of fungi and widely used in Integrated Pest Management strategies in different agricultural crops but mainly in viticulture. In the present work, a gas chromatographic (GC) method for their determination was developed and validated on tomato, grape and wine matrices. The method was based on a simple one step liquid-liquid microextraction with cyclohexane/dichloromethane (9+1, v/v) and determination of fungicides by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous (NP-) and electron capture (EC-) detection, and ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) for confirmation. The method was validated by recovery experiments, assessment of matrix effect and calculation of the associated uncertainty. Recoveries for GC-NPD and GC-ECD were found in the range of 81-102% with RSD <12%, while matrix-matched calibration solutions were imposed for quantification. LOQs ranged from 0.005 to 0.05 mg/kg and 0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg for the GC-ECD and GC-NPD, respectively, depending on the sensitivity of each compound with trifloxystrobin being the most sensitive. The expanded uncertainty, calculated for a sample concentration of 0.10 mg/kg, ranged from 4.8 to 13% for the GC-ECD and from 5.4 to 29% for the GC-NPD. The concentration levels for famoxadone residues found in tomato and grape samples from field experiments were clearly below the EU established MRL values, thus causing no problems in terms of food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Likas
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., Nea Ionia Magnissias, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Balba H. Review of strobilurin fungicide chemicals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2007; 42:441-51. [PMID: 17474024 DOI: 10.1080/03601230701316465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurins are natural products isolated and identified from specific fungi. Natural strobilurins were named in the order of their discovery as strobilurin-A followed by strobilurin-B, C, D etc. Their discovery opened the door for new chemistry of synthetic fungicides. Applying Quantitative Structural Activity Relationship (QSAR) on the structures of the natural strobilurins, many pesticide companies were able to discover many synthetic analogues that are more efficacious and more stable fungicides. At present there are about eight synthetic strobilurins in the fungicides worldwide market. Some of these products are worldwide registered for use as agrochemical and some are in the process of registration. This class of fungicides is relatively new, as crop protection products and information about them is still fairly scarce. In this review, syntheses and chemistry of natural and synthetic strobilurins are discussed. Also, the mode of action, efficacy, biotic/abiotic degradation, analytical methods, and agricultural uses are discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
de Melo Abreu S, Caboni P, Cabras P, Garau VL, Alves A. Validation and global uncertainty of a liquid chromatographic with diode array detection method for the screening of azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, trifloxystrobin, famoxadone, pyraclostrobin and fenamidone in grapes and wine. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 573-574:291-7. [PMID: 17723536 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, famoxadone and fenamidone are permitted Q(o) Inhibitor (Q(o)I) fungicides applied to vine in some European countries for the treatment of downy and powdery mildews. In this work, a method is validated for the analysis of these fungicides in grapes and wine. This screening method consists in a simple one step liquid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography (LC) fitted with a diode array detector (DAD). Limits of detection for grapes and wine were below 0.2 mg kg(-1) or mg l(-1), precision was not above 13%, and recoveries were, on average, 95+/-5% for grapes and 104+/-6% for wine. Global uncertainties evaluated in the concentration range from 0.25 to 2.50 mg l(-1) were below 20%. A confirmatory method by gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) detection was used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana de Melo Abreu
- LEPAE-DEQ, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Furzer GS, Veldhuis L, Hall JC. Development and comparison of three diagnostic immunoassay formats for the detection of azoxystrobin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:688-93. [PMID: 16448169 DOI: 10.1021/jf052424o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The currently accepted method of detection for azoxystrobin, a strobilurin fungicide, involves a labor-intensive organic solvent extraction and gas chromatography analysis. Three diagnostic assay formats, i.e., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescence polarization (FP), and time-resolved fluorescence (TR-FIA), were developed and compared with regard to detection and quantification of azoxystrobin in grape extract and river, lake, and well water samples. These three assay formats require no initial sample extraction and were not affected by any of the environmental matrices tested, and each had a linear working range of 0-400 pg/mL. The polyclonal antibodies used for each of the immunoassays were specific to azoxystrobin; that is, the highest cross-reactivity to other pesticides observed was 5.7%. The limits of detection of the immunoassays were similar at 3 (ELISA), 46 (FP), and 28 (TR-FIA) pg/mL, as were the respective IC50 values of 306, 252, and 244 pg/mL. Each of the three immunoassays developed was less labor-intensive and approximately 100-fold more sensitive than the gas chromatographic method. While the three formats were comparable in terms of performance, the fluorescence polarization assay was the least labor-intensive and required the least time to perform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Furzer
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
de Melo Abreu S, Caboni P, Cabras P, Alves A, Garau VL. A comparison of a gas chromatographic with electron-capture detection and a gas chromatographic with mass spectrometric detection screening methods for the analysis of famoxadone in grapes and wines. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:362-7. [PMID: 16387319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 12/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Famoxadone is a recent oxazolidinedione fungicide widely used in viticulture and in Integrated Pest Management strategies. In this work, after a simple and fast liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), two new gas chromatographic methods were developed to analyze famoxadone residues in grapes and wines, one with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) and the other with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Global uncertainties for validation parameters of both methods were compared. Limits of detection (LODs) were 0.06 and 0.02 mg/L, precision was not above 11.7 and 6.8% and recoveries were, on average, 103%+/-12 and 96%+/-12, respectively, for the GC-ECD and GC-MS methods. Similar expanded uncertainties in the range from 0.25 to 1.00 mg/L were below 35%, with increasing values for lower levels of famoxadone. GC-MS method had a lower LOD and a lower uncertainty if compared with the GC-ECD method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana de Melo Abreu
- LEPAE-DEQ, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Meneau I, Sanglard D. Azole and fungicide resistance in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. Med Mycol 2005; 43 Suppl 1:S307-11. [PMID: 16110825 DOI: 10.1080/13693780500090826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a human pathogen but it is also a widespread filamentous fungus in the environment. A. fumigatus can therefore be exposed to antifungals used in medical and agricultural environments. Only the class of azoles is used in both of these environments (i.e. voriconazole and itraconazole in medicine; prochloraz, propiconazole or imazalil in agriculture). Exposure to azoles provides the potential for the development of resistance. Several clinical itraconazole-resistant isolates have been reported in A. fumigatus and their resistance mechanisms have been partially resolved. Since limited data exist on the susceptibility of A. fumigatus to both medical and agricultural antifungals, we undertook a drug susceptibility study including clinical (400) and agricultural (150) A. fumigatus isolates (Swiss origin). We tested azoles and also compounds of major antifungal classes used in agriculture (i.e. azoxystrobin, iprodione, benalaxyl or cyprodinil). The results showed that all A. fumigatus isolates were intrinsically resistant to iprodione, benalaxyl or cyprodinil (MIC90 > 32 microg x ml(-1)) and that azoxystrobin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) showed a wide range (0.06 to 32 microg x ml(-1)). MIC ranges of azoles were compound-dependent. MIC90 for voriconazole, itraconazole, imazalil and prochloraz were within a range of 0.13 to 1 microg x ml(-1) and similar between clinical and environmental isolates, whereas propiconazole was the least active compound (MIC90: 4-8 microg x ml(-1)). Ten clinical and 36 environmental isolates with high itraconazole MIC ( > or = 2 microg x ml(-1)) were detected. In clinical isolates, no cross-resistance was observed between itraconazole and all others azoles tested. Several patterns of azole MICs were, however, observed in the environmental isolates. Unexpectedly, a single environmental isolate was voriconazole-resistant (MIC of 16 microg x ml(-1)) but still susceptible to itraconazole (MIC of 2 microg x ml(-1)). Taken together, our results demonstrate the absence of susceptibility of A. fumigatus isolates to non-azole agricultural agents and that there is little impact of azole resistance in both clinical and environmental isolates. When detected, azole resistance was compound-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Meneau
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Melo Abreu S, Correia M, Herbert P, Santos L, Alves A. Screening of grapes and wine for azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin fungicides by HPLC with diode array detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:549-56. [PMID: 16019828 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500137918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Quinone outside Inhibitors (QoI) are one of the most important and recent fungicide groups used in viticulture and also allowed by Integrated Pest Management. Azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin are the main active ingredients for treating downy and powdery mildews that can be present in grapes and wines. In this paper, a method is reported for the analysis of these three QoI-fungicides in grapes and wine. After liquid-liquid extraction and a clean-up on commercial silica cartridges, analysis was by isocratic HPLC with diode array detection (DAD) with a run time of 13 min. Confirmation was by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), followed by GC/MS determination. The main validation parameters for the three compounds in grapes and wine were a limit of detection up to 0.073 mg kg(-1), a precision not exceeding 10.0% and an average recovery of 93% +/- 38.
Collapse
|
26
|
Christensen HB, Granby K, Rabølle M. Processing factors and variability of pyrimethanil, fenhexamid and tolylfluanid in strawberries. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2003; 20:728-41. [PMID: 13129790 DOI: 10.1080/0265203031000138286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of three pesticides in strawberries was developed and validated. Recoveries were measured at three spiking levels and ranged from 85 to 99% (mean recoveries). The effects of processing of strawberries ranging from rinsing to jam production were investigated for the three fungicides tolylfluanid, fenhexamid and pyrimethanil, which were applied under field conditions. Kresoxim-methyl was also applied in the field, but was not found in any of the samples investigated. The effect of parameters such as preharvest interval, dose, harvest time and observed pesticide concentration after harvest (initial concentration, mg kg(-1)), were examined with respect to possible reduction of the pesticides. The results from rinsing showed that all three pesticides were reduced on average by 37% for tolylfluanid, by 34% for fenhexamid and by 19% for pyrimethanil. For tolylfluanid and fenhexamid, the initial concentration significantly affected the reduction. For fenhexamid, dose could also have a minor influence on reduction. For pyrimethanil, none of the parameters significantly influenced the reduction. For jam production, cooking significantly reduced tolylfluanid by an average of 91%. For fenhexamid and pyrimethanil, a smaller reduction was seen, 25% and 33%, respectively. The reduction of tolylfluanid and pyrimethanil was affected by the preharvest interval, while fenhexamid was affected by the initial concentration. The unit-to-unit variability of fungicide contents was also investigated and the variability factors for the three fungicides were from 1.9 to 2.8.
Collapse
|
27
|
Rial Otero R, Cancho Grande B, Simal Gándara J. Multiresidue method for fourteen fungicides in white grapes by liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 992:121-31. [PMID: 12735468 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative, selective and sensitive HPLC method for the analysis of 14 fungicides in white grapes for vinification is described. The proposed method is based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography and diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Dichloromethane-acetone (75:25, v/v) was the most appropriate solvent mix for extracting fungicides in white grapes. Silica cartridges resulted the most appropriate for extract purification purposes. Quality parameters of the proposed multiresidue method presented good recovery (ca. 85% for almost all target compounds) and precision (between 1.5 and 16%), and detection limits lower than maxima residual limits set by the 76/895/ECC and 90/642/ECC Directive. Five different white grapes for vinification produced in Rias Baixas area in Galicia (NW Spain) were analyzed in order to assess the performance of the method with real samples and to determine whether the concentration of the pesticides used exceed their maxima residue levels (MRLs). Results showed that grape concentrations for those identified fungicides were lower than those established by European legislation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rial Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|