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Wu S, Li D, Li H, Su QZ, Liang J, Zheng J, Zhong HN, Dong B. Characterization and elimination efficiency of volatile organic compounds in mechanically recycled polyethylene terephthalate at various recycling stages. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 182:91-101. [PMID: 38643526 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) stands as an effective strategy for mitigating plastic pollution and reducing resource waste. The study aimed to investigate the characterization and elimination efficiency of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in rPET at various recycling stages using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry coupled with chemometrics. The results revealed that 52, 135, 95, 44, and 33 VOCs, mostly classified into three chemical groups, were tentatively identified in virgin - PET (v-PET), cold water washed - rPET (C-rPET), decontaminated - rPET (D-rPET), melt-extruded - rPET (M-rPET), and solid-state polycondensation - rPET (S-rPET), respectively. Regarding the VOCs with high and median detection frequencies, fatty acyls showed the highest elimination efficiency (100 % and 92 %), followed by organooxygen compounds (81 % and 99 %), others (97 % and 95 %), and benzene and substituted derivatives (82 % and 95 %) in term of HS-SPME. Following the recycling process, there was a general decrease in the concentration of almost all VOCs, as evidenced by the substantial reduction of o-Xylene, hexanoic acid, octanal, and D-limonene from 18.11, 22.43, 30.74, and 7.41 mg/kg to 0, 0, 3.97, and 0 mg/kg, respectively. However, it was noteworthy that the VOCs identified in the samples were not completely extracted, owing to the limitations of HS-SPME. Furthermore, chemometrics analysis indicated significant discrimination among VOCs from vPET, C-rPET, D-rPET, and M-rPET, while indistinct differences were observed between M-rPET and S-rPET. This study contributes to the enhancement of the recycling process and emphasizes the importance of safeguarding consumer health in terms of elimination of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Jinxin Liang
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
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Dong B, Wu X, Wu S, Li H, Su QZ, Li D, Lin Q, Chen S, Zheng J, Zhu L, Zhong HN. Occurrence of volatile contaminants in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) by HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics for authenticity assessment of geographical recycling regions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130407. [PMID: 36444813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparison was performed on various methods detecting the volatile contaminants (VCs) in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) flakes, the results demonstrated that head-space solid phase micro-extraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph-tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS) was a sensitive, effective, accurate method, and successfully applied to analyze 57 rPET flakes collected from different recycling plants in China. A total of 212 VCs were tentatively identified, and the possible source were associated with plastic, food, and cosmetics. 45 VCs are classified as high-priority compounds with toxicity level IV or V and may pose a risk to human health. Combined chemometrics for further analysis revealed that significant differences among these three geographical recycling regions. 6, 7, and 6 volatile markers were chosen based on VIP values and S-plot among plant1 plant 2 and plant 3, respectively. The markers differed significantly between recycled rPET samples in three geographical recycling regions based on chemometrics analysis. The initial classification rate and cross-validation accuracy were 100% on the identified VCs. These significant differences demonstrate that a systematic study is needed to obtain a comprehensive data on the contamination of rPET for food contact applications in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qinbao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Ozaki A, Kishi E, Ooshima T, Kakutani N, Abe Y, Mutsuga M, Yamaguchi Y, Yamano T. Determination of potential volatile compounds in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and their short- and long-term migration into food simulants and soft drink. Food Chem 2022; 397:133758. [PMID: 35940101 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Head space (HS)-GC-MS was used to analyze possible migration of volatile compounds from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for soft drinks, and a total of six compounds were identified. Next, a rapid, simple, and accurate simultaneous method was established using purge-and-trap (PT)-GC-MS, to quantify their amounts in the liquid contents after short- and long-term storage in PET bottles. Starting with brand-new PET bottles, the maximum migration of 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane into distilled water and 50 % aqueous ethanol after 2 years at 25 °C were 2.3 and 19 ng/mL, respectively. In commercially available bottled mineral water sold inside and outside Japan, we were able to detect 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane in the same way. While nonanal was also detected in some products, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was confirmed as the main volatile compound. Finally, the human exposure to 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was estimated based on the per capita intake of soft drinks in Japan and the migration amount in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Ozaki
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
| | - Eri Kishi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ooshima
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Naoya Kakutani
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Yutaka Abe
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Motoh Mutsuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Yamaguchi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamano
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
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Andraju N, Curtzwiler GW, Ji Y, Kozliak E, Ranganathan P. Machine-Learning-Based Predictions of Polymer and Postconsumer Recycled Polymer Properties: A Comprehensive Review. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42771-42790. [PMID: 36102317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There has been a tremendous increase in demand for virgin and postconsumer recycled (PCR) polymers due to their wide range of chemical and physical characteristics. Despite the numerous potential benefits of using a data-driven approach to polymer design, major hurdles exist in the development of polymer informatics due to the complicated hierarchical polymer structures. In this review, a brief introduction on virgin polymer structure, PCR polymers, compatibilization of polymers to be recycled, and their characterization using sensor array technologies as well as factors affecting the polymer properties are provided. Machine-learning (ML) algorithms are gaining attention as cost-effective scalable solutions to exploit the physical and chemical structures of polymers. The basic steps for applying ML in polymer science such as fingerprinting, algorithms, open-source databases, representations, and polymer design are detailed in this review. Further, a state-of-the-art review of the prediction of various polymer material properties using ML is reviewed. Finally, we discuss open-ended research questions on ML application to PCR polymers as well as potential challenges in the prediction of their properties using artificial intelligence for more efficient and targeted PCR polymer discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagababu Andraju
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Greg W Curtzwiler
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yun Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Evguenii Kozliak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Prakash Ranganathan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
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Peñalver R, Marín C, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Campillo N, Viñas P. Authentication of recycled plastic content in water bottles using volatile fingerprint and chemometrics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134156. [PMID: 35240154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The environment is threatened by the continuously increasing volume of plastic residue. Plastic recycling is an interesting alternative to mitigate this problem. However, recycled plastic products may have pollutants from their recycling process, collecting system and/or previous life which may hurt consumers health, thus making it key to authenticate and characterize recycled materials. An innovative non-targeted methodology by means of static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) has been developed to measure the volatile organic profile of virgin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and with diverse content of recycled PET samples. A home-made MS database, with 161 organic compounds characteristics from plastic materials based on the literature, was made. Seventeen of those compounds were found in the studied samples and identified by matching their MS spectra with MS database libraries. These compounds are mainly aldehydes (pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal), and benzene derivatives (styrene, p-xylene, benzaldehyde, methylbenzene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene) which we found to be the common in the samples of recycled PET. The combination of the dataset consisting in the peak area of the detected species by SHS-GC-MS and the use of chemometrics shown to be a valuable methodology for the discrimination between virgin PET samples and those with different recycled PET content based on their volatile profile. In addition, a novel strategy applying a statistical model based on partial least squares (PLS) regression was proposed, for the first time, to quantify the recycled plastic content in the PET samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Peñalver
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Marín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
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Identification of Potential Migrants in Polyethylene Terephthalate Samples of Ecuadorian Market. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213769. [PMID: 34771326 PMCID: PMC8588110 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the plastic packaging material most widely used to produce bottles intended for contact with food and beverages. However, PET is not inert, and therefore, some chemical compounds present in PET could migrate to food or beverages in contact, leading to safety issues. To evaluate the safety of PET samples, the identification of potential migrants is required. In this work, eight PET samples obtained from the Ecuadorian market at different phases of processing were studied using a well-known methodology based on a solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and overall migration test. Several chemical compounds were identified and categorized as lubricants (carboxylic acids with chain length of C12 to C18), plasticizers (triethyl phosphate, diethyl phthalate), thermal degradation products (p-xylene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid), antioxidant degradation products (from Irgafos 168 and Irganox), and recycling indicator compounds (limonene, benzophenone, alkanes, and aldehydes). Additionally, overall migration experiments were performed in PET bottles, resulting in values lower than the overall migration limit (10 mg/dm2); however, the presence of some compounds identified in the samples could be related to contamination during manufacturing or to the use of recycled PET-contaminated flakes. In this context, the results obtained in this study could be of great significance to the safety evaluation of PET samples in Ecuador and would allow analyzing the PET recycling processes and avoiding contamination by PET flakes from nonfood containers.
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Ubeda S, Aznar M, Nerín C. Determination of oligomers in virgin and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples by UPLC-MS-QTOF. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2377-2384. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Cincotta F, Verzera A, Tripodi G, Condurso C. Non-intentionally added substances in PET bottled mineral water during the shelf-life. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Curtzwiler GW, Williams EB, Maples AL, Davis NW, Bahns TL, Eliseo De León J, Vorst KL. Ultraviolet protection of recycled polyethylene terephthalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg W. Curtzwiler
- Ideopak, LLC; Ames Iowa 50010
- Keenallied LLC; Hattiesburg Mississippi 39402
| | - Eric B. Williams
- Food Packaging Research Lab, Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50010
| | - Austin L. Maples
- Food Packaging Research Lab, Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50010
| | - Nathan W. Davis
- Ideopak, LLC; Ames Iowa 50010
- Keenallied LLC; Hattiesburg Mississippi 39402
| | - Ted L. Bahns
- White Bear Photonics, LLC; White Bear Lake Minnesota 55110
| | | | - Keith L. Vorst
- Ideopak, LLC; Ames Iowa 50010
- Keenallied LLC; Hattiesburg Mississippi 39402
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Davis N, Danes JE, Vorst K. Sensor array for the detection of organic and inorganic contaminants in post-consumer recycled plastics for food contact. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1681-1689. [PMID: 28447541 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1323277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-consumer recycled (PCR) plastic material is made by collecting used plastic products (e.g., bottles and other plastic packaging materials) and reprocessing them into solid-state pellets or flakes. Plastic recycling has positive environmental benefits, but may also carry potential drawbacks due to unwanted organic and inorganic contaminants. These contaminants can migrate into food packaging made from these recycled plastic materials. The purpose of this research was to identify economically viable real-time monitoring technologies that can be used during the conversion of virgin and recycled resin feedstocks (i.e., various blends of virgin pellets and recycled solid-state pellet or mechanically ground flake) to final articles to ensure the safety, quality and sustainability of packaging feedstocks. Baseline analysis (validation) of real-time technologies was conducted using industry-standard practices for polymer analysis. The data yielded supervised predictive models developed by training sessions completed in a controlled laboratory setting. This technology can be employed to evaluate compliance and aid converters in commodity sourcing of resin without exceeding regulatory thresholds. Furthermore, this technology allowed for real-time decision and diversion strategies during the conversion of resin and flake to final articles or products to minimise the negative impact on human health and environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Davis
- a Polymer and Food Protection Consortium , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA.,b Ideopak , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Jeffrey E Danes
- c Dialogr Systems , San Luis Obispo , CA , USA.,d Cal Poly State University (Emeritus) , San Luis Obispo , CA , USA
| | - Keith Vorst
- a Polymer and Food Protection Consortium , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA.,b Ideopak , Ames , IA , USA
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Fang X, Vitrac O. Predicting diffusion coefficients of chemicals in and through packaging materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:275-312. [PMID: 25831407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.849654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most of the physicochemical properties in polymers such as activity and partition coefficients, diffusion coefficients, and their activation with temperature are accessible to direct calculations from first principles. Such predictions are particularly relevant for food packaging as they can be used (1) to demonstrate the compliance or safety of numerous polymer materials and of their constitutive substances (e.g. additives, residues…), when they are used: as containers, coatings, sealants, gaskets, printing inks, etc. (2) or to predict the indirect contamination of food by pollutants (e.g. from recycled polymers, storage ambiance…) (3) or to assess the plasticization of materials in contact by food constituents (e.g. fat matter, aroma…). This review article summarizes the classical and last mechanistic descriptions of diffusion in polymers and discusses the reliability of semi-empirical approaches used for compliance testing both in EU and US. It is concluded that simulation of diffusion in or through polymers is not limited to worst-case assumptions but could also be applied to real cases for risk assessment, designing packaging with low leaching risk or to synthesize plastic additives with low diffusion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Fang
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
| | - Olivier Vitrac
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
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Farhoodi M, Mohammadifar MA, Mousavi M, Sotudeh-Gharebagh R, Emam-Djomeh Z. Migration Kinetics of Ethylene Glycol Monomer from Pet Bottles into Acidic Food Simulant: Effects of Nanoparticle Presence and Matrix Morphology. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farhoodi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 7, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., P.O. Box 19395-4741 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Mohammadifar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 7, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., P.O. Box 19395-4741 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Mousavi
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering; University of Tehran; Karaj Iran
| | - Rahmat Sotudeh-Gharebagh
- Multiphase Systems Research Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Emam-Djomeh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering; University of Tehran; Karaj Iran
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Nerin C, Alfaro P, Aznar M, Domeño C. The challenge of identifying non-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Salazar R, Domenek S, Courgneau C, Ducruet V. Plasticization of poly(lactide) by sorption of volatile organic compounds at low concentration. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Determination of volatile organic compounds in recycled polyethylene terephthalate and high-density polyethylene by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry to evaluate the efficiency of recycling processes. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1319-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Pandey SK, Kim KH. An evaluation of volatile compounds released from containers commonly used in circulation of sports beverages. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:527-532. [PMID: 20832862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to identify and quantify important volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from sports beverage containers commonly used for storage and distribution, three brands of sports beverages with poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) and metal cans were analyzed through headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Out of 80 volatile compounds identified from all container types, I-limonene recorded the highest concentration (34.3-118 pmol mol(-1)) along with 12 other VOCs detected most frequently (more than 3 out of all 6 products) such as 2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadiene, alpha-terpineol, decanaldehyde, and p-isopropyltoluene. When each container was filled up with water and analyzed after a long-term storage (49 days), a total of 14 VOCs were detected. According to our analysis, all the VOCs detected from either beverage or container materials were below the safety limits prescribed previously by diverse agencies. However, an extension of these analyses may be necessary for other beverage types, as certain VOCs can be migrated from container materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Pandey
- Atmospheric Environment Laboratory, Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
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Félix JS, Alfaro P, Nerín C. Pros and cons of analytical methods to quantify surrogate contaminants from the challenge test in recycled polyethylene terephthalate. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 687:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Ackerman L, Noonan G, Begley T. Assessing direct analysis in real-time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for the rapid identification of additives in food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:1611-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903232753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Coulier L, Orbons HG, Rijk R. Analytical protocol to study the food safety of (multiple-)recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) crates: Influence of recycling on the migration and formation of degradation products. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Bentayeb K, Batlle R, Romero J, Nerín C. UPLC–MS as a powerful technique for screening the nonvolatile contaminants in recycled PET. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1031-8. [PMID: 17546445 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of using recycled polyethylene terephthalate as a food contact material is being seriously considered, but the potential migration of nonvolatile compounds from it must be assessed to ensure that it is safe to do so. In the study presented here, four samples of recycled PET were each exposed to three food simulants under the harsh extraction conditions stipulated by European legislation regarding migration tests. The nonvolatile compounds that migrated from them were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using three different cone voltages, and both positive and negative ionization modes. A total of 36 chemical compounds were detected, some of which were identified, including common additives such as N,N'-di-beta-naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine (antioxidant) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol (light stabilizer) as well as degradation compounds such as ethylene terephthalate dimers and trimers. In addition, specific migration values of three common components of polyethylene terephthalate (diethylene glycol, terephthalic acid, and isophthalic acid) were determined and found to occur at levels of <1 mg/kg-much lower than the specific migration limits stipulated by European legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bentayeb
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón, Centro Politécnico Superior de Ingenieros, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Silva AS, García RS, Cooper I, Franz R, Losada PP. Compilation of analytical methods and guidelines for the determination of selected model migrants from plastic packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Revision of analytical strategies to evaluate different migrants from food packaging materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Cruz SA, Zanin M, Nerin C, De Moraes MAB. Study of barrier properties and chemical resistance of recycled PET coated with amorphous carbon through a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:100-6. [PMID: 16393820 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500384064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have been carried out in order to make bottle-to-bottle recycling feasible. The problem is that residual contaminants in recycled plastic intended for food packaging could be a risk to public health. One option is to use a layer of virgin material, named functional barrier, which prevents the contaminants migration process. This paper shows the feasibility of using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycled for food packaging employing a functional barrier made from hydrogen amorphous carbon film deposited by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) process. PET samples were deliberately contaminated with a series of surrogates using a FDA protocol. After that, PET samples were coated with approximately 600 and 1200 Angstrons thickness of amorphous carbon film. Then, the migration tests using as food simulants: water, 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid, and isooctane were applied to the sample in order to check the chemical resistance of the new coated material. After the tests, the liquid extracts were analysed using a solid-phase microextraction device (SPME) coupled to GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cruz
- Department of Materials Engineering/Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brasil
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24
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Nasser ALM, Lopes LMX, Eberlin MN, Monteiro M. Identification of oligomers in polyethyleneterephthalate bottles for mineral water and fruit juice. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1097:130-7. [PMID: 16298192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic oligomers were identified in PET bottles used for mineral water and fruit juice using MS and (1)H and (13)C NMR: a first series cyclic trimer, a first series cyclic tetramer, a first series cyclic dimmer and a second series cyclic trimer. An analytical method to determine first series cyclic trimer in these bottles was developed and validated, using HPLC. The first series cyclic trimer levels were 316-462 mg/100g of PET bottle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L M Nasser
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Skjevrak I, Brede C, Steffensen IL, Mikalsen A, Alexander J, Fjeldal P, Herikstad H. Non-targeted multi-component analytical surveillance of plastic food contact materials: Identification of substances not included in EU positive lists and their risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:1012-22. [PMID: 16227185 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500090877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A procedure used by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority for surveillance of contaminants from plastic food contact materials (polyolefin drinking bottles, water boilers, polyamide cooking utensils and plastic multi-layer materials) is described. It is based on gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of food simulants exposed to plastic materials. Most migrants were substances not-intentionally added to the plastic (degradation products, impurities) or originated from non-plastic components, such as printing inks, adhesives, not-listed additives, solvents and coatings. Hence, the majority of the identified migrants were regulated by the general statements in the EU Framework Regulation, which neither specify limits nor requirements regarding risk assessment, rather than by specific migration controls. Risk assessment has been carried out for selected non-authorized substances. The analysis and the management of these substances and materials with respect to safety represents a challenge to the food authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingun Skjevrak
- Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet), Sandnes, Norway.
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26
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Widén H, Leufvén A, Nielsen T. Identification of chemicals, possibly originating from misuse of refillable PET bottles, responsible for consumer complaints about off-odours in water and soft drinks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:681-92. [PMID: 16019844 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500159987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mineral water and soft drinks with a perceptible off-odour were analysed to identify contaminants originating from previous misuse of the refillable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle. Consumers detected the off-odour after opening the bottle and duly returned it with the remaining content to the producers. The contaminants in question had thus been undetected by the in-line detection devices (so-called 'sniffers') that are supposed to reject misused bottles. GC-MS analysis was carried out on the headspace of 31 returned products and their corresponding reference products, and chromatograms were compared to find the possible off-odour compounds. Substances believed to be responsible for the organoleptic change were 2-methoxynaphthalene (10 bottles), dimethyl disulfide (4), anethole (3), petroleum products (4), ethanol with isoamyl alcohol (1) and a series of ethers (1). The mouldy/musty odour (5 bottles) was caused by trichloroanisole in one instance. In some cases, the origins of the off-odours are believed to be previous consumer misuse of food products (liquorice-flavoured alcohol, home-made alcohol containing fusel oil) or non-food products (cleaning products, petroleum products, oral moist snuff and others). The results also apply to 1.5-litre recyclable PET bottles, since the nature and extent of consumer misuse can be expected to be similar for the two bottle types.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Widén
- SIK, The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Box 5401, SE-402 29, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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27
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Ohkado Y, Kawamura Y, Mutsuga M, Tamura HO, Tanamoto K. Metals in Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate and Discrimination Method for Its Use. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2005; 46:109-15. [PMID: 16042297 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.46.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metals in recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were analyzed by ICP-MS following microwave digestion with nitric acid. Physically and superclean-like recycled PET contained both Ge and Sb, and sometimes contained Co, P or Si. In contrast, the chemically recycled PET contained only Ge or Sb, and some samples contained Co. The recycled PETs did not contain Pb or Cd. Ge and Sb were catalysts of the polymerization, and the other metals also originated from the PET resin as additives. It was concluded that there is no safety concern about metals in recycled PET. It became clear that the presence of both Ge and Sb could identify products formed using physically or superclean-like recycled PET. According to this discrimination method, about half of the sheet molding products used recycled PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ohkado
- National Institute of Health Siences: 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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28
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Ohkado Y, Kawamura Y, Mutsuga M, Tamura HO, Tanamoto K. Analysis of Residual Volatiles in Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2005; 46:13-20. [PMID: 15881250 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.46.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The residual volatiles in recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were analyzed using headspace/GC/MS. Recycled PET samples were made from PET bottles used for beverages, alcohol and soy sauce, and they were recycled in physical recycling plants, chemical recycling plants and superclean-like recycling trials. The physically recycled PET flakes contained small amounts of volatiles such as ethanol, limonene, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, acetone, octanal and nonanal. Most of them originated from foods packed in bottles, and only 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was derived from polymer impurities. In contrast, the superclean-like or chemically recycled PET contained no detectable volatiles, like new PET pellets. The PET sheets shaped from physically recycled PET had no detectable volatiles. Not only the chemically and superclean-like recycled PET, but also the physically recycled PET contained no hazardous volatiles. It was concluded that there is no safety concern about volatiles in recycled PET, for the present use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ohkado
- National Institute of Health Siences: 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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29
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Widén H, Leufvén A, Nielsen T. Migration of model contaminants from PET bottles: influence of temperature, food simulant and functional barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:993-1006. [PMID: 15712524 DOI: 10.1080/02652030400009217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To simulate post-consumer recycled plastics, selected model contaminants were incorporated into PET bottles using a time saving method. Migration into 3% acetic acid, a cola-type beverage and 95% ethanol was followed during 1 year of storage at 20 and 40 degrees C. Aroma compounds previously found in post-consumer PET material were used as model contaminants. Benzaldehyde was found to migrate to the highest extent. Storage at 40 degrees C affected the bottle material and this might be one reason for the high migration values of these bottles. Migration into ethanol was up to 20 times higher than into 3% acetic acid or a cola-type beverage. Bottles with a functional barrier resisted migration into food simulants even when filled with 95% ethanol and stored for 1 year at 40 degrees C. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that ethanol was interacting with the plastic material. This resulted in a lower glass transition temperature of bottles stored with ethanol compared with bottles stored empty or with other food simulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Widén
- SIK - The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, SE-402 29 Goteborg, Sweden.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Peacock
- DuPont Corporate Center of Analytical Sciences, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0228, USA
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31
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Franz R, Mauer A, Welle F. European survey on post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) materials to determine contamination levels and maximum consumer exposure from food packages made from recycled PET. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:265-86. [PMID: 15195474 DOI: 10.1080/02652030310001655489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Typical contamination and the frequency of misuse of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles are crucial parameters in the risk assessment of post-consumer recycled (PCR) PET intended for bottle-to-bottle recycling for direct food contact applications. Owing to the fact that misuse of PET bottles is a rare event, sustainable knowledge about the average concentration of hazardous compounds in PCR PET is accessible only by the screening of large numbers of samples. In order to establish average levels of contaminants in PET source materials for recycling, PET flakes from commercial washing plants (689 samples), reprocessed pellets (38) and super-clean pellets (217) were collected from 12 European countries between 1997 and 2001. Analysis of these materials by headspace gas chromatography revealed average and maximum levels in PCR PET of 18.6 and 86.0 mg kg-1 for acetaldehyde and 2.9 and 20 mg kg-1 for limonene, respectively. Acetaldehyde and limonene are typical compounds derived from PET itself and from prior PET bottle contents (flavouring components), respectively. Maximum levels in PCR PET of real contaminants such as misuse chemicals like solvents ranged from 1.4 to 2.7 mg kg-1, and statistically were shown to result from 0.03 to 0.04% of recollected PET bottles that had been misused. Based on a principal component analysis of the experimental data, the impact of the recollecting system and the European Union Member State where the post-consumer PET bottles had been collected on the nature and extent of adventitious contaminants was not significant. Under consideration of the cleaning efficiency of super-clean processes as well as migration from the bottle wall into food, it can be concluded that the consumer will be exposed at maximum to levels < 50 ng total misuse chemicals day-1. Therefore, PCR PET materials and articles produced by modern superclean technologies can be considered to be safe in direct food applications in the same way as virgin food-grade PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Franz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Strasse 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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