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Tian F, Lu J, Qiao C, Wang C, Pang T, Guo L, Li J, Pang R, Xie H. Dissipation behavior and risk assessment of imidacloprid and its metabolites in apple from field to products. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142309. [PMID: 38735491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides play vital roles in controlling pests and boosting crop yields. Imidacloprid is widely used all over the world and may form in agricultural products. The presence of pesticide residues in apples raises serious health concerns. Understanding the residual fate of imidacloprid is critical for food safety and human health. In this study, the dissipation behavior, metabolism, household processing and risk assessment of imidacloprid and its metabolites in apple were investigated from filed to products. Field experiment results suggested that the half-lives of imidacloprid at 5 times the recommended dosage was 1.5 times that of the standard dosage. And the final residues of imidacloprid were less than the established maximum residue limits (MRLs). Clarification and simmering had little effect on the reduction the residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites. The calculated processing factors were lower than 1 for imidacloprid and its metabolites, implying that the residual ratios of imidacloprid and its metabolites in each steps of the food processing were reduced. The risk quotients were <1 for all Chinese people, indicating that acceptable risks associated with dietary exposure to imidacloprid in apple. However, the higher risks were observed in young people than adults, and females faced higher risks than males. Given high residue levels in pomace, imidacloprid and its metabolites should be further studied in commercial byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajun Tian
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453514, China.
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Chengkui Qiao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453514, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453514, China
| | - Jun Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Rongli Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453514, China
| | - Hanzhong Xie
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
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2
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Gao Q, Wang Y, Li Y, Yang W, Jiang W, Liang Y, Zhang Z. Residue behaviors of six pesticides during apple juice production and storage. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113894. [PMID: 38225142 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The residue behaviors of carbendazim, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, prochloraz, and difenoconazole during the production and accelerated storage of apple clear and cloudy juice was systemically evaluated. The pesticides were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after each processing step and at different storage times. The results indicated that the different processing steps in the apple clear and cloudy juices production have different effects on the reduction of pesticide residues. The pre-processing steps including washing and pressing reduced the pesticide residues significantly by 36.8 % to 67.9 % and 32.9 % to 89.8 %, respectively, mainly due to the water solubility and log Kow of pesticides. The enzymation step in clear juice production slightly reduced six pesticide residues from 1.9 % to 31.6 %, and the filtration step after clarification and purification decreased the pesticide residues from 14.0 % to 87.5 % with no significance, while prochloraz was not detected. The centrifugation step in cloudy juice production reduced the pesticide residues from 6.3 % to 88.9 %. The pasteurization step in clear and cloudy juice production lowered the pesticide residues slightly on account of the short heating time of 30 s. The accelerated storage of clear and cloudy juices was effective in the reduction of pesticide residue levels. The processing factors (PFs) in the whole process of clear and cloudy juice production were equal to or lower than 0.2, especially for prochloraz and difenoconazole, illustrating that apple juice production could decrease the pesticide residues greatly. The results will provide important references to predict the levels of pesticide residues in apple juice during processing and storage. Meanwhile, the PFs identified in the study could be helpful in the risk assessment of pesticides in apple juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weikang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wayne Jiang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ying Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Maghami S, Johansson Ö. Structural acoustic design of a sonicator to enhance energy transfer efficiency. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 103:106804. [PMID: 38364486 PMCID: PMC10879033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The study focuses on developing a comprehensive design approach for a flow-through ultrasonic reactor (sonicator) to tackle challenges like low energy transfer efficiency and unstable system performance. The simulation accounts for structural vibrations, structural-fluid interactions, and pressure distributions within the cavitation zone under single-frequency excitation. Different geometrical designs of cylindrical sonicators are analyzed, with input parameters tailored to acquire higher acoustic cavitation intensity. The findings reveal a novel hexagonal ring-shaped excitation structure that reduces coupling losses, ensures uniform acoustic pressure distribution, and generates symmetric vibration mode shapes. The study emphasizes the separation of parasitic modes from the desired resonance frequency response and simulates the influence of bubbly liquid properties through complex wave numbers and harmonic responses. Experimental validation on a manufactured prototype, including mechanical and electrical impedance, sound pressure spectrum, and cavitation intensity, supports the simulated results. Ultimately, the sonicator exhibits three feasible resonance frequencies to be used pairwise at the certain temperature and input power interval for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maghami
- Engineering Acoustics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Örjan Johansson
- Engineering Acoustics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
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Zhao Q, Ge Q, Shang Y, Zheng M, Sun X, Bao S, Fang Y, Zhang Z, Ma T. Eating with peel or not: Investigation of the peel consumption situation and its nutrition, risk analysis, and dietary advice in China. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112972. [PMID: 37316012 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nutritious, balanced, tasty and easy to eat, fruit is an indispensable health food for consumers. With consumers' increasing respect for the concept of health, green and nutrition, the peel, which has higher nutritional value compared to the pulp, is gradually being emphasized in the consumption process. The suitability of fruit peels for consumption is influenced by various factors, such as the amount of pesticide residues, nutrient content, ease of peeling, and fruit texture, but there is a lack of relevant studies to guide consumers' scientific intake of fruit peels. This review first investigated chineses consumers consumption of common fruits with peels, especially eight fruits that are controversial in terms of whether to consume them with peels, and the results showed that whether people consume peels depends mainly on their nutritional value and pesticide residues. Based on this, the paper discusses the common methods of pesticide detection and removal from fruit peels, as well as the nutrients contained in different fruit peels and their physiological activities, if the peels usually have stronger antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities than the pulp. Finally, reasonable dietary recommendations are made on whether fruits should be consumed with their peels, with a view to guiding chineses consumers towards scientific consumption and provide theoretical basis for relevant research in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qian Ge
- College of Enology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Viti-Viniculture, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Ningxia Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain Wine Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Quality Standards and Testing Institute of Agricultural Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Yi Shang
- College of Enology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Viti-Viniculture, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Ningxia Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain Wine Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mingyuan Zheng
- College of Enology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Viti-Viniculture, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Ningxia Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain Wine Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- College of Enology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Viti-Viniculture, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Ningxia Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain Wine Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shihan Bao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yulin Fang
- College of Enology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Viti-Viniculture, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Ningxia Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain Wine Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- College of Enology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Viti-Viniculture, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Ningxia Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain Wine Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Tingting Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Maleki NS, Shakerkhatibi M, Dolatkhah M, Safari GH. Cumulative health risk assessment of pesticide residues in apple products in the Northwest of Iran using Monte Carlo simulation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:992-1010. [PMID: 37428849 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables cause serious health issues, especially among children. This research was carried out to monitor and evaluate the risks of organophosphate pesticide residues in Maragheh County apple products from 2020. The Monte Carlo Simulation approach (MCS) was used to evaluate the non-cancerous effects of exposure to pesticide residues in adults and children. Apple samples were taken every two weeks at the Maragheh central market during the summer and fall months. In this study, seventeen pesticide residues in 30 apple samples were estimated using a modified QuECheRS extraction technique coupled with GC/MS. Of the seventeen organophosphate pesticides, thirteen were identified as pesticide residues (76.47%). The highest concentration found in the apple samples was associated with chlorpyrifos pesticide at 1.05 mg/kg. Pesticide residues exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) were found in 100% of apple specimens, and more than 75% of the samples contained ten or more pesticide residues. Approximately 45%-80% of pesticide residues on apple samples were removed after washing and peeling. Chlorpyrifos pesticide had the highest health quotient (HQ) for men, women, and children with values of 0.046, 0.054, and 0.23, respectively. Cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of non-carcinogenic effects indicates that there is no significant health risk in the adult age group from apple consumption (HI < 1). Nevertheless, children are at high non-cancer risk from eating unwashed apples (HI = 1.3). This finding shows that high levels of pesticide residues in apple samples, especially unwashed apples, can be a serious concern for the health of children. To better protect consumer health, continuous and regular monitoring, strict regulations, training, and awareness of farmers, especially control pre-harvest interval (PHI) is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Soheili Maleki
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shakerkhatibi
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehran Dolatkhah
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Safari
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Popiolek-Kalisz J, Glibowski P. Apple Peel Supplementation Potential in Metabolic Syndrome Prevention. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030753. [PMID: 36983908 PMCID: PMC10056680 DOI: 10.3390/life13030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Apples are a source of bioactive substances, e.g., anthocyanidins and flavonols, and dietary fiber. Their highest concentrations are observed in the skin. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a set of conditions originally associated with obesity. Excessive adipose tissue accompanying obesity leads to chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders, which result in the development of dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and glucose levels. Thus, supplementation of apple peels, a source of antioxidant substances and fiber, could potentially be a method supporting the prevention of MetS. This paper summarizes the results of available research on the potential impact of apple peel supplementation on the components of MetS. (2) Results: The results from in vitro and animal model studies indicate a positive effect of apple peel supplementation on lipid profile, glucose levels, and blood pressure regulation mediators. Only one human study was performed, and it showed that the consumption of apple peels had an effect on endothelial function but not on other clinical parameters. At the moment, there are no results from observations on large groups of people available. (3) Conclusions: The results of in vitro and animal-model studies indicate the potential of apple peel supplementation in MetS prevention, but it has not been clinically confirmed in human studies. Conducting large human studies could allow a definite clarification of the role of apple peel supplementation in MetS prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz
- Clinical Dietetics Unit, Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Wyszynski Hospital in Lublin, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Glibowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
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Lecerf JM, Périquet A, Carlin F, Lanckriet S, Paris N, Robaglia C, Gleizer B, Belzunces L, Cravedi JP, Calvarin J. Comparison of pesticide residue and specific nutrient levels in peeled and unpeeled apples. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:496-505. [PMID: 36468616 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the consumption of apples has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, largely as a result of their micronutrient and phytoconstituent contents. Apple peel not only contains more polyphenols than the flesh, but also is likely to contain pesticide residues. The present study aimed to compare the contents of certain micronutrients and residual pesticide levels in peeled and unpeeled apples. RESULTS Peeled apples contained fewer pesticide residues at lower concentrations than unpeeled apples. However, whether samples were peeled or not, the exposure values for pesticide residues in apples never exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI), but ranged between 0.04% and 2.10% of the ADI in adults for food intake estimated at the 95th percentile (277 g per person per day). Determination of polyphenol, fibre, magnesium and vitamin C levels showed that the nutritional differences observed between peeled and unpeeled apples were marginal. CONCLUSION The consumption of apples, such as the apples tested in the present study, results in an exposure to pesticides that is low for unpeeled apples, and lower for peeled apples. Moreover, there was no significant loss of nutritional value from eating peeled apples based on the nutrients investigated. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Lecerf
- Nutrition & Physical Activity Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Suzanne Lanckriet
- Nutrition & Physical Activity Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Paris
- Optima Europe Statistical Consulting Firm, Floirac, France
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Biosciences & Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Plant Genetics & Biophysics Team, Marseille, France
| | | | - Luc Belzunces
- INRAE, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, UR 0406 A&E, Avignon, France
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Zhang J, Jiang W, Jia Z, Zhang W, Zhang T, Wei M. Stereoselective behavior and residues of the imazalil during strawberry growth and strawberry wine production. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100006. [PMID: 36916581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Imazalil is a chiral fungicide widely used to protect strawberries against gray mold, which may pose threats to food safety. This study aims to investigate the stereoselective behavior of imazalil during strawberry growth and strawberry wine production. A method was proposed and validated for the extraction and quantitative analysis of imazalil residues in strawberry, strawberry pomace, and strawberry wine by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method exhibited mean recoveries ranging from 86.2% to 119.7% with relative standard deviations of 0.1-11.3%. The dissipation curve of imazalil during strawberry growth followed the first-order kinetic model with a half-life ranging from 6.5 to 7.1 days. Significant enantioselectivity of imazalil was observed in strawberry grown under field conditions and strawberry wine production process, with enantiomeric fraction values ranging from 0.51 (2 h) to 0.42 (27d) and from 0.48 (0d) to 0.52 (10d), respectively. (+)-imazalil was preferentially degraded in strawberry under field conditions, while (-)-imazalil was preferentially degraded during the fermentation process. The processing factor was lower than 1 for each procedure, indicating that the wine-making process can reduce imazalil residue in strawberry. These findings may facilitate a more accurate risk assessment of imazalil and provide important guidance for the safe and efficacious use of imazalil in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China; Tongshan Test Station, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China; Tongshan Test Station, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Zhihang Jia
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China; Tongshan Test Station, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221121, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China; Tongshan Test Station, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221121, China.
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Reddy BKK, Bhuvaneswari K, Geetha P, Thamilarasi N, Suganthi A, Paramasivam M. Effect of decontamination and processing on insecticide residues in grape (Muscat Hamburg). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75790-75804. [PMID: 35661308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of simple decontamination methods and processing on imidacloprid, dimethoate, and emamectin benzoate residues in grapes and their processed products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the decontamination methods evaluated, washing with NaCl (2%) solution was effective for reducing imidacloprid (77.55%), dimethoate (83.27%), and emamectin benzoate (77.28%) residues in mature grapes. No metabolites (omethoate and 6-chloronicotinic acid) were detected in both decontamination and processing studies. The grapes were processed into various products, including fresh juice, squash, and raisin, following the standard effective steps for each product. Washing with NaCl (2%) solution for decontamination was included as an additional step in the standard protocol and resulted in substantial removal of surface residues of the selected insecticides. The processing factor calculated was less than one for all the products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Padmanaban Geetha
- Department of Food Processing, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Natarajan Thamilarasi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Angappan Suganthi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mariappan Paramasivam
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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10
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Hikino S, Yajima T, Sakasai M, Tomiyama N, Iijima K, Ohyama K. [Separate Analysis of Loquat Fruit Pulp, Peel, and Pits to Calculate Pesticide Residue Levels in the Whole Commodity]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2022; 63:62-69. [PMID: 35650030 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.63.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of handling "not detectable" residues (ND: <0.01 mg/kg) in the pulp and detectable residues in the pits on the calculation of pesticide residue in the whole fruit, residue levels in the pulp, peel, and pits of loquat fruits were separately analyzed. Following conventional Japanese agricultural practices, 16 pesticides were sprayed at the maximum application rates in three test fields. All target pesticides were detected at quantifiable levels in the peel (n=144). In contrast, the percentages of detected pesticides in the pulp and pits were 42% (n=61) and 36% (n=52), respectively. Most pesticide residues were present in the peel. For comparison, the pesticide residue levels in the whole fruits were determined based on three indices: the highest estimate (H), calculated using the measured residue levels in the pits and by replacing the ND residues in the pulp as the limit of quantification (LOQ) values; conventional estimate (C), calculated by neglecting all residues in the pits (0 mg/kg) and replacing the ND residues in the pulp as LOQ values; and the lowest estimate (L), calculated by neglecting all residues in the pits and the ND residues in the pulp (0 mg/kg). The L/C and H/C ratios ranged from 74% (L/C) to 106% (H/C). In seven of eighty-three cases with less than 90% difference, residue levels in the whole loquat fruits were low (≤0.06 mg/kg), with the actual range being equal to or below the minimum unit of 0.01. In comparison of three field datasets, the range of residue levels was estimated to be 2.77 mg/kg. Based on the results of separate analysis, handling of ND residues in the pulp and detectable residues in the pits did not significantly affect the calculated pesticide residue levels in the whole loquat fruits.
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11
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The processing factors of canning and pasteurization for the most frequently occurring fungicides and insecticides in apples and their application into dietary risk assessment. Food Chem 2022; 371:131179. [PMID: 34808762 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of the present comprehensive work was to study, from apple orchards to consumer's plate, the influence of high- and low-temperature thermal treatments on the most frequently occurring fungicides (boscalid, captan, pyraclostrobin) and insecticides (acetamiprid, methoxyfenozide) in apples and processing factor (PF) application for more realistic dietary risk assessment in the new EFSA methodology. Dry pasteurization and canning combined with previous preliminary treatment gave PFs = 0.25-1.8 of the five active substances. Acute exposure (expressed as %ARfD) in the raw commodity was demonstrated to be 168.1% for acetamiprid in the worst case (input - highest residue) and 307.9% for boscalid in the most critical case (input - MRL), and after re-calculation for PF, decreased to 139.5% for acetamiprid in canned product and 203.2% for boscalid in pasteurized apples. These novel data may be helpful in estimating new threshold residue levels significant in food safety especially intended for children.
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12
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Pesticide residues in vegetables produced in rural south-western Uganda. Food Chem 2022; 370:130972. [PMID: 34788944 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated seven pesticides in vegetables produced in rural South-western Uganda to determine their suitability for human consumption. Pesticide residue concentrations (ppm) were determined using QuEChERS method, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS and UV-Vis. Cypermethrin, dimethoate, metalaxyl, profenofos, malathion, dichlorvos and mancozeb concentrations detected in sprayed samples ranged between 0.00403 and 0.05350, 0.17478-62.60874, 0.12890-3.55681, 0.00107-0.59722, 0.03144-0.63328, 0.00240-0.34102 and 0.00001-0.00244, respectively. The residues exceeded MRLs in sprayed samples (59.52%), unsprayed samples (18%) and market samples (8%). The quality index of the market vegetables was found to be optimal (14.29%), good (75%), adequate (3.57%) and inadequate (14.29%). Pesticide residues may lower food quality and pose risk to human health. Therefore, regulation and monitoring pesticide residues in vegetables produced in south-western Uganda in order to avoid harmful effects on human health would be paramount.
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13
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Shokoohi R, Khamutian S, Samadi MT, Karami M, Heshmati A, Leili M, Shokoohizadeh MJ. Effect of household processing on pesticide residues in post-harvested tomatoes: determination of the risk exposure and modeling of experimental results via RSM. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:86. [PMID: 35018533 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the acute and chronic hazard quotients of chlorpyrifos and diazinon for tomatoes in preharvest and postharvest conditions, and to evaluate the relationship between the main variables, including temperature and contact time and pesticide dissipation at different conditions using response surface methodology for the first time. The qualification analyses were conducted by a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was utilized to evaluate the variability and uncertainty and achieve more accurate results in the health risk assessment process. A quadratic model and the second-order polynomial analysis were employed to investigate the mutual effect of time and temperature on removing diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Based on findings, the chronic hazard quotient values of chlorpyrifos and diazinon residues ranged from 0.43 - 1.33 to 0.13 - 2.27 for boiling, 0.65 - 1.49 to 3.05 - 7.15 for room condition, and 0.63 - 1.92 to 3.28 - 7.47 for refrigerator condition, respectively. According to the Monte Carlo simulation, the hazard quotient and estimated daily intake values were more affected by the consumption rate, pesticide concentration, and body weight. The results of response surface methodology showed that the effect of temperature variations on the dissipation of both pesticides was more than that of contact time variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shokoohi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Research Centre for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Samira Khamutian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Research Centre for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Samadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Research Centre for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Heshmati
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Medicine, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Shokoohizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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14
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Mahdavi V, Eslami Z, Molaee-Aghaee E, Peivasteh-Roudsari L, Sadighara P, Thai VN, Fakhri Y, Ravanlou AA. Evaluation of pesticide residues and risk assessment in apple and grape from western Azerbaijan Province of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111882. [PMID: 34390713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
West Azerbaijan, especially the city of Urmia, is the center of Iranian apple and grape production hence the importance of this, residues of 85 pesticides in these products were investigated using modified QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC-MS/MS technique. Residues of 17 different pesticides detected in some apple samples. In grape sample only 7 pesticides detected. The levels of the residues found in all apple and grape samples were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of Iran, except for iprodione. Health risk assessment associated with pesticide residues in apples and grapes were estimated by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), which indicated that the HI value was lower than 1 in adults and children due to apple and consumption. HI in adults and children were 0.012 and 0.054 in apple; 0.001 and 0.003 in grape samples, respectively. Although the health risk assessment showed that the consumers are not at considerable risk but due to pesticide residue, implement control plans to manage the proper application of this pesticide, or replace it with safer alternatives in apple and grape is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 1475744741, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Eslami
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Molaee-Aghaee
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Peivasteh-Roudsari
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Van Nam Thai
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH) 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Abbas Ali Ravanlou
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 1475744741, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Li C, Zhu H, Li C, Qian H, Yao W, Guo Y. The present situation of pesticide residues in China and their removal and transformation during food processing. Food Chem 2021; 354:129552. [PMID: 33756332 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues are one of the most important issues affecting food safety. In this review, the general situation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables based on the background of the Chinese fruit and vegetable industry is first described. On the basis of primary processing of agricultural products, the effects of processing methods on the removal and metabolism of pesticide residues are reviewed in this paper. In addition, the transformation mechanism of pesticides in crops and in the environment is discussed. Finally, this study summarizes the development trend of pesticide-residue monitoring methods. With the prohibition of a large number of pesticides in China, the risk of pesticide residues is gradually reduced. However, some highly toxic pesticides can still be detected. Furthermore, the development of high-resolution mass spectrometry screening methods and rapid and intelligent detection instruments is the development trend for pesticide monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changyan Li
- YanTai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong Province, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
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16
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Xu G, Jia X, Zhang H, Zhang J, Nie J. Enantioselective fate of mandipropamid in grape and during processing of grape wine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40148-40155. [PMID: 32661960 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective monitoring of chiral fungicide mandipropamid enantiomers were carried out in grapes and wine-making process. The enantiomers of mandipropamid were separated on a Lux Cellulose-2 column and determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The processing procedure included washing, fermentation, and clarification. Significant enantioselectivity was observed in grape under field conditions and during wine-making processing. The half-lives of R-mandipropamid and S-mandipropamid were 5.63 days and 7.79 days under field conditions 43.3 h and 69.3 h during wine-making processing, respectively. The EF values ranged from 0.498 to 0.283 in grape under field conditions, and the EF values were from 0.458 (0 h) to 0.362 (312 h) during the whole fermentation process. The results indicated that R-mandipropamid degraded faster than S-mandipropamid in grape under field conditions and during the fermentation process. The processing factors (PFs) were less than 1 for each procedure, and the PF ranged from 0.005 to 0.025 in the overall process, which indicated that the wine-making process can reduce mandipropamid residue in grape wine. The results of this study could help facilitate more accurate risk assessments of mandipropamid in table grapes and during wine-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Xu
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohui Jia
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, People's Republic of China
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17
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Residues and enantioselective behavior of cyflumetofen from apple production. Food Chem 2020; 321:126687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Li C, Li C, Yu H, Cheng Y, Xie Y, Yao W, Guo Y, Qian H. Chemical food contaminants during food processing: sources and control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1545-1555. [PMID: 32393047 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1762069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the development in international food trade, there has been emerging risks in the food chain. Food contamination can be caused by several factors in a complex food chain. This articles provides a comprehensive review of known chemical contaminants from the production of raw materials to the consumption of food products as well as prevention and control measures. Specifically, this review discusses the following topics, raw material contamination caused by environmental pollution, endogenous food contamination caused by processing methods, and cold chain system challenges in food e-commerce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Changyan Li
- YanTai Institute, China Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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19
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Berthet A, Hechon J, Hopf NB. Tolylfluanid permeates human skin slowly and as dimethylamino sulfotoluidid (DMST). Toxicol Lett 2020; 324:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Wang N, Zhao S, Long X, Gong J, Sui C, Zhang Y, Chen L, Hu D. Determination, risk assessment and processing factors for pyridaben in field-incurred kiwifruit samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:613-619. [PMID: 32308122 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1753458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Field trials in six agricultural sites were carried out to investigate the dissipation and residue levels of pyridaben in kiwifruit. Each sample was extracted with acetonitrile, purified with octadecylsilane and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method had good linearity (R2 > 0.99), accuracy (recoveries of 78.53-98.00%) and precision (relative standard deviation of 0.86-6.11%). The dissipation of pyrdaben in kiwifruit followed first-order kinetics with a half-life < 8 d, and terminal residues in kiwifruit were lower than 0.5 mg/kg after 14 d of application. Risk assessment indicated that both chronic and acute dietary intake risk values were far below 100%, suggesting that pyridaben residues in kiwifruit were relatively safe to humans. Moreover, the effects of traditional household processes on kiwifruit were investigated. The processing factors (PFs) indicated that peeling and peeling-juicing processes could remove pyridaben residues from kiwifruit, and the former was more effective than the latter (PF at 0.15 vs. 0.51). Nevertheless, drying kiwifruit with an oven increased the amount of pyridaben (PF at 1.05). These results could provide guidance for the safe and reasonable use of pyridaben in agriculture and may be helpful for the Chinese government to determine maximum residue limit of pyridaben in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Long
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Gong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changling Sui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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21
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Habib H, Haider MR, Sharma S, Ahmad S, Dabeer S, Yar MS, Raisuddin S. Molecular interactions of vinclozolin metabolites with human estrogen receptors 1GWR-α and 1QKM and androgen receptor 2AM9-β: Implication for endocrine disruption. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:370-377. [PMID: 32208804 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1747123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vinclozolin (VCZ) is a widely used antifungal agent with capability to enter into the human food chain. VCZ metabolizes into seven metabolites M1-M7. Several studies have shown its effects on reprotoxicity. However, there is limited information available on the interaction of VCZ metabolites with nuclear receptors. In silico studies aimed at identifying interaction of endocrine disruptor with nuclear receptors serve a prescreening framework in risk assessment.Methods: We studied interactive potential of VCZ and its metabolites with human estrogen (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) using molecular docking method. Binding potential of VCZ and its metabolites with estrogen receptors 1GWR-α, 1QKM and androgen receptor 2AM9-β was checked by using Schrodinger Maestro 10.5. Estradiol (E2), a natural ligand of ER and AR was taken as a reference.Results: VCZ and its metabolites showed higher or similar binding efficiency on interaction with target proteins when compared with E2. VCZ and its metabolites also exhibited agonistic effect against 1GWR-α, 1QKM and 2AM9-β with strong binding potential to them.Conclusion: Some VCZ metabolites such as M4 and M5 showed higher binding potencies with 1GWR-α, 1QKM and 2AM9-β than E2. Toxicity data of VCZ is well endowed. However, endocrine disrupting potential of VCZ via nuclear receptor mediated pathway is less understood. This in silico study revealing that not only VCZ but its metabolites have potential to interact with 1GWR-α, 1QKM and 2AM9-β offers a platform for further exploration of VCZ in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Habib
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Md Rafi Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sadaf Dabeer
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Shahar Yar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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22
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Luo X, Qin X, Chen D, Liu Z, Zhang K, Hu D. Determination, residue analysis, risk assessment and processing factors of tebufenozide in okra fruits under field conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1230-1237. [PMID: 31696522 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring the yield, quality, and profitability of okra by preventing and controlling pests with the application of insecticides has increased in the last decade. Some insecticide residues might remain in edible parts of okra (fruits) and lead to several potential human health problems. Therefore, research on the residue behaviour, risk assessment and removal approach of insecticides on okra fruits is important for food safety, together with the proper application and residual elimination of insecticides in okra. RESULTS A simple liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established and validated for determining the tebufenozide residues in okra fruits. The recoveries of tebufenozide in okra fruits were >72% with relative standard deviations of 0.6 to 6.1%. The dissipation rates of tebufenozide were different in okra fruits cultivated under open land and glasshouse field conditions because of the discriminating humidity and temperature conditions. The dietary intake of the tebufenozide residues from okra fruit consumption for Chinese consumers was fairly low, with approximately no potential health risk. The processing factor values of washing, blanching, washing + blanching and soaking were all less than one, which indicated that these processes could effectively reduce the residual hydrazide in the okra fruit. CONCLUSION The developed method for analysing tebufenozide in okra fruits was applicable for field studies on this insecticide. The potential health risk of tebufenozide in okra fruits could be negligible to the health of different age groups of Chinese consumers. The soaking process effectively removed tebufenozide residues from okra fruits. The obtained data will help Chinese governments establish a maximum residue limit of tebufenozide in okra and provide data for the risk assessment and removal of tebufenozide in other crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinxian Qin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kankan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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23
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Słowik-Borowiec M, Szpyrka E. Selected food processing techniques as a factor for pesticide residue removal in apple fruit. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:2361-2373. [PMID: 31776911 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, various food processing techniques, including high-temperature processes (pasteurization/sterilization and boiling), low-temperature processes (freezing), mechanical processing (peeling and juicing), and water-based processes (washing with tap water and ultrasonic washing) were used to identify the most effective way to remove contamination of 5 fungicides (cyprodinil, difenoconazole, fluopyram, tebuconazole, and fludioxonil). The most effective processes were juicing and freezing in the range between 63 and 100% and from 52 to almost 100%, respectively. Ultrasonic washing and boiling also significantly removed pesticide residues ranging from 79 to 84% and from 72 to 78%, respectively. The same trend was observed by peeling process where maximum reduction of 80% was achieved almost for all fungicides. Washing with tap water decreased the concentration levels in the range of 35-38%. This study demonstrated that the least effective and unpredictable method of decontamination of pesticides was sterilization and pasteurization, due to the large variation in pesticide levels during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Słowik-Borowiec
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 1 Pigoń St., 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
- Regional Experimental Station, The Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, 28 Gen. Langiewicz St., 35-101, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Ewa Szpyrka
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 1 Pigoń St., 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
- Regional Experimental Station, The Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, 28 Gen. Langiewicz St., 35-101, Rzeszów, Poland
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24
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Zhang XF, Zhao LL, Huang MQ, Li XJ, Pan SY. In Situ Real-Time Tracing of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Apples by Solid-Phase Microextraction with Developed Sampling-Rate Calibration. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244444. [PMID: 31817260 PMCID: PMC6943702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An in situ tracing study based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was conducted to investigate the uptake and elimination of organophosphorus pesticides in apples. A matrix-compatible polydimethylsiloxane/poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)/polydimethylsiloxane fiber was produced to meet the needs of in situ sampling. The fiber had high extraction ability, good sensitivity and accuracy with respect to the analytes in apple pulp, and could be used 85 times. Although the sampling rate was changing over time, quantification was still achieved by the sampling rate calibration method. Some factors that affect its applicability were studied. The limits of detection were 0.18 ng/g for diazinon and 0.20 ng/g for chlorpyrifos, rather lower than the maximum residue limits of the National Food Safety Standard of China (GB 2763-2016) and the European Commission (Reg.(EU) No 834/2013, 2018/686). The accuracy of in situ SPME quantification was verified by comparing with the results obtained by the traditional liquid-liquid extraction method. In this work, the in situ sampling method is developed using apples, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos as a model system; however, this method can be used for in vivo analysis of fruits and vegetables for nutrition and safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-F.Z.); (L.-L.Z.); (S.-Y.P.)
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-F.Z.); (L.-L.Z.); (S.-Y.P.)
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ming-Quan Huang
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Liquor Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Xiu-Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-F.Z.); (L.-L.Z.); (S.-Y.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-8728-2111
| | - Si-Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.-F.Z.); (L.-L.Z.); (S.-Y.P.)
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Ma Y, Zhan L, Yang H, Qin M, Chai S, Cao Z, Mou R, Chen M. Dissipation of two field-incurred pesticides and three degradation products in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from harvest to dining table. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4602-4608. [PMID: 30891755 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of harmful pesticide residues in rice can cause undesirable side effects and are a source of great concern to consumers. Reduction of pesticide residues to provide rice security has thus became an urgent problem. RESULTS In this study, the effects of commercial and home processing on removal of chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan residues from rice, and the formation of metabolites during processing, were studied. The results showed that 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (0.87 mg kg-1 ) and carbofuran (0.43 mg kg-1 ) were the predominant components detected in paddy rice. All detected residues were primarily deposited on the rice hull and bran. Washing twice followed by high-pressure cooking was able to further decrease residues in polished rice with the processing factor value <0.25. Following application of pesticides at the recommended rate and twice the recommended rate, with a preharvest interval of 28 days, changes in residues from harvest to dining table based on efficient processing techniques were investigated. The final residues dropped to below maximum residue levels after washing twice followed by high-pressure cooking. CONCLUSION This simple cooking process thus reduces the risk of dietary exposure, and it is recommended that it is adopted by all consumers. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youning Ma
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Zhan
- Zhe Jiang Wu Wang Nong Seeds Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Yang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Qin
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhaoyun Cao
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renxiang Mou
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxue Chen
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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Jiang W, Chen X, Liu F, Pan C. Residue Distribution, Dissipation Behavior, and Removal of Four Fungicide Residues on Harvested Apple after Waxing Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2307-2312. [PMID: 30735378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The residue distribution and dissipation of pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, cyprodinil, and kresoxim-methyl, which were introduced during postharvest waxing treatments of apples, were investigated. In addition, different residue removal methods were tested for the four fungicides in apples, and the removal efficiencies were compared. A multiresidue analytical method was developed based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) for the determination of the fungicide residues in apples. The dissipation study demonstrated that there was no significant change of fungicide residue magnitude during a 40-day storage process under ambient temperature. The fungicide residues in apples by wax treatment were shown to be very much stable. The results of residue distribution study demonstrated that waxing treatment may help to reduce the risk of pesticide when only the pulp was consumed. In the residue removal study, results suggested that higher temperature and the addition of acetic acid can improve the residue removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Jiang
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiaochu Chen
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Fengmao Liu
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Canping Pan
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
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Jankowska M, Łozowicka B, Kaczyński P. Comprehensive toxicological study over 160 processing factors of pesticides in selected fruit and vegetables after water, mechanical and thermal processing treatments and their application to human health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1156-1167. [PMID: 30586803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of the present comprehensive toxicological study was to evaluate water, mechanical and thermal processing factors (PFs) of twenty four pesticides (acetamiprid, alpha‑cypermethrin, azoxystrobin, boscalid, bupyrimate, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fenazaquin, fenhexamid, fludioxonil, folpet, iprodione, lambda‑cyhlothrin, metalaxyl, pirymicarb, propargite, pyraclostrobin, tetraconazole, tiophanate methyl, thiram, trifloxystrobin) in different fruit and vegetables and estimate health risk for adults and children. The water (PF = 0,09-0,94), mechanical (PF = 0,13-0,32) and thermal (PF = 0,02-0,57) technology significantly or completely reduced concentrations of twenty one active substances in broccoli, tomatoes, strawberries and black currants. Pyrethroid insecticides (alpha‑cypermethrin, deltamethrin and lambda‑cyhalothrin) exhibited PF above one in berries influenced by high temperatures. Comprehensive processing factor database technology/pesticide/matrix (over 160 PFs) for 24 pesticides in selected fruit and vegetable species after different processing treatments was created. This paper for the first time compares health risk assessments of acute and chronic of two subpopulations of adults and the most critical group of small children using two mathematical models, without (I) and with including (II) calculated PF values. More realistic estimation of the dietary intakes of the pesticides was achieved using PFs. The hazard quotients (HQs) estimated from chronic and acute dietary exposure (Model l) were above 20% and after intake correction (Model II) were reduced to HQs = 11.5% after water, 3% mechanical and 9.5% thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jankowska
- Institute of Plant Protection National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chełmońskiego 22, Postal code: 15-195 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chełmońskiego 22, Postal code: 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chełmońskiego 22, Postal code: 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
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Hou F, Teng P, Liu F, Wang W. Tebuconazole and Azoxystrobin Residue Behaviors and Distribution in Field and Cooked Peanut. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4484-4492. [PMID: 28499340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Residue behaviors of tebuconazole and azoxystrobin in field condition and the variation of their residue levels during the boiling process were evaluated. The terminal residues of peanut kernels were determined by using a modified QuEChERS method (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) by means of the optimization of the novel purification procedure with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Fe3O4-magnetic nanoparticle (Fe3O4-MNP) in the presence of an external magnetic field, and the terminal residues were all at trace level at harvest time. The residues in shells were detected as well to investigate the distribution in peanuts. Tebuconazole and azoxystrobin residue levels varied before/after boiling in kernels and shells to different degrees due to various factors, such as the modes of action and physicochemical properties of pesticides. The residues have been transferred from peanut into the infusion during boiling with the higher percentage of azoxystrobin as its lower logKow. The processing factors (PFs) for tebuconazole and azoxystrobin after processing were <1, indicating that home cooking in this study could reduce the residue levels in peanut. Risk assessment showed there was no health risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Teng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhuo Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Zhao L, Liu F, Wu L, Xue X, Hou F. Fate of triadimefon and its metabolite triadimenol in jujube samples during jujube wine and vinegar processing. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Development and application of a simple method to detect toxic chemicals in fruits and vegetables that can be implemented in a rudimentary laboratory setting: A proof of concept study. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Chen W, Liu Y, Jiao B. Dissipation behavior of five organophosphorus pesticides in kumquat sample during honeyed kumquat candied fruit processing. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nasreddine L, Rehaime M, Kassaify Z, Rechmany R, Jaber F. Dietary exposure to pesticide residues from foods of plant origin and drinks in Lebanon. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:485. [PMID: 27461424 PMCID: PMC4961722 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5505-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the dietary exposure of Lebanese adults to 47 pesticide residues from both foods of plant origin and drinks. The study was conducted using the Total Diet Study protocol in two different areas of Lebanon: Greater Beirut (urban) and Keserwan (semi-rural). A total of 1860 individual foods were collected, prepared, and cooked prior to analysis. Composite samples of similar foods were analyzed, following the QuEChERS Multiresidue method. Eighteen residues were detected/quantified on at least one composite sample, with 66.7 % of the results being quantifiable and 33.3 % detectable. Quantifiable levels ranged between 10.3 and 208 μg/kg. For the composite samples where residues were detected, 55 % had one residue, while 45 % had 2-4 residues. The most frequently detected/quantified pesticide residues included Chlorpyrifos, Procymidone, Primiphos methyl, Dimethoate, and Dieldrin. The dietary exposure assessment was conducted using the deterministic approach with two scenarios: (1) the lower bound (LB) approach and (2) the upper bound (UB) approach. Using the LB approach, mean estimated daily exposures were far below the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for all investigated residues. Using the UB approach, which tends to overestimate exposure, mean estimated daily exposures were below the ADIs for all residues except for Dieldrin (semi-rural: 128.7 % ADI; urban: 100.7 % ADI). Estimates of mean exposure to Diazinon reached 50.3 % of ADI in the urban diet and 61.9 % in the semi-rural diet. Findings of this study identify specific pesticide residues as monitoring priorities for which more comprehensive and sensitive analyses are needed in order to refine exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Nasreddine
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box: 110236, Beirut, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Maria Rehaime
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box: 110236, Beirut, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Kassaify
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box: 110236, Beirut, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Roula Rechmany
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box: 110236, Beirut, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Farouk Jaber
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), P.O. Box 11- 8281, Beirut, Riad El Solh, 107 2260, Lebanon.
- Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (509), Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Jankowska M, Kaczynski P, Hrynko I, Lozowicka B. Dissipation of six fungicides in greenhouse-grown tomatoes with processing and health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11885-900. [PMID: 26957431 PMCID: PMC4893063 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the dissipation rate kinetics and estimate the behavior of selected pesticides after washing, peeling, simmering, and canning of tomato expressed as processing factor (PF). Two varieties (Marissa and Harzfeuer) were treated by six fungicides: azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil, fludioxonil, and pyraclostrobin at single and double dose and risk assessment defined as hazard quotient was performed. The QuEChERS method was used for sample preparation followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The dissipation of fungicides approximately fitted to a first-order kinetic model, with half-life values ranging from 2.49 and 2.67 days (cyprodinil) to 5.00 and 5.32 days (chlorothalonil) for Marissa and Harzfeuer variety, respectively. Results from processing studies showed that treatments have significant effects on the removal of the studied fungicides for both varieties. The PFs were generally less than 1 (between 0.01 and 0.90) and did not depend on variety. The dietary exposure assessed based on initial deposits of application at single and double dose on tomatoes and concentration after each process with PF correction showed no concern to consumer health. Our results would be a useful tool for monitoring of fungicides in tomatoes and provide more understanding of residue behavior and risk posed by these fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jankowska
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Plant Protection Institute-National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kaczynski
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Plant Protection Institute-National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Hrynko
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Plant Protection Institute-National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bozena Lozowicka
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Plant Protection Institute-National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
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Mantzos N, Karakitsou A, Hela D, Konstantinou I. Environmental fate of the insecticide cypermethrin applied as microgranular and emulsifiable concentrate formulations in sunflower cultivated field plots. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:542-550. [PMID: 26439647 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A field dissipation and transport study of the insecticide cypermethrin applied as microgranular (MG) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations has been conducted in field sunflower cultivations and bare soil plots with two different slopes (1% and 5%). The dissipation of insecticide in soil (on planting rows) was monitored for a period of 193 days. Cypermethrin residual concentrations in the upper soil layer (0-10 cm), 2 days after soil application (DASA), ranged from 0.53 to 0.73 μg g(- 1) when the maximum values were observed 7 DASA, ranged from 1.06 to 1.23 μg g(-1). The dissipation rate was better described by first-order kinetics. The average half-life in cultivated (tilled and planted) plots was 23.07 and 24.24 days for soil slopes 5% and 1%, respectively. In uncultivated (tilled but not planted) plots the respective values were 22.01 and 22.37 days. The insecticide was found below the 10 cm soil layer occasionally in few samples at low concentrations (< 0.02 μg g(- 1)). In runoff water it was detected once (7 days after foliar application, at levels below LOQ), when in sediment it was detectable for seven samplings. The maximum values were observed 7 days after foliar application, when they reached 0.097 and 0.143 μg g(-1) in cultivated plots with soil slopes 1% and 5%; and 0.394 and 0.500 μg g(-1) in uncultivated plots, respectively. The amount of cypermethrin which was transferred by the sediment remained at low levels (less than 0.01% of the totally applied active ingredient), even in plots with 5% inclination. The insecticide was detected in leaves and stems of the sunflower plants after the foliar application up to the day of harvest. On the contrary, in roots it was detectable during the whole cultivation period. No residues were detected in flowers or seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mantzos
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece; Faculty of Agricultural Technology, T.E.I. of Epirus, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - A Karakitsou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece; Department of Business Administration of Food and Agricultural Products, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece
| | - D Hela
- Department of Business Administration of Food and Agricultural Products, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece
| | - I Konstantinou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece.
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Lozowicka B, Jankowska M, Hrynko I, Kaczynski P. Removal of 16 pesticide residues from strawberries by washing with tap and ozone water, ultrasonic cleaning and boiling. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:51. [PMID: 26694708 PMCID: PMC4688301 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of washing with tap and ozone water, ultrasonic cleaning and boiling on 16 pesticide (ten fungicides and six insecticides) residue levels in raw strawberries were investigated at different processing times (1, 2 and 5 min). An analysis of these pesticides was conducted using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorous and electron capture detection (GC-NPD/ECD). The processing factor (PF) for each pesticide in each processing technique was determined. Washing with ozonated water was demonstrated to be more effective (reduction from 36.1 to 75.1 %) than washing with tap water (reduction from 19.8 to 68.1 %). Boiling decreased the residues of the most compounds, with reductions ranging from 42.8 to 92.9 %. Ultrasonic cleaning lowered residues for all analysed pesticides with removal of up to 91.2 %. The data indicated that ultrasonic cleaning and boiling were the most effective treatments for the reduction of 16 pesticide residues in raw strawberries, resulting in a lower health risk exposure. Calculated PFs for alpha-cypermethrin were used to perform an acute risk assessment of dietary exposure. To investigate the relationship between the levels of 16 pesticides in strawberry samples and their physicochemical properties, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Lozowicka
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jankowska
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Izabela Hrynko
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaczynski
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
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Ramezani MK, Shahriari D. Dissipation behaviour, processing factors and risk assessment for metalaxyl in greenhouse-grown cucumber. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:579-83. [PMID: 25044468 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cucumber is widely cultivated in Iran, and the application of systemic and protective fungicides is the main choice of disease treatment, particularly in greenhouse-grown systems. In this research, cucumber fruits were harvested at 1 h to 25 days after the last application to determine the residue and dissipation behaviour of metalaxyl. The effects of peeling and storage (at 3 °C for 4 days) on metalaxyl residue reduction were also assessed. Samples were extracted by the QuEChERS procedure then analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The dissipation of metalaxyl residues approximately fitted a first-order kinetic model, obtaining half-life values of 2.2 and 3.8 days and preharvest interval values of 5.2 and 12.5 days at the recommended dose (2 kg ha(-1) ) and double (4 kg ha(-1) ) dose respectively. The processing factor values for peeling and storage were 0.50 and 0.93 respectively, showing that storage had little effect on residue reduction compared with peeling. CONCLUSION The higher content of metalaxyl residues in flesh showed its penetration from the skin into the flesh. The results provided more understanding of fungicide distribution as well as the effective role of peeling in reducing residues in cucumber fruits.
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Liang Y, Liu Y, Ding Y, Liu X. Meta-analysis of food processing on pesticide residues in fruits. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1568-73. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.942708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kovacova J, Kocourek V, Kohoutkova J, Lansky M, Hajslova J. Production of apple-based baby food: changes in pesticide residues. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1089-99. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.912356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chauhan R, Kumari B, Rana MK. Effect of fruit and vegetable processing on reduction of synthetic pyrethroid residues. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 229:89-110. [PMID: 24515811 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03777-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we emphasize that the advantages associated with applying pesticides to enhance agricultural productivity must be weighed against the possible health hazards arising from the appearance of toxic pesticide residues in food. First and foremost, pesticides should be handled and applied in compliance with good agricultural practices to minimize environmental or food commodity contamination.In developing countries, good agricultural practices are not fully abided by.When vegetables are produced in such countries, pesticides are applied or prospectively applied at each growth stage of the crop. Hence, contamination of vegetables and other food commodities occur. It is well known that processing of food derived from pesticide treated crop commodities can serve to reduce residues that reach consumers. Food safety can therefore partially be enhanced by employing suitable food processing techniques and appropriate storage periods, even in developing countries. Even common and simple household processing techniques for certain foods acquire significance as means to reduce the intake of harmful pesticide food residues.Pesticide residue levels in post-harvest raw agricultural commodities (RAC) are affected by the storage, handling and the processing steps they pass through, while being prepared for human consumption. The review of cogent literature presented in this article demonstrated differences among the pyrethroid insecticide residues present on or in foods, depending on how the RAC from which they came were processed for consumption. Peeling vegetables or fruit reduced pyrethroid residues the most (60-100% ), and juicing was nearly as effective in reducing residues (70-100% ). The least reduction occurred for foodstuffs that were only washed with tap water (I 0-70% ). Washing RACs with saline water and detergent was more effective(34-60%) in reducing residues than was simple washing under tap water. Freezing is also effective in reducing residue levels and achieved reductions between 24% and 94%. Cooking of food products eliminated 75-98% of the pesticide residues present, so was also relatively effective. When foods were cooked in oils, however,reductions in pesticide residues were less (45%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Chauhan
- Department of Soil Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125 004, India,
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The fate of spirotetramat and its metabolite spirotetramat-enol in apple samples during apple cider processing. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Martin L, Mezcua M, Ferrer C, Gil Garcia M, Malato O, Fernandez-Alba A. Prediction of the processing factor for pesticides in apple juice by principal component analysis and multiple linear regression. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:466-76. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.749541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Xu XM, Yu S, Li R, Fan J, Chen SH, Shen HT, Han JL, Huang BF, Ren YP. Distribution and migration study of pesticides between peel and pulp in grape by online gel permeation chromatography–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Kong Z, Shan W, Dong F, Liu X, Xu J, Li M, Zheng Y. Effect of home processing on the distribution and reduction of pesticide residues in apples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1280-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.690347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Bonnechère A, Hanot V, Bragard C, Bedoret T, van Loco J. Effect of household and industrial processing on the levels of pesticide residues and degradation products in melons. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1058-66. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.672339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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46
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Bonnechère A, Hanot V, Jolie R, Hendrickx M, Bragard C, Bedoret T, Van Loco J. Effect of household and industrial processing on levels of five pesticide residues and two degradation products in spinach. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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48
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Estimated daily intake of pesticides and xenoestrogenic exposure by fruit consumption in the female population from a Mediterranean country (Spain). Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Spanoghe P, Ryckaert B, Van Gheluwe C, Van Labeke MC. Fate of vinclozolin, thiabendazole and dimethomorph during storage, handling and forcing of chicory. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:126-31. [PMID: 19746400 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of ongoing research for a sustainable production of Belgian endives, the fate of three fungicides during storage, handling and forcing of witloof chicory roots was investigated. Storage roots are protected against Sclerotinia sp. Fuckel and Phoma exigua var. exigua Desm. by means of vinclozolin and thiabendazole respectively. During hydroponic forcing, the most imminent pathogen is Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff., which is controlled by the use of dimethomorph. RESULTS Vinclozolin and thiabendazole concentrations on roots remained constant during storage at -1 degrees C. Dermal exposure of the workers in hydroponics was exceeded. Vinclozolin and thiabendazole residues were not detected 2 weeks after hydroponic forcing; dimethomorph was still detected at harvest. At harvest, the vinclozolin concentration in the chicory heads was below the maximum residue limit, but the chicory roots contained residues much above the thiabendazole and dimethomorph maximum residue level. CONCLUSION Vinclozolin and thiabendazole residues applied before storage are still present on the roots at the start of the forcing cycle. During the set-up of chicory roots, preventive measures are recommended, as effects of repeated human exposure to low doses of applied fungicides cannot be excluded. Dimethomorph applied at the start of the hydroponic forcing is the only pesticide detected in the drainage water at harvest. The chicory heads were safe for human consumption. However, more attention should be paid to the residues of fungicides in the roots used for cattle feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Spanoghe
- Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Effects of food processing on pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: a meta-analysis approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:1-6. [PMID: 19879312 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in food production to increase food security despite the fact that they can have negative health effects on consumers. Pesticide residues have been found in various fruits and vegetables; both raw and processed. One of the most common routes of pesticide exposure in consumers is via food consumption. Most foods are consumed after passing through various culinary and processing treatments. A few literature reviews have indicated the general trend of reduction or concentration of pesticide residues by certain methods of food processing for a particular active ingredient. However, no review has focused on combining the obtained results from different studies on different active ingredients with differences in experimental designs, analysts and analysis equipment. In this paper, we present a meta-analysis of response ratios as a possible method of combining and quantifying effects of food processing on pesticide residue levels. Reduction of residue levels was indicated by blanching, boiling, canning, frying, juicing, peeling and washing of fruits and vegetables with an average response ratio ranging from 0.10 to 0.82. Baking, boiling, canning and juicing indicated both reduction and increases for the 95% and 99.5% confidence intervals.
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