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Awad WA, Grenier B, Ruhnau D, Hess C, Schatzmayr D, Hess M. Diametral influence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) on the growth of Campylobacter jejuni with consequences on the bacterial transcriptome. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:306. [PMID: 39152378 PMCID: PMC11328440 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin that is commonly found in cereals and grains worldwide. The presence of this fungal secondary-metabolite raises public-health concerns at both the agriculture and food industry level. Recently, we have shown that DON has a negative impact on gut integrity, a feature also noticed for Campylobacter (C.) jejuni. We further demonstrated that DON increased the load of C. jejuni in the gut and inner organs. In contrast, feeding the less toxic DON metabolite deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) to broilers reduced the Campylobacter load in vivo. Consequently, it can be hypothesized that DON and DOM-1 have a direct effect on the growth profile of C. jejuni. The aim of the present study was to further resolve the nature of this interaction in vitro by co-incubation and RNA-sequencing. RESULTS The co-incubation of C. jejuni with DON resulted in significantly higher bacterial growth rates from 30 h of incubation onwards. On the contrary, the co-incubation of C. jejuni with DOM-1 reduced the CFU counts, indicating that this DON metabolite might contribute to reduce the burden of C. jejuni in birds, altogether confirming in vivo data. Furthermore, the transcriptomic profile of C. jejuni following incubation with either DON or DOM-1 differed. Co-incubation of C. jejuni with DON significantly increased the expression of multiple genes which are critical for Campylobacter growth, particularly members of the Flagella gene family, frr (ribosome-recycling factor), PBP2 futA-like (Fe3+ periplasmic binding family) and PotA (ATP-binding subunit). Flagella are responsible for motility, biofilm formation and host colonization, which may explain the high Campylobacter load in the gut of DON-fed broiler chickens. On the contrary, DOM-1 downregulated the Flagella gene family and upregulated ribosomal proteins. CONCLUSION The results highlight the adaptive mechanisms involved in the transcriptional response of C. jejuni to DON and its metabolite DOM-1, based on the following effects: (a) ribosomal proteins; (b) flagellar proteins; (c) engagement of different metabolic pathways. The results provide insight into the response of an important intestinal microbial pathogen against DON and lead to a better understanding of the luminal or environmental acclimation mechanisms in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wageha A Awad
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria.
| | - Bertrand Grenier
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Research Center Tulln, Technopark 1, Tulln, Austria
| | - Daniel Ruhnau
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Research Center Tulln, Technopark 1, Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
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Cao J, Lv J, Zhang L, Li H, Ma H, Zhao Y, Huang J. The Non-Histone Protein FgNhp6 Is Involved in the Regulation of the Development, DON Biosynthesis, and Virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Pathogens 2024; 13:592. [PMID: 39057819 PMCID: PMC11279982 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the primary causative agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease affecting cereals globally. The high-mobility group (HMG) of non-histone proteins constitutes vital architectural elements within chromatin, playing diverse roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic cells. Nonetheless, the specific functions of HMG proteins in F. graminearum have yet to be elucidated. Here, we identified 10 HMG proteins in F. graminearum and extensively characterized the biological roles of one HMGB protein, FgNhp6. We constructed the FgNhp6 deletion mutant and its complementary strains. With these strains, we confirmed the nuclear localization of FgNhp6 and discovered that the absence of FgNhp6 led to reduced radial growth accompanied by severe pigmentation defects, a significant reduction in conidial production, and a failure to produce perithecia. The ∆FgNhp6 mutant exhibited a markedly reduced pathogenicity on wheat coleoptiles and spikes, coupled with a significant increase in deoxynivalenol production. An RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis indicated that FgNhp6 deletion influenced a wide array of metabolic pathways, particularly affecting several secondary metabolic pathways, such as sterol biosynthesis and aurofusarin biosynthesis. The findings of this study highlight the essential role of FgNhp6 in the regulation of the asexual and sexual reproduction, deoxynivalenol (DON) production, and pathogenicity of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanxiang Zhao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Jinguang Huang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.M.)
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3
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Guo X, He K, Li M, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Qian L, Gao X, Zhang C, Liu S. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Fusarium graminearum challenged with distinct fungicides and functional analysis of FgICL gene. Genomics 2024; 116:110869. [PMID: 38797456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an economically important phytopathogenic fungus. Chemical control remains the dominant approach to managing this plant pathogen. In the present study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis to understand the effects of four commercially used fungicides on F. graminearum. The results revealed a significant number of differentially expressed genes related to carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, particularly in the carbendazim and phenamacril groups. Central carbon pathways, including the TCA and glyoxylate cycles, were found to play crucial roles across all treatments except tebuconazole. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis reinforced the pivotal role of central carbon pathways based on identified hub genes. Additionally, critical candidates associated with ATP-binding cassette transporters, heat shock proteins, and chitin synthases were identified. The crucial functions of the isocitrate lyase in F. graminearum were also validated. Overall, the study provided comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of how F. graminearum responds to fungicide stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Guo
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Kai He
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Le Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xuheng Gao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Chengqi Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China.
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4
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Wattanasuntorn P, Phuektes P, Poapolathep S, Mimapan S, Tattiyapong M, Fink-Gremmels J, Oswald IP, Poapolathep A. Individual cytotoxicity of three major type A trichothecene, T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol in human Jurkat T cells. Toxicon 2024; 243:107718. [PMID: 38614246 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic, fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate agricultural commodities, food, and feed. Among them, T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS; the major type A trichothecene) are primarily produced from Fusarium species. These mycotoxins exert numerous toxicological effects in animals and humans, such as dermatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. In the present study, human Jurkat T cells were used as a model to investigate apoptotic cell death induced by T-2, HT-2, and DAS. The results showed that T-2, HT-2, and DAS decreased cell viability and increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species in a time- and dose-dependency. Based on their IC50 values, they could be ranked in decreasing order of cytotoxicity as T-2 > HT-2 > DAS. All tested mycotoxins caused DNA fragmentation, up-regulated cytochrome C, caspase 3, and caspase 9 mRNA levels, and down-regulated the relative expression of Bcl-2 and caspase 8. The effects of these trichothecenes on apoptosis were determined based on flow cytometry. At the IC50 concentrations, the percentages of apoptotic cells were significantly higher than for the controls. Taken together, these data suggested that T-2, HT-2, and DAS could induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phattarawadee Wattanasuntorn
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khonkaen University, Khonkaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sontana Mimapan
- National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Muncharee Tattiyapong
- National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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5
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Yang J, Han J, Jing Y, Li S, Lan B, Zhang Q, Yin K. Virulent Fusarium isolates with diverse morphologies show similar invasion and colonization strategies in alfalfa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1390069. [PMID: 38828216 PMCID: PMC11140090 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1390069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Root rot is a major disease that causes decline of alfalfa production, and Fusarium is a major pathogen associated with root rot. In this study, 13 Fusarium isolates were obtained from alfalfa with root rot in Gansu Province, the major alfalfa production region in China. The isolates were characterized by molecular genotyping (ITS, TEF 1-α and RPB2 fragments) and identified as six species, which included the F. acuminatum, F. incarnatum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. redolens, and F. solani. We found that their morphology varied significantly at both the macro- and micro-levels, even for those from the same species. We developed a low cost and fast pathogenicity test and revealed that all isolates were pathogenic to alfalfa with typical root rot symptoms such as leaf yellowing and brown lesions on the root and stem. However, the virulence of the isolates differed. We also found that the conidia of all isolates germinated as early as 24 hours post inoculation (hpi), while hyphae colonized the root extensively and invaded the xylem vessel by 48 hpi. Together our results reveal that different virulent Fusarium isolates use a similar invasion strategy in alfalfa. This natural plant-fungus pathosystem is intriguing and warrants further examination, particularly with regard to efforts aimed at mitigating the impact of multiple similar vascular pathogens on infected alfalfa plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Jing
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyang Li
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lan
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kangquan Yin
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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6
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Zeng J, Lin Z, Tang J, Chen X, Huang K, Gan F. The role of JAK2/STAT3 pathway in non-cytotoxic concentrations of DON-induced aggravation of inflammatory response in IL-10 deficient RAW264.7 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114557. [PMID: 38432439 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) as a mycotoxin was commonly found in food and cereals which can affect immune function and inflammatory response. The majority of foods contain DON at levels below the official limit. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of non-cytotoxic concentration of DON on inflammation and its mechanisms using the IL-10 gene-silenced RAW264.7 cell model. The results showed that a non-cytotoxic concentration of DON at 25 ng/ml aggravated IL-10 knockdown-induced inflammation, which was manifested by increasing IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression, migration and phagocytosis, decreasing IL-10 mRNA expression, and enhancing JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation. Adding JAK2 inhibitor AG490 attenuated the aggravating effect of DON on IL-10 knockdown-induced inflammation. In conclusion, a non-cytotoxic concentration of DON enhances the inflammatory response through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway when inflammation occurs in the body. These results indicated that non-cytotoxic concentrations of DON could aggravate inflammation when inflammation was induced by IL-10 knockdown, which increases vigilance against DON contamination at low concentration especially when an animal's body has inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziman Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiangyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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7
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Witte T, Hicks C, Hermans A, Shields S, Overy DP. Debunking the Myth of Fusarium poae T-2/HT-2 Toxin Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3949-3957. [PMID: 38375818 PMCID: PMC10905990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium poae is commonly detected in field surveys of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereal crops and can produce a range of trichothecene mycotoxins. Although experimentally validated reports of F. poae strains producing T-2/HT-2 trichothecenes are rare, F. poae is frequently generalized in the literature as a producer of T-2/HT-2 toxins due to a single study from 2004 in which T-2/HT-2 toxins were detected at low levels from six out of forty-nine F. poae strains examined. To validate/substantiate the observations reported from the 2004 study, the producing strains were acquired and phylogenetically confirmed to be correctly assigned as F. poae; however, no evidence of T-2/HT-2 toxin production was observed from axenic cultures. Moreover, no evidence for a TRI16 ortholog, encoding a key acyltransferase shown to be necessary for T-2 toxin production in other Fusarium species, was observed in any of the de novo assembled genomes of the F. poae strains. Our findings corroborate multiple field-based and in vitro studies on FHB-associated Fusarium populations which also do not support the production of T-2/HT-2 toxins with F. poae and therefore conclude that F. poae should not be generalized as a T-2/HT-2 toxin producing species of Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
E. Witte
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Carmen Hicks
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Anne Hermans
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Sam Shields
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - David P. Overy
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
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Saghir SA, Ansari RA. HLA gene variations and mycotoxin toxicity: Four case reports. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:159-173. [PMID: 38198040 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by certain molds that can cause many health effects. We present four human cases of prolonged consistent mycotoxins exposure linked to genetic variations in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. The HLA-DR/DQ isotype alleles are linked to mycotoxins susceptibility due to the lack of proper immune response; individuals with these alleles are poor eliminators of mycotoxins from their system. Four subjects with variations in their HLA-DR alleles were exposed to mycotoxins from living in mold-infested houses and experienced persistent mold-related symptoms long after moving out from the mold-infested houses and only exposed to the levels of molds found in the ambient air. From one of the subjects, two urine samples were collected ~ 18 months apart after the cessation of exposure. Urinary elimination rate was extremely slow for two of the mycotoxins (ochratoxin A [OTA] and mycophenolic acid [MPA]) detected in both samples. In 18 months, decline in OTA level was only ~ 3-fold (estimated t½ of ~ 311 days) and decline in MPA level was ~ 11-fold (estimated t½ of ~ 160 days), which was ~ 10- and ~ 213-fold slower than expected in individuals without HLA-DR alleles, respectively. We estimated that ~ 4.3 and ~ 2.2 years will be required for OTA and MPA to reach < LLQ in urine, respectively. Three other subjects with variations in HLA-DR alleles were members of a family who lived in a mold-infested house for 4 years. They kept experiencing mold-related issues >2 years after moving to a non-mold-infested house. Consistent exposure was confirmed by the presence of several mycotoxins in urine >2 years after the secession of higher than background (from outdoor ambient air) exposure. This was consistent with the extremely slow elimination of mycotoxins from their system. Variations in HLA-DR alleles can, consequently, make even short periods of exposure to chronic exposure scenarios with related adverse health effects. It is, therefore, important to determine genetic predisposition as a reason for prolonged/lingering mold-related symptoms long after the cessation of higher than background exposure. Increased human exposure to mycotoxins is expected from increased mold infestation that is anticipated due to rising CO2, temperature, and humidity from the climate change with possibly increased adverse health effects, especially in individuals with genetic susceptibility to mold toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmed Saghir
- ToxInternational Inc, Hilliard, OH, USA.
- Mold Law Group, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan Univ, Karachi, Pakistan.
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, College of Science, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Rais Ahmed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Zhang L, Huang S, Ma K, Chen Y, Wei T, Ye H, Wu J, Liu L, Deng J, Luo H, Tan C. Retinoic Acid-PPARα Mediates β-Carotene Resistance to Placental Dysfunction Induced by Deoxynivalenol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18696-18708. [PMID: 38012857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most polluted mycotoxins in the environment and food, has been proven to have strong embryonic and reproductive toxicities. However, the effects of DON on placental impairment and effective interventions are still unclear. This study investigated the effect of β-carotene on placental functional impairment and its underlying molecular mechanism under DON exposure. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were caused by intraperitoneal injection of DON from 13.5 to 15.5 days of gestation in mice, resulting in higher enrichment of DON in placenta than in other tissue samples. Interestingly, 0.1% β-carotene dietary supplementation could significantly alleviate DON-induced pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro placental barrier models demonstrated the association of DON-induced placental function impairment with placental permeability barrier disruption, angiogenesis impairment, and oxidative stress induction. Moreover, β-carotene regulated DON-induced placental toxicity by activating the expressions of claudin 1, zonula occludens-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A through retinoic acid-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longmiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Shuangbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Kaidi Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yiling Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Tanghong Wei
- Dekon Food and Agriculture Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China
| | - Hongxuan Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Junyi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Liudan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hefeng Luo
- Dekon Food and Agriculture Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China
| | - Chengquan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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10
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Moonjely S, Ebert M, Paton-Glassbrook D, Noel ZA, Roze L, Shay R, Watkins T, Trail F. Update on the state of research to manage Fusarium head blight. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 169:103829. [PMID: 37666446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most devastating diseases of cereal crops, causing severe reduction in yield and quality of grain worldwide. In the United States, the major causal agent of FHB is the mycotoxigenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum. The contamination of grain with mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, is a particularly serious concern due to its impact on the health of humans and livestock. For the past few decades, multidisciplinary studies have been conducted on management strategies designed to reduce the losses caused by FHB. However, effective management is still challenging due to the emergence of fungicide-tolerant strains of F. graminearum and the lack of highly resistant wheat and barley cultivars. This review presents multidisciplinary approaches that incorporate advances in genomics, genetic-engineering, new fungicide chemistries, applied biocontrol, and consideration of the disease cycle for management of FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Moonjely
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Malaika Ebert
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Drew Paton-Glassbrook
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Zachary A Noel
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Ludmila Roze
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Rebecca Shay
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Tara Watkins
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Frances Trail
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
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11
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Meerpoel C, Ciasca B, Cito N, Moretti A, De Saeger S, Lattanzio VMT. Results of multi-actor collaboration in risk analysis: a simplified risk assessment toolkit for rapid detection of emerging risks. EFSA J 2023; 21:e211012. [PMID: 38047131 PMCID: PMC10687761 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.e211012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic field of food safety faces continuous challenges, prompting stakeholders to develop collaborative actions for improved food safety systems. As part of these actions, the EU-FORA fellowship programme was dedicated to a multi-actor collaboration addressing risks of the unregulated mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oats. Critical gaps in risk assessment procedures were identified, leading to a joint effort to develop a strategy for rapid data collection and risk assessment, including the development of a risk assessment toolkit comprising of a training manual and two intuitive Microsoft® Excel files. The toolkit enables efficient data collection and processing, facilitating risk assessment calculations and rapid risk detection. Applying the toolkit to assess T-2 and HT-2 toxin risks in Belgian oats revealed minimal concerns, except for children aged 3-9 years, likely due to an overestimation. The toolkit is available on the FoodSafety4EU Platform and will be refined based on user feedback, promoting better risk assessment practices. This approach empowers stakeholders, from professionals to policymakers, fostering collaboration and enhancing food safety practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Meerpoel
- Ghent University, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public HealthGhentBelgium
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA)BariItaly
| | - Nunzia Cito
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA)BariItaly
| | - Antonio Moretti
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA)BariItaly
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Ghent University, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public HealthGhentBelgium
| | - Veronica MT Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA)BariItaly
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12
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O'Mara SP, Broz K, Schwister EM, Singh L, Dong Y, Elmore JM, Kistler HC. The Fusarium graminearum Transporters Abc1 and Abc6 Are Important for Xenobiotic Resistance, Trichothecene Accumulation, and Virulence to Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1916-1923. [PMID: 37260101 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0345-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease on small-grain cereals. F. graminearum produces trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) that are required for full virulence. DON must be exported outside the cell to cause FHB disease, a process that may require the involvement of membrane-bound transporters. In this study, we show that the deletion of membrane-bound transporters results in reduced DON accumulation as well as reduced FHB symptoms on wheat. Deletion of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene Abc1 results in the greatest reduction in DON accumulation and virulence. Deletion of another ABC transporter gene, Abc6, also reduces FHB symptoms to a lesser degree. Combining deletions fails to reduce DON accumulation or virulence in an additive fashion, even when a ∆abc1 deletion is included. Heterologous expression of F. graminearum transporters in a DON-sensitive strain of yeast confirms Abc1 as a major DON resistance mechanism; furthermore, it suggests that Abc1 is directly participating in DON transport rather than facilitating DON transport though other means. Yeast expression further indicates that multiple transporters, including Abc1, play an important role in resistance to the wheat phytoalexin 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) and other xenobiotics. Thus, Abc1 may contribute to virulence on wheat both by facilitating export of DON and by providing resistance to the wheat phytoalexin BOA. This research provides useful information that may aid in designing novel management techniques of FHB or other destructive plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P O'Mara
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Karen Broz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Erin M Schwister
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Lovepreet Singh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - J Mitch Elmore
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - H Corby Kistler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
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13
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Kalo D, Mendelson P, Komsky-Elbaz A, Voet H, Roth Z. The Effect of Mycotoxins and Their Mixtures on Bovine Spermatozoa Characteristics. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:556. [PMID: 37755982 PMCID: PMC10534433 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern about the effects of mycotoxins on mammalian reproduction. Although the effects of single mycotoxins have been well documented, the impact of their mixtures on spermatozoon quality is less known. Here, frozen-thawed semen (n = 6 bulls) was in-vitro-cultured (2 h) without (control) or with (i) a single mycotoxin [zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), toxin 2 (T2), and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)] in a dose-response manner; (ii) binary mixtures (OTA + T2, OTA + ZEN, OTA + DAS, ZEN + T2, DAS + T2 and ZEN + DAS); or (iii) ternary mixtures (OTA + DAS + T2, OTA + ZEN + T2, and ZEN + DAS + T2). Then, the spermatozoa quality was characterized according to its plasma- and acrosome-membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxidation status by a flow cytometer. Exposure to single mycotoxins or binary mixtures did not affect the spermatozoa characteristics. However, exposure to the ternary mixtures, OTA + DAS + T2 and OTA + ZEN + T2, reduced (p < 0.05) the mitochondrial membrane potential relative to the control. In addition, OTA + ZEN + T2 increased (p < 0.05) the proportion of spermatozoa with reactive oxygen species relative to the control. The most suggested interaction effect between the mycotoxins was found to be an additive one. A synergistic interaction, mainly regarding the oxidation status of the spermatozoa, was also found between the mycotoxins. The current study sheds light on the potential risk of exposing spermatozoa to a mycotoxin mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Kalo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Paz Mendelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alisa Komsky-Elbaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hillary Voet
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Zvi Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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14
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Tu Y, Liu S, Cai P, Shan T. Global distribution, toxicity to humans and animals, biodegradation, and nutritional mitigation of deoxynivalenol: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3951-3983. [PMID: 37421323 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the main types of B trichothecenes, and it causes health-related issues in humans and animals and imposes considerable challenges to food and feed safety globally each year. This review investigates the global hazards of DON, describes the occurrence of DON in food and feed in different countries, and systematically uncovers the mechanisms of the various toxic effects of DON. For DON pollution, many treatments have been reported on the degradation of DON, and each of the treatments has different degradation efficacies and degrades DON by a distinct mechanism. These treatments include physical, chemical, and biological methods and mitigation strategies. Biodegradation methods include microorganisms, enzymes, and biological antifungal agents, which are of great research significance in food processing because of their high efficiency, low environmental hazards, and drug resistance. And we also reviewed the mechanisms of biodegradation methods of DON, the adsorption and antagonism effects of microorganisms, and the different chemical transformation mechanisms of enzymes. Moreover, nutritional mitigation including common nutrients (amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and microelements) and plant extracts was discussed in this review, and the mitigation mechanism of DON toxicity was elaborated from the biochemical point of view. These findings help explore various approaches to achieve the best efficiency and applicability, overcome DON pollution worldwide, ensure the sustainability and safety of food processing, and explore potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of DON in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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15
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López-Ruiz R, Marin-Saez J, Cunha SC, Fernandes A, de Freitas V, Viegas O, Ferreira IMPLVO. Investigating the Impact of Dietary Fibers on Mycotoxin Bioaccessibility during In Vitro Biscuit Digestion and Metabolites Identification. Foods 2023; 12:3175. [PMID: 37685107 PMCID: PMC10486935 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination is a real concern worldwide due to their high prevalence in foods and high toxicity; therefore, strategies that reduce their gastrointestinal bioaccessibility and absorption are of major relevance. The use of dietary fibers as binders of four mycotoxins (zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2, and T-2 toxins) to reduce their bioaccessibility was investigated by in vitro digestion of biscuits enriched with fibers. K-carrageenan is a promising fiber to reduce the bioaccessibility of ZEA, obtaining values lower than 20%, while with pectin a higher reduction of DON, HT-2, and T-2 (50-88%) was achieved. Three metabolites of mycotoxins were detected, of which the most important was T-2-triol, which was detected at higher levels compared to T-2. This work has demonstrated the advantages of incorporating dietary fibers into a biscuit recipe to reduce the bioaccessibility of mycotoxins and to obtain healthier biscuits than when a conventional recipe is performed due to its high content of fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía López-Ruiz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Jesús Marin-Saez
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Sara. C. Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
| | - Ana Fernandes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science Faculty, Porto University, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.); (V.d.F.)
| | - Victor de Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science Faculty, Porto University, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.); (V.d.F.)
| | - Olga Viegas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.-S.); (S.C.C.); (O.V.); (I.M.P.L.V.O.F.)
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16
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Lee WY, Park HJ. T-2 mycotoxin Induces male germ cell apoptosis by ROS-mediated JNK/p38 MAPK pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115323. [PMID: 37541021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
T-2 mycotoxin, a type A trichothecene toxin that, specifically, causes male and female reproductive toxicity. We evaluated T-2 toxin toxicity in testes from neonatal testes after in vitro tissue cultured. Additionally, current study focuses on the molecular mechanism of toxicity and germ cell damage in GC-1 spermatogonial cells. Mouse testicular fragments were subjected to T-2 toxin (0-20 nM) during days 5 of in vitro culture. Testicular germ cell number were reduced and downregulated the expression of corresponding markers depending on the exposure concentration of T-2 toxin; however, Sertoli cell markers and steroidogenic enzyme expression increased when treated with 20 nM T-2 toxin. The cell viability decreased, apoptosis increased, and pro-apoptotic protein expression increased in 5-20 nM T-2 toxin-exposed spermatogonia. Moreover, T-2 toxin generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating that activation of p38 MAPK signaling triggered by ROS is involved in the apoptotic molecular mechanism of T-2 toxin. T-2 toxin induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, c-Jun, JNK/SAPK, p38, and p53, and the subsequent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. The upregulation of genes related to apoptosis and MAPK/JNK signaling was consistently observed in cells exposed to T-2 toxin. These results indicate that T-2 toxin triggers apoptotic cell death in germ cells through the triggering of ROS-mediated JNK/p38-MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Lee
- Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonbuk 54874, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, South Korea.
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17
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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, Elliott C. T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:481. [PMID: 37624238 PMCID: PMC10467144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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18
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Wang J, Zhang M, Yang J, Yang X, Zhang J, Zhao Z. Type A Trichothecene Metabolic Profile Differentiation, Mechanisms, Biosynthetic Pathways, and Evolution in Fusarium Species-A Mini Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:446. [PMID: 37505715 PMCID: PMC10467051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are the most common Fusarium toxins detected in grains and related products. Type A trichothecenes are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety due to their high toxicity. Recently, two different trichothecene genotypes within Fusarium species were reported. The available information showed that Tri1 and Tri16 genes are the key determinants of the trichothecene profiles of T-2 and DAS genotypes. In this review, polymorphisms in the Tri1 and Tri16 genes in the two genotypes were investigated. Meanwhile, the functions of genes involved in DAS and NEO biosynthesis are discussed. The possible biosynthetic pathways of DAS and NEO are proposed in this review, which will facilitate the understanding of the synthesis process of trichothecenes in Fusarium strains and may also inspire researchers to design and conduct further research. Together, the review provides insight into trichothecene profile differentiation and Tri gene evolutionary processes responsible for the structural diversification of trichothecene produced by Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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19
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Moraes WB, Madden LV, Gillespie J, Paul PA. Environment, Grain Development, and Harvesting Strategy Effects on Zearalenone Contamination of Grain from Fusarium Head Blight-Affected Wheat Spikes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:225-238. [PMID: 35994731 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0190-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, is associated with grain contamination with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). Unlike DON, less is known about factors affecting ZEA production during FHB epidemics. The objective of this study was to quantify ZEA contamination of wheat grain as influenced by temperature, relative humidity, FHB index (IND), grain maturation, simulated late-season rainfall, and harvest timing. Mean ZEA concentrations were low (<1.1 ppm) during the early stages of grain development (25 to 31 days after anthesis [DAA]) but rapidly increased 35 to 51 DAA in field experiments, particularly under rainy conditions. Five or ten consecutive days with simulated rainfall shortly before harvest greatly increased ZEA contamination. Similarly, extremely high levels of ZEA (51.8 to 468.6 ppm) were observed in grain from spikes exposed to 100% relative humidity (RH) at all tested temperatures and mean IND levels under controlled conditions. Interestingly, at RH ≤ 90%, ZEA concentrations were very low (0.1 to 3.6 ppm) at all tested temperatures, even at IND above 90%. At 100% RH, mean ZEA contamination was significantly higher at 20 and 25°C (235.1 and 278.2 ppm) than at 30°C (104.7 ppm). Grain harvested early and not exposed to rainfall had lower mean ZEA than grain harvested late and/or subjected to preharvest rainfall. This study was the first to associate ZEA contamination of grain from FHB-affected wheat spikes with temperature and moisture and show through designed experiments that early harvest could be a useful strategy for reducing ZEA contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Bucker Moraes
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Laurence V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - James Gillespie
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Pierce A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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20
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Moraes WB, Madden LV, Baik BK, Gillespie J, Paul PA. Environmental Conditions After Fusarium Head Blight Visual Symptom Development Affect Contamination of Wheat Grain with Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:206-224. [PMID: 36131392 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-22-0199-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, is associated with grain contamination with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Although FHB is often positively correlated with DON, this relationship can break down under certain conditions. One possible explanation for this could be the conversion of DON to DON-3-glucoside (D3G), which is typically missed by common DON testing methods. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and preharvest rainfall on DON, D3G, and the D3D/DON relationship. D3G levels were higher in grain from spikes exposed to 100% RH than to 70, 80, or 90% RH at 20 and 25°C across all tested levels of mean FHB index (percentage of diseased spikelets per spike). Mean D3G contamination was higher at 20°C than at 25 or 30°C. There were significantly positive linear relationships between DON and D3G. Rainfall treatments resulted in significantly higher mean D3G than the rain-free check and induced preharvest sprouting, as indicated by low falling numbers (FNs). There were significant positive relationships between the rate of increase in D3G per unit increase in DON (a measure of conversion) and sprouting. As FN decreased, the rate of D3G conversion increased, and this rate of conversion per unit decrease in FN was greater at relatively low than at high mean DON levels. These results provide strong evidence that moisture after FHB visual symptom development was associated with DON-to-D3G conversion and constitute valuable new information for understanding this complex disease-mycotoxin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Bucker Moraes
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Laurence V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Byung-Kee Baik
- USDA-ARS-CSWQRU, Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - James Gillespie
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Pierce A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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21
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Krausová M, Braun D, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Gundacker C, Schernhammer E, Wisgrill L, Warth B. Understanding the Chemical Exposome During Fetal Development and Early Childhood: A Review. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:517-540. [PMID: 36202091 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051922-113350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Early human life is considered a critical window of susceptibility to external exposures. Infants are exposed to a multitude of environmental factors, collectively referred to as the exposome. The chemical exposome can be summarized as the sum of all xenobiotics that humans are exposed to throughout a lifetime. We review different exposure classes and routes that impact fetal and infant metabolism and the potential toxicological role of mixture effects. We also discuss the progress in human biomonitoring and present possiblemodels for studying maternal-fetal transfer. Data gaps on prenatal and infant exposure to xenobiotic mixtures are identified and include natural biotoxins, in addition to commonly reported synthetic toxicants, to obtain a more holistic assessment of the chemical exposome. We highlight the lack of large-scale studies covering a broad range of xenobiotics. Several recommendations to advance our understanding of the early-life chemical exposome and the subsequent impact on health outcomes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Krausová
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; , ,
| | - Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; , ,
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria
| | - Eva Schernhammer
- Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria.,Center for Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria.,Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; , , .,Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria
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22
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Singh J, Chhabra B, Raza A, Yang SH, Sandhu KS. Important wheat diseases in the US and their management in the 21st century. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1010191. [PMID: 36714765 PMCID: PMC9877539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is a crop of historical significance, as it marks the turning point of human civilization 10,000 years ago with its domestication. Due to the rapid increase in population, wheat production needs to be increased by 50% by 2050 and this growth will be mainly based on yield increases, as there is strong competition for scarce productive arable land from other sectors. This increasing demand can be further achieved using sustainable approaches including integrated disease pest management, adaption to warmer climates, less use of water resources and increased frequency of abiotic stress tolerances. Out of 200 diseases of wheat, 50 cause economic losses and are widely distributed. Each year, about 20% of wheat is lost due to diseases. Some major wheat diseases are rusts, smut, tan spot, spot blotch, fusarium head blight, common root rot, septoria blotch, powdery mildew, blast, and several viral, nematode, and bacterial diseases. These diseases badly impact the yield and cause mortality of the plants. This review focuses on important diseases of the wheat present in the United States, with comprehensive information of causal organism, economic damage, symptoms and host range, favorable conditions, and disease management strategies. Furthermore, major genetic and breeding efforts to control and manage these diseases are discussed. A detailed description of all the QTLs, genes reported and cloned for these diseases are provided in this review. This study will be of utmost importance to wheat breeding programs throughout the world to breed for resistance under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Singh
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Bhavit Chhabra
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Ali Raza
- College of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
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23
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Jian Y, Chen X, Ma H, Zhang C, Luo Y, Jiang J, Yin Y. Limonene formulation exhibited potential application in the control of mycelial growth and deoxynivalenol production in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1161244. [PMID: 37125209 PMCID: PMC10131186 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1161244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing grain from fungi and subsequent mycotoxins contamination has attracted notable attention. Present study demonstrated the limonene-formulated product Wetcit®, might be a biocontrol agent and potential alternative to synthetic fungicides to control Fusarium graminearum growth and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The limonene formulation exhibited antifungal activity against F. graminearum with the EC50 at 1.40 μl/ml, electron microscopy and staining analysis showed limonene formulation could significantly decrease the quantity, length and septa of conidia, caused hyphal break and shrink, damaged the structures of cell membrane, cell wall, vacuoles and organelles in the hypha. Further study revealed the antifungal and antitoxic mechanism of limonene formulation against F. graminearum, limonene formulation significantly inhibited the toxisome and DON formation, was associated with the down-regulation of trichothecenes biosynthesis genes expression and many energy metabolism pathways as well as the inhibition of lipid droplets, the disturbed energy homeostasis and intracellular structures might ultimately inhibit fungal growth and DON production. In addition, limonene formulation enhanced the antifungal activity of triazole fungicides tebuconazole and mefentrifluconazole against F. graminearum, indicated limonene formulation has valuable potential as a bio-alternative fungicide and eco-friendly compound preparation for the effective management of F. graminearum and DON contamination in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Jian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiqin Ma
- Oro Agri International Ltd, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhua Jiang, ; Yanni Yin,
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhua Jiang, ; Yanni Yin,
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24
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Lu Q, Guo P, Li H, Liu Y, Yuan L, Zhang B, Wu Q, Wang X. Targeting the lncMST-EPRS/HSP90AB1 complex as novel therapeutic strategy for T-2 toxin-induced growth retardation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114243. [PMID: 36332407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Growth retardation is a global public health problem that is highly prevalent especially in low-and middle-income countries, which is closely related to the consumption of grains contaminated with T-2 toxin, a risk for human and animal health. However, the possible targets that can relieve T-2 toxin-induced growth retardation still need to be explored. In the present study, T-2 toxin was used as an environmental exposure factor to induce growth retardation and further explore the regulatory role of lncRNA in growth retardation. The present study systematically characterised the expression profiles of lncRNAs and identified a lncRNA lncMST that is related to growth retardation in T-2 toxin-administered rats. Functionally, lncMST could alleviate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in T-2 toxin-treated GH3 cells. Mechanistically, lncMST, serve as an inducible chaperone RNA, involved in the paradigm "Chemical-induced stress related growth retardation", through recruiting the EPRS/HSP90AB1 complex to increase HDAC6 expression, thus further alleviating T-2 toxin-induced growth retardation. These findings for the first time demonstrate that the probable therapeutic relationship between lncMST and growth retardation, providing an explanation and therapeutic targets for the pathogenesis of growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Pu Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Houpeng Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Boyue Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China.
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25
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Rodríguez-González Á, Carro-Huerga G, Guerra M, Mayo-Prieto S, Porteous-Álvarez AJ, Lorenzana A, Campelo MP, Fernández-Marcos A, Casquero PA, Gutiérrez S. Spores of Trichoderma Strains over P. vulgaris Beans: Direct Effect on Insect Attacks and Indirect Effect on Agronomic Parameters. INSECTS 2022; 13:1086. [PMID: 36554996 PMCID: PMC9785720 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acanthoscelides obtectus is an insect pest that attacks wild and cultivated common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Four Trichoderma strains, the T. arundinaceum IBT 40837 wild-type strain (=Ta37), a producer of trichothecene harzianum A (HA), two transformants of T. arundinaceum strain, Ta37-17.139 (=Δtri17) and Ta37-23.74 (=Δtri23), and the T. brevicompactum IBT 40841 wild-type strain (=Tb41), which produces the trichothecene trichodermin, were assessed to establish their direct effect on insect attacks and their indirect effect on the plants grown from the beans treated with those fungal strains and exposed to insect attacks. Treatments of bean seeds with different Trichoderma strains led to different survival rates in the insects, and the Tb41 strain caused the lowest survival rate of all. An 86.10% of the insect cadavers (in contact with Δtri23) showed growth of this strain. This was the treatment that attracted the greatest number of insects. The daily emergence was reduced in beans treated with the Ta37, Tb41, and Δtri17 strains. The undamaged beans treated with Ta37 and Δtri23 showed a high capacity of germination (80.00% and 75.00%, respectively), whereas the Δtri17 and Tb41 treatments increased the capacity of germination in the damaged beans (66.67%). The undamaged beans treated with Δtri23 had the greatest dry weights for the aerial part (4.22 g) and root system in the plants (0.62 g). More studies on the mechanisms of insect control, plant growth promotion, and trichodermol and trichodermin production by Δtri23 and Tb41, respectively, should be explored in order to commercialize these fungal species on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Rodríguez-González
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Marcos Guerra
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Sara Mayo-Prieto
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alejandra Juana Porteous-Álvarez
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alicia Lorenzana
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - María Piedad Campelo
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alexia Fernández-Marcos
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio Casquero
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
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26
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Kushalappa AC, Hegde NG, Yogendra KN. Metabolic pathway genes for editing to enhance multiple disease resistance in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:705-722. [PMID: 36036859 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are one of the major constraints in commercial crop production. Genetic diversity in varieties is the best option to manage diseases. Molecular marker-assisted breeding has produced hundreds of varieties with good yields, but the resistance level is not satisfactory. With the advent of whole genome sequencing, genome editing is emerging as an excellent option to improve the inadequate traits in these varieties. Plants produce thousands of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, which as polymers and conjugates are deposited to reinforce the secondary cell walls to contain the pathogen to an initial infection area. The resistance metabolites or the structures produced from them by plants are either constitutive (CR) or induced (IR), following pathogen invasion. The production of each resistance metabolite is controlled by a network of biosynthetic R genes, which are regulated by a hierarchy of R genes. A commercial variety also has most of these R genes, as in resistant, but a few may be mutated (SNPs/InDels). A few mutated genes, in one or more metabolic pathways, depending on the host-pathogen interaction, can be edited, and stacked to increase resistance metabolites or structures produced by them, to achieve required levels of multiple pathogen resistance under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajjamada C Kushalappa
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Niranjan G Hegde
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Kalenahalli N Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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27
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Pilo P, Lawless C, Tiley AMM, Karki SJ, Burke JI, Feechan A. Comparison of microscopic and metagenomic approaches to identify cereal pathogens and track fungal spore release in the field. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1039090. [PMID: 36340419 PMCID: PMC9630935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1039090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the main staple food crops, and 775 million tonnes of wheat were produced worldwide in 2022. Fungal diseases such as Fusarium head blight, Septoria tritici blotch, spot blotch, tan spot, stripe rust, leaf rust, and powdery mildew cause serious yield losses in wheat and can impact quality. We aimed to investigate the incidence of spores from major fungal pathogens of cereals in the field by comparing microscopic and metagenomic based approaches for spore identification. Spore traps were set up in four geographically distinct UK wheat fields (Carnoustie, Angus; Bishop Burton, Yorkshire; Swindon, Wiltshire; and Lenham, Kent). Six major cereal fungal pathogen genera (Alternaria spp., Blumeria graminis, Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Puccinia spp., and Zymoseptoria spp.) were found using these techniques at all sites. Using metagenomic and BLAST analysis, 150 cereal pathogen species (33 different genera) were recorded on the spore trap tapes. The metagenomic BLAST analysis showed a higher accuracy in terms of species-specific identification than the taxonomic tool software Kraken2 or microscopic analysis. Microscopic data from the spore traps was subsequently correlated with weather data to examine the conditions which promote ascospore release of Fusarium spp. and Zymoseptoria spp. This revealed that Zymoseptoria spp. and Fusarium spp. ascospore release show a positive correlation with relative humidity (%RH). Whereas air temperature (°C) negatively affects Zymoseptoria spp. ascospore release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pilo
- School of Agriculture & Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Colleen Lawless
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Anna M. M. Tiley
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Sujit J. Karki
- School of Agriculture & Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - James I. Burke
- School of Agriculture & Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Angela Feechan
- School of Agriculture & Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geosciences, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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28
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Ben Hassouna K, Ben Salah-Abbès J, Chaieb K, Abbès S. Mycotoxins occurrence in milk and cereals in North African countries - a review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:619-635. [PMID: 36723615 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2157703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
North African countries; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia suffer from mycotoxin contamination. Various studies have indicated the presence of mycotoxins in raw milk and cereals (i.e. wheat, barley, maize and cereal-based products). Aflatoxins (AFs), Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), Ochratoxin A (OTA), Fumonisin (FB1) and Zearalenone (ZEN)-mycotoxin are the most detected due to climatic change in the region. In this review, we will present the kind of foods and feeds cereals and milk based products contaminated and the level of their contaminated mycotoxin. On the other hand, researchers try to find biologic methods to remove/mitigate mycotoxins in food and feed using bio-products. But the research works concerning legislations and mycotoxin risk assessment still rare. Therefore, it appears necessary to make review on the current status of mycotoxins in North African countries in order to explore data related to contamination of basic food in this region and to highlight the problem to the policy-makers to establish a serious legislation on this matter. On the other hand, to give more information to the worldwide readers about the impact of climate change on the food and feed pollution on mycotoxins in the Mediterranean Sea region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Ben Hassouna
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,High Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
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29
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Li SJ, Zhang G, Xue B, Ding Q, Han L, Huang JC, Wu F, Li C, Yang C. Toxicity and detoxification of T-2 toxin in poultry. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113392. [PMID: 36044934 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the updated knowledge on the toxicity of T-2 on poultry, followed by potential strategies for detoxification of T-2 in poultry diet. The toxic effects of T-2 on poultry include cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, metabolism modulation, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, skeletal toxicity, nephrotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, etc. Cytotoxicity is the primary toxicity of T-2, characterized by inhibiting protein and nucleic acid synthesis, altering the cell cycle, inducing oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrosis, which lead to damages of immune organs, liver, digestive tract, bone, kidney, etc., resulting in pathological changes and impaired physiological functions of these organs. Glutathione redox system, superoxide dismutase, catalase and autophagy are protective mechanisms against oxidative stress and apoptosis, and can compensate the pathological changes and physiological functions impaired by T-2 to some degree. T-2 detoxifying agents for poultry feeds include adsorbing agents (e.g., aluminosilicate-based clays and microbial cell wall), biotransforming agents (e.g., Eubacterium sp. BBSH 797 strain), and indirect detoxifying agents (e.g., plant-derived antioxidants). These T-2 detoxifying agents could alleviate different pathological changes to different degrees, and multi-component T-2 detoxifying agents can likely provide more comprehensive protection against the toxicity of T-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ji Li
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China.
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bin Xue
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Qiaoling Ding
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Jian-Chu Huang
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Fuhai Wu
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Chonggao Li
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Chunmin Yang
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China.
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Zhang J, Liu X, Su Y, Li T. An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10012. [PMID: 35928103 PMCID: PMC9344027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally produced secondary metabolites or low molecular organic compounds produced by fungus with high diversification, which cause mycotoxicosis (food contamination) in humans and animals. T-2 toxin is simply one of the metabolites belonging to fungi trichothecene mycotoxin. Specifically, Trichothecenes-2 (T-2) mycotoxin of genus fusarium is considered one of the most hotspot agricultural commodities and carcinogenic compounds worldwide. There are well-known examples of salmonellosis in mice and pigs, necrotic enteritis in chickens, catfish enteric septicemia and colibacillosis in pigs as T-2 toxic agent. On the other hand, it has shown a significant reduction in the Salmonella population's aptitude in the pig intestinal tract. Although the impact of the excess Fusarium contaminants on humans in creating infectious illness is less well-known, some toxins are harmful; for example, salmonellosis and colibacillosis have been frequently observed in humans. More than 20 different metabolites are synthesized and excreted after ingestion, but the T-2 toxin is one of the most protuberant metabolites. Less absorption of mycotoxins in intestinal tract results in biotransformation of toxic metabolites into less toxic variants. In addition to these, effects of microbiota on harmful mycotoxins are not limited to intestinal tract, it may harm the other human vital organs. However, detoxification of microbiota is considered as an alternative way to decontaminate the feed for both animals and humans. These transformations of toxic metabolites depend upon the formation of metabolites. This study is complete in all perspectives regarding interactions between microbiota and mycotoxins, their mechanism and practical applications based on experimental studies.
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Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Soszczyńska E, Rau J, Baschien C, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. Production of Satratoxin G and H Is Tightly Linked to Sporulation in Stachybotrys chartarum. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:515. [PMID: 36006177 PMCID: PMC9413001 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored forage. Macrocyclic trichothecenes and in particular satratoxins are the most potent mycotoxins known to be produced by this fungus. Exposure of humans or animals to these secondary metabolites can be associated with severe health problems. To assess the pathogenic potential of S. chartarum isolates, it is essential to cultivate them under conditions that reliably promote toxin production. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was reported to be the optimal nutrition medium for satratoxin production. In this study, the growth of S. chartarum genotype S strains on PDA from two manufacturers led to divergent results, namely, well-grown and sporulating cultures with high satratoxin concentrations (20.8 ± 0.4 µg/cm2) versus cultures with sparse sporulation and low satratoxin production (0.3 ± 0.1 µg/cm2). This finding is important for any attempt to identify toxigenic S. chartarum isolates. Further experiments performed with the two media provided strong evidence for a link between satratoxin production and sporulation. A comparison of three-point and one-point cultures grown on the two types of PDA, furthermore, demonstrated an inter-colony communication that influences both sporulation and mycotoxin production of S. chartarum genotype S strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Tribelhorn
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.T.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85–064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (E.S.)
| | - Ewelina Soszczyńska
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85–064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (E.S.)
| | - Jörg Rau
- Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany;
| | - Christiane Baschien
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Reinhard K. Straubinger
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.T.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Frank Ebel
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.T.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.T.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
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Effect of Compactin on the Mycotoxin Production and Expression of Related Biosynthetic and Regulatory Genes in Toxigenic Fusarium culmorum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071347. [PMID: 35889066 PMCID: PMC9318162 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium fungi. They contaminate agricultural products and negatively influence human and animal health, thus representing a serious problem of the agricultural industry. Earlier we showed that compactin, a secondary metabolite of Penicillium citrinum, is able to completely suppress the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus. Using the F. culmorum strain FC-19 able to produce DON and ZEN, we demonstrated that compactin also significantly suppressed both DON (99.3%) and ZEN (100%) biosynthesis. The possible mechanisms of this suppression were elucidated by qPCR-based analysis of expression levels of 48 biosynthetic and regulatory genes. Expression of eight of 13 TRI genes, including TRI4, TRI5, and TRI101, was completely suppressed. A significant down-regulation was revealed for the TRI10, TRI9, and TRI14 genes. TRI15 was the only up-regulated gene from the TRI cluster. In the case of the ZEN cluster, almost complete suppression was observed for PKS4, PKS13, and ZEB1 genes, and the balance between two ZEB2 isoforms was altered. Among regulatory genes, an increased expression of GPA1 and GPA2 genes encoding α- and β-subunits of a G-protein was shown, whereas eight genes were down-regulated. The obtained results suggest that the main pathway for a compactin-related inhibition of the DON and ZEN biosynthesis affects the transcription of genes involved in the G-protein-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. The revealed gene expression data may provide a better understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying mycotoxin production and its regulation.
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Xu R, Kiarie EG, Yiannikouris A, Sun L, Karrow NA. Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:69. [PMID: 35672806 PMCID: PMC9175326 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are commonly detected as natural contaminants in agricultural commodities worldwide. Mycotoxin exposure can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans when found in animal feeds and food products, and at lower concentrations can affect animal performance by disrupting nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and animal physiology. Thus, mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a significant issue to the livestock industry and is a health threat to food animals. Since prevention of mycotoxin formation is difficult to undertake to avoid contamination, mitigation strategies are needed. This review explores how the mycotoxins aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A impose nutritional and metabolic effects on food animals and summarizes mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of mycotoxicity.
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Hafez M, Gourlie R, Telfer M, Schatz N, Turkington TK, Beres B, Aboukhaddour R. Diversity of Fusarium spp. Associated with Wheat Node and Grain in Representative Sites Across the Western Canadian Prairies. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1003-1015. [PMID: 34818906 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0241-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) are major wheat diseases. Populations of FHB and FCRR pathogens are highly dynamic, and shifts in these populations in different regions is reported. Analyzing fungal populations associated with wheat node and grain tissues collected from different regions can provide useful information and predict diseases that might affect subsequent crops and effective disease management practices. In this study, wheat node and grain samples were collected from four representative sites across the western Canadian prairies in the 2018 growing season to characterize the major Fusarium spp. and other mycobiota associated with wheat in these regions. In total, 994 fungal isolates were recovered, and based on culture and molecular diagnostic methods, three genera constituted over 90% of all fungal isolates, namely Alternaria (39.6%), Fusarium (27.8%), and Parastagonospora (23.9%). A quantitative PCR (qPCR) diagnostic toolkit was developed to quantify the most frequently isolated Fusarium spp. in infected wheat tissues: Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. poae. This qPCR specificity was validated in silico, in vitro, and in planta and proved specific to the target species. The qPCR results showed that F. graminearum was not detected frequently from wheat node and grain samples collected from four locations in this study. F. poae was the most abundant Fusarium species in grain samples in all tested locations. However, in node samples, F. culmorum (Beaverlodge and Scott) and F. avenaceum (Lacombe and Lethbridge) were the most abundant species. Trichothecene genotyping showed that the 3ADON is the most dominant trichothecene genotype (68%), followed by type-A trichothecenes (29.5%), whereas the 15ADON trichothecene genotype was least dominant (2.5%) and the NIV genotype was not detected. Moreover, a total of 129 translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1α) sequences from nine Fusarium spp. were compared at the haplotype level to evaluate genetic variability and distribution. F. avenaceum and F. poae exhibited higher diversity as reflected by higher number of haplotypes present in these two species compared with the rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hafez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Ryan Gourlie
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Melissa Telfer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Nicola Schatz
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Thomas K Turkington
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Center, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1V7, Canada
| | - Brian Beres
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Reem Aboukhaddour
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
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Computational Strategy for Minimizing Mycotoxins in Cereal Crops: Assessment of the Biological Activity of Compounds Resulting from Virtual Screening. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082582. [PMID: 35458779 PMCID: PMC9025057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cereal crops are frequently affected by toxigenic Fusarium species, among which the most common and worrying in Europe are Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. These species are the causal agents of grain contamination with type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins. To help reduce the use of synthetic fungicides while guaranteeing low mycotoxin levels, there is an urgent need to develop new, efficient and environmentally-friendly plant protection solutions. Previously, F. graminearum proteins that could serve as putative targets to block the fungal spread and toxin production were identified and a virtual screening undertaken. Here, two selected compounds, M1 and M2, predicted, respectively, as the top compounds acting on the trichodiene synthase, a key enzyme of TCTB biosynthesis, and the 24-sterol-C-methyltransferase, a protein involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, were submitted for biological tests. Corroborating in silico predictions, M1 was shown to significantly inhibit TCTB yield by a panel of strains. Results were less obvious with M2 that induced only a slight reduction in fungal biomass. To go further, seven M1 analogs were assessed, which allowed evidencing of the physicochemical properties crucial for the anti-mycotoxin activity. Altogether, our results provide the first evidence of the promising potential of computational approaches to discover new anti-mycotoxin solutions
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Duffeck MR, Bandara AY, Weerasooriya DK, Collins AA, Jensen PJ, Kuldau GA, Del Ponte EM, Esker PD. Fusarium Head Blight of Small Grains in Pennsylvania: Unravelling Species Diversity, Toxin Types, Growth, and Triazole Sensitivity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:794-802. [PMID: 34491794 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-21-0070-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main causal species of Fusarium head blight (FHB) globally. Recent changes in the trichothecene (toxin) types in the North American FHB pathogens support the need for continued surveillance. In this study, 461 isolates were obtained from symptomatic spikes of wheat, spelt, barley, and rye crops during 2018 and 2019. These were all identified to species and toxin types using molecular-based approaches. An additional set of 77 F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering crop residues during winter 2012 were molecularly identified to toxin types. A subset of 31 F. graminearum isolates (15 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol [15ADON] and 16 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol [3ADON]) were assessed for mycelial growth, macroconidia, perithecia, and ascospore production, and sensitivity to two triazoles. Ninety percent of isolates obtained from the symptomatic spikes (n = 418) belonged to F. graminearum, with four other species found at a lower frequency (n = 39). The F. graminearum isolates from symptomatic spikes were mainly of the 15ADON (95%), followed by 3ADON (4%), nivalenol (0.7%), and NX-2 (0.3%) toxin types. All F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering residue were of the 15ADON type. The toxin types could not be differentiated based on the multivariate analysis of growth and reproduction traits. All isolates were sensitive to tebuconazole and metconazole fungicides in vitro. This study confirms the dominance of F. graminearum and suggests ecological and environmental factors, to be further identified, that lead to similar composition of toxin types in the northern United States. Our results may be useful to assess the sustainability of FHB management practices and provide a baseline for future FHB surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra R Duffeck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ananda Y Bandara
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
| | - Dilooshi K Weerasooriya
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
| | - Alyssa A Collins
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
- Southeast Agricultural Research and Extension Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Manheim 17545, U.S.A
| | - Philip J Jensen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
| | - Gretchen A Kuldau
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
| | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Paul D Esker
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
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Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, Baschien C, Kosicki R, Twarużek M, Straubinger RK, Ebel F. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:340. [PMID: 35448571 PMCID: PMC9027890 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys chartarum is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored animal forage. Human and animal exposure to the secondary metabolites of this mold is linked to severe health effects. The mutually exclusive production of either satratoxins or atranones defines the chemotypes A and S. Based upon the genes (satratoxin cluster, SC1-3, sat or atranone cluster, AC1, atr) that are supposed to be essential for satratoxin and atranone production, S. chartarum can furthermore be divided into three genotypes: the S-type possessing all sat- but no atr-genes, the A-type lacking the sat- but harboring all atr-genes, and the H-type having only certain sat- and all atr-genes. We analyzed the above-mentioned gene clusters and their flanking regions to shed light on the evolutionary relationship. Furthermore, we performed a deep re-sequencing and LC-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis. We propose a first model for the evolution of the S. chartarum genotypes. We assume that genotype H represents the most ancient form. A loss of the AC1 and the concomitant acquisition of the SC2 led to the emergence of the genotype S. According to our model, the genotype H also developed towards genotype A, a process that was accompanied by a loss of SC1 and SC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.L.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Katharina Lang
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.L.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Ludwig Niessen
- Chair of Microbiology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Christiane Baschien
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Reinhard K. Straubinger
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.L.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Frank Ebel
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.L.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
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Taucher E, Mykoliuk I, Lindenmann J, Smolle-Juettner FM. Implications of the Immune Landscape in COPD and Lung Cancer: Smoking Versus Other Causes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846605. [PMID: 35386685 PMCID: PMC8978964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is reported in about one third of adults worldwide. A strong relationship between cigarette smoke exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as lung cancer has been proven. However, about 15% of lung cancer cases, and between one fourth and one third of COPD cases, occur in never-smokers. The effects of cigarette smoke on the innate as well as the adaptive immune system have been widely investigated. It is assumed that certain immunologic features contribute to lung cancer and COPD development in the absence of smoking as the major risk factor. In this article, we review different immunological aspects of lung cancer and COPD with a special focus on non-smoking related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Taucher
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Iurii Mykoliuk
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joerg Lindenmann
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Nwozo S, Odongo GA, Eseoghene IJ, Twinomuhwezi H, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Adeleye AO, Okpala COR. Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030167. [PMID: 35324664 PMCID: PMC8949390 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are well established toxic metabolic entities produced when fungi invade agricultural/farm produce, and this happens especially when the conditions are favourable. Exposure to mycotoxins can directly take place via the consumption of infected foods and feeds; humans can also be indirectly exposed from consuming animals fed with infected feeds. Among the hundreds of mycotoxins known to humans, around a handful have drawn the most concern because of their occurrence in food and severe effects on human health. The increasing public health importance of mycotoxins across human and livestock environments mandates the continued review of the relevant literature, especially with regard to understanding their toxicological mechanisms. In particular, our analysis of recently conducted reviews showed that the toxicological mechanisms of mycotoxins deserve additional attention to help provide enhanced understanding regarding this subject matter. For this reason, this current work reviewed the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms involving humans, livestock, and their associated health concerns. In particular, we have deepened our understanding about how the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms impact on the human cellular genome. Along with the significance of mycotoxin toxicities and their toxicological mechanisms, there are associated health concerns arising from exposures to these toxins, including DNA damage, kidney damage, DNA/RNA mutations, growth impairment in children, gene modifications, and immune impairment. More needs to be done to enhance the understanding regards the mechanisms underscoring the environmental implications of mycotoxins, which can be actualized via risk assessment studies into the conditions/factors facilitating mycotoxins’ toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaza Godseill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.A.); (C.O.R.O.)
| | - Erick Nyakundi Ondari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Sarah Nwozo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Grace Akinyi Odongo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Ifie Josiah Eseoghene
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | | | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Anjani K. Upadhyay
- Heredity Healthcare & Lifesciences, 206-KIIT TBI, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
| | - Ademiku O. Adeleye
- Faith Heroic Generation, No. 36 Temidire Street, Azure 340251, Ondo State, Nigeria;
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Department of Functional Foods Product Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (C.G.A.); (C.O.R.O.)
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Machado FJ, de Barros AV, McMaster N, Schmale DG, Vaillancourt LJ, Del Ponte EM. Aggressiveness and Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium meridionale Compared with F. graminearum on Maize Ears and Stalks in the Field. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:271-277. [PMID: 34142851 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0149-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium meridionale and F. graminearum both cause Gibberella ear rot (GER) and Gibberella stalk rot (GSR) of maize in Brazil, but the former is much more common. Recent work with two isolates of each from maize suggested this dominance could be caused by greater aggressiveness and competitiveness of F. meridionale on maize. We evaluated pathogenicity and toxigenicity of 16 isolates of F. graminearum and 24 isolates of F. meridionale recovered from both wheat and maize. Strains were individually inoculated into ears of four maize hybrids in field trials. GER severity varied significantly between isolates within each species. Although ranges overlapped, the average GER severity induced by F. meridionale (25.2%) was two times as high overall as that induced by F. graminearum (12.8%) for isolates obtained from maize but was similar for those isolated from wheat (19.9 and 21.4%, respectively). In contrast, severity of GSR was slightly higher for F. graminearum (22.2%) than for F. meridionale (19.8%), with no effect of the host of origin. Deoxynivalenol and its acetylated form 15ADON were the main mycotoxins produced by F. graminearum (7/16 strains), and nivalenol toxin was produced by F. meridionale (17/24 strains). Six isolates of F. graminearum and three of F. meridionale also produced zearalenone. Results confirmed that F. meridionale from maize is, on average, more aggressive on maize but also suggested greater complexity related to diversity among the isolates within each species and their interactions with different hybrids. Further studies involving other components of the disease cycle are needed to more fully explain observed patterns of host dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin J Machado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - Aline V de Barros
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Nicole McMaster
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | | | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Liu L, Xie M, Wei D. Biological Detoxification of Mycotoxins: Current Status and Future Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031064. [PMID: 35162993 PMCID: PMC8835436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by fungi that pose a huge threat to human and animal health. Contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide issue, which leads to huge financial losses, annually. Decades of research have developed various approaches to degrade mycotoxins, among which the biological methods have been proved to have great potential and advantages. This review provides an overview on the important advances in the biological removal of mycotoxins over the last decade. Here, we provided further insight into the chemical structures and the toxicity of the main mycotoxins. The innovative strategies including mycotoxin degradation by novel probiotics are summarized in an in-depth discussion on potentialities and limitations. We prospected the promising future for the development of multifunctional approaches using recombinant enzymes and microbial consortia for the simultaneous removal of multiple mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mei Xie
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Dong Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8711-3849
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Sun Z, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Jiang N, Hu S, Li L, Li T. tRNA-derived fragments from wheat are potentially involved in susceptibility to Fusarium head blight. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:3. [PMID: 34979923 PMCID: PMC8722339 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating fungal disease of wheat. The mechanism underlying F. graminearum-wheat interaction remains largely unknown. tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are RNase-dependent small RNAs derived from tRNAs, and they have not been reported in wheat yet, and whether tRFs are involved in wheat-F. graminearum interactions remains unknown. RESULTS Herein, small RNAs from the spikelets inoculated with F. graminearum and mock from an FHB-susceptible variety Chinese Spring (CS) and an FHB-resistant variety Sumai3 (SM) were sequenced respectively. A total of 1249 putative tRFs were identified, in which 15 tRFs was CS-specific and 12 SM-specific. Compared with mock inoculation, 39 tRFs were significantly up-regulated across both wheat varieties after F. graminearum challenge and only nine tRFs were significantly down-regulated. tRFGlu, tRFLys and tRFThr were dramatically induced by F. graminearum infection, with significantly higher fold changes in CS than those in SM. The expression patterns of the three highly induced tRFs were further validated by stem-loop qRT-PCR. The accumulation of tRFs were closely related to ribonucleases T2 family members, which were induced by F. graminearum challenge. The tRFs' targets in host were predicted and were validated by RNA sequencing. CONCLUSION Integrative analysis of the differentially expressed tRFs and their candidate targets indicated that tRFGlu, tRFLys and tRFThr might negatively regulate wheat resistance to FHB. Our results unvealed the potential roles of tRFs in wheat-F. graminearum interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yilei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sijia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Rajendran P, Elsawy H, Sedky A, Alfwuaires M. Ruscogenin protects against deoxynivalenol-Induced hepatic injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis through the Nrf2 signaling pathway: An In vitro study. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 10:207-215. [PMID: 36247053 PMCID: PMC9555037 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_725_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin with demonstrated cytotoxicity in several cell lines and animals, primarily owing to inflammation and reactive oxygen species accumulation. Ruscogenin (RGN), a steroidal sapogenin of Radix Ophiopogon japonicus, has significant anti-thrombotic/anti-inflammatory effects. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the protective role of RGN against DON-induced oxidative stress, which occurs through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and is regulated by phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT). Methods: The effects were examined using the HepG2 cell line. RGN and DON were suspended in serum-free medium. Cells were seeded onto plates, and then RGN, DON, or both were added over 24 h in triplicates for each group. Results: RGN conferred protection against DON-exhibited cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. RGN pretreatment downregulated the expression of DON-induced TNF-α and COX-2 and the formation of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. RGN upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and its antioxidant proteins as well as mRNA levels of HO-1/NQO-1/HO-1/Nrf2. Similarly, treatment with DON + RGN resulted in upregulation of the pI3K/pAKT signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, RGN was also found to inhibit the DON-induced apoptosis by upregulating the levels of cleaved proteins and downregulating the expression of Bcl2. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that RGN suppresses hepatic cell injury induced by oxidative stress through Nrf2 via activation of the pI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Todorova K, Georgieva A, Milcheva R, Ivanov D, Kalkanov I. Cytotoxicity of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on mammalian and avian cell lines. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are mycotoxins that occur in grains and can lead to acute and chronic poisoning in animals and humans. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene affecting protein synthesis, immune system, leading to brain, blood and kidney disorders. The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxicity and the pathological effects of DON in short-term experiments on cells from non-tumour and tumour permanent cell lines and to compare their sensitivity. Cell cultivation of BALB/c 3T3, DEC 99, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and Hela cells was performed. Quantitative and qualitative methods evaluating cytotoxicity on the base of statistical and morphological analyses for determining the impact on the viability and proliferative activity were used: Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity test, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and fluorescence microscopy. The cytotoxic effect of DON was assessed after an exposure period of 24 h. DON treatment induced significant alterations in the growth and morphology of the cells, involving early and late apoptosis and necrosis signs. Statistically significant decrease of the viability of all cell lines was established at concentrations of DON starting from 1.9 µg/mL to 3.7 µg/mL, the mean IC50 concentrations were calculated. According to the IC50 values the hierarchical order of cell lines’ sensitivity was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Todorova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Mu-seum – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A. Georgieva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Mu-seum – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - R. Milcheva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Mu-seum – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - D. Ivanov
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Mu-seum – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Kalkanov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Мedicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Kamle M, Gupta A, Sharma B, Panda BK, Srivastava S, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Pandey AK, Suthar P, Arora S, Kumar A, Gamlath S, Bharti A, Kumar P. Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies. Toxicon 2022; 208:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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MicroRNA-21-5p Reduces Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Neuronal Cell Damage through Negative Regulation of CPEB3. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:5543212. [PMID: 34900520 PMCID: PMC8660214 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5543212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore the role of microRNA-21-5p (miR-21-5p) in hypoxia/reoxygenation- (H/R-) induced HT22 cell damage. Methods The hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model was established in mouse neuronal cells HT22. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and qRT-PCR were used to determine the effects of H/R treatment on cell viability and miR-21-5p expression. HT22 cells were transfected with miR-21-5p mimic or negative control (NC) followed by the induction of H/R; cell viability, apoptosis, and SOD, MDA, and LDH activities were detected. Besides, the apoptosis-related proteins including BAX, BCL2, cleaved caspase-3, and caspase-3 as well as proteins of EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways were measured by Western blot. To verify the target relation between cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3 (CPEB3) and miR-21-5p, luciferase reporter gene experiment was performed. After cotransfection with miR-21-5p mimic and CPEB3 plasmids, the reversal effects of CPEB3 on miR-21-5p in H/R damage were studied. Results H/R treatment could significantly reduce the cell viability (P < 0.05) and miR-21-5p levels (P < 0.05) in HT22 cells. After overexpressing miR-21-5p, cell viability was increased (P < 0.05) under H/R treatment, and the apoptosis rate and the levels of apoptosis-related proteins were suppressed (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, SOD activity was increased (P < 0.05), while MDA and LDH activity was decreased (both P < 0.05). Besides, miR-21-5p could restore the activation of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibited by H/R treatment (all P < 0.05). The luciferase reporter gene experiment verified that CPEB3 is the target of miR-21-5p (P < 0.05). When coexpressing miR-21-5p mimic and CPEB3 in the cells, the protective effects of miR-21-5p under H/R were reversed (all P < 0.05), and the activation of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway was also inhibited (all P < 0.05). Conclusion This study showed that miR-21-5p may regulate the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by targeting CPEB3 to reduce H/R-induced cell damage and apoptosis.
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Hafez M, Abdelmagid A, Aboukhaddour R, Adam LR, Daayf F. Fusarium Root Rot Complex in Soybean: Molecular Characterization, Trichothecene Formation, and Cross-Pathogenicity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2287-2302. [PMID: 33938238 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is threatened by many pathogens that negatively affect this crop's yield and quality, such as various Fusarium species that cause wilting and root rot diseases. Fusarium root rot (FRR) in soybean can be caused by F. graminearum and other Fusarium spp. that are associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals. Therefore, it was important to inquire whether Fusarium pathogens from soybean can cause disease in wheat and vice versa. Here, we investigated the FRR complex in Manitoba (Canada) from symptomatic plants, using both culture- and molecular-based methods. We developed a molecular diagnostic toolkit to detect and differentiate between several Fusarium spp. involved in FHB and FRR, then we evaluated cross-pathogenicity of selected Fusarium isolates collected from soybean and wheat, and the results indicate that isolates recovered from one host can infect the other host. Trichothecene production by selected Fusarium spp. was also analyzed chemically via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in both soybean (root) and wheat (spike) tissues. Trichothecenes were also analyzed in soybean seeds from plants with FRR to check the potentiality of trichothecene translocation from infected roots to the seeds. All of the tested Fusarium isolates were capable of producing trichothecenes in wheat spikes and soybean roots, but no trichothecenes were detected in soybean seeds. This study provided evidence, for the first time, that trichothecenes were produced by several Fusarium spp. (F. cerealis, F. culmorum, and F. sporotrichioides) during FRR development in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hafez
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelmagid
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Reem Aboukhaddour
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lorne R Adam
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Fouad Daayf
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
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Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212269. [PMID: 34830149 PMCID: PMC8619365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the role of mold and mycotoxins in the development of immune diseases. While the induction of allergic immune responses by molds is generally acknowledged, other direct health effects like the toxic mold syndrome are controversially discussed. However, recent observations indicate a particular importance of mold/mycotoxin exposure in individuals with pre-existing dysregulation of the immune system, due to exacerbation of underlying pathophysiology including allergic and non-allergic chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. In this review, we focus on the impact of mycotoxins regarding their impact on disease progression in pre-existing immune dysregulation. This is complemented by experimental in vivo and in vitro findings to present cellular and molecular modes of action. Furthermore, we discuss hypothetical mechanisms of action, where evidence is missing since much remains to be discovered.
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Ekwomadu TI, Akinola SA, Mwanza M. Fusarium Mycotoxins, Their Metabolites (Free, Emerging, and Masked), Food Safety Concerns, and Health Impacts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11741. [PMID: 34831498 PMCID: PMC8618243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The genus Fusarium produces a number of mycotoxins of diverse chemical structures. Fusariotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi of the genus Fusarium. The important and commonly encountered fusariotoxins are trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Fusarium mycotoxins pose varying toxicities to humans and/or animals after consumption of contaminated grain. They can cause acute or chronic illness and, in some cases, death. For instance, a range of Fusarium mycotoxins can alter different intestinal defense mechanisms, such as the epithelial integrity, cell proliferation, mucus layer, immunoglobulins, and cytokine production. Of recent concern is the occurrence of emerging and masked Fusarium mycotoxins in agricultural commodities, which may contribute to toxic health effects, although the metabolic fate of masked mycotoxins still remains a matter of scientific discussion. These mycotoxins have attracted attention worldwide because of their impact on human and animal health, animal productivity, and the associated economic losses. In this paper, we review Fusarium mycotoxins and their metabolites with the aim of summarizing the baseline information on the types, occurrence, and health impacts of these mycotoxins in order to encourage much-needed research on integrated management of this unavoidable food contaminant as concerns for food safety continues to grow worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora I. Ekwomadu
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture, Sciences, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.A.A.); (M.M.)
- Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Stephen A. Akinola
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture, Sciences, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.A.A.); (M.M.)
- Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture, Sciences, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.A.A.); (M.M.)
- Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Arabidopsis P4 ATPase-mediated cell detoxification confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum and Verticillium dahliae. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6426. [PMID: 34741039 PMCID: PMC8571369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many toxic secondary metabolites produced by phytopathogens can subvert host immunity, and some of them are recognized as pathogenicity factors. Fusarium head blight and Verticillium wilt are destructive plant diseases worldwide. Using toxins produced by the causal fungi Fusarium graminearum and Verticillium dahliae as screening agents, here we show that the Arabidopsis P4 ATPases AtALA1 and AtALA7 are responsible for cellular detoxification of mycotoxins. Through AtALA1-/AtALA7-mediated vesicle transport, toxins are sequestered in vacuoles for degradation. Overexpression of AtALA1 and AtALA7 significantly increases the resistance of transgenic plants to F. graminearum and V. dahliae, respectively. Notably, the concentration of deoxynivalenol, a mycotoxin harmful to the health of humans and animals, was decreased in transgenic Arabidopsis siliques and maize seeds. This vesicle-mediated cell detoxification process provides a strategy to increase plant resistance against different toxin-associated diseases and to reduce the mycotoxin contamination in food and feed.
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