1
|
Dar W. Aspartame-induced cognitive dysfunction: Unveiling role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and molecular remediation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112295. [PMID: 38776852 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, is consumed by millions of people globally. There are multiple reports of aspartame and its metabolites affecting cognitive functions in animal models and humans, which include learning problems, headaches, seizures, migraines, irritable moods, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. These cognitive deficits and associated symptoms are partly attributed to dysregulated excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter balance due to aspartate released from aspartame, resulting in an excitotoxic effect in neurons, leading to neuronal damage. However, microglia, a central immunocompetent cell type in brain tissue and a significant player in inflammation can contribute to the impact. Microglia rapidly respond to changes in CNS homeostasis. Aspartame consumption might affect the microglia phenotype directly via methanol-induced toxic effects and indirectly via aspartic acid-mediated excitotoxicity, exacerbating symptoms of cognitive decline. Long-term oral consumption of aspartame thus might change microglia's phenotype from ramified to activated, resulting in chronic or sustained activation, releasing excess pro-inflammatory molecules. This pro-inflammatory surge might lead to the degeneration of healthy neurons and other glial cells, impairing cognition. This review will deliberate on possible links and research gaps that need to be explored concerning aspartame consumption, ecotoxicity and microglia-mediated inflammatory cognitive impairment. The study covers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of aspartame consumption on cognitive function, considering both direct and indirect effects, including the involvement of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. We also propose a novel intervention strategy involving tryptophan supplementation to mitigate cognitive decline symptoms in individuals with prolonged aspartame consumption, providing a potential solution to address the adverse effects of aspartame on cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Dar
- Translational Neurobiology and Disease Modelling Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, 201314, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hou Y, Liu X, Qin Y, Hou Y, Hou J, Wu Q, Xu W. Zebrafish as model organisms for toxicological evaluations in the field of food science. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3481-3505. [PMID: 37458294 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Food safety has long been an area of concern. The selection of stable and efficient model organisms is particularly important for food toxicology studies. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are small model vertebrates, and 70% of human genes have at least one zebrafish ortholog. Zebrafish have advantages as model organisms due to their short life cycle, strong reproductive ability, easy rearing, and low cost. Zebrafish embryos have the advantage of being sensitive to the breeding environment and thus have been used as biosensors. Zebrafish and their embryos have been widely used for food toxicology assessments. This review provides a systematic and comprehensive summary of food toxicology studies using zebrafish as model organisms. First, we briefly introduce the multidimensional mechanisms and structure-activity relationship studies of food toxicological assessment. Second, we categorize these studies according to eight types of hazards in foods, including mycotoxins, pesticides, antibiotics, heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, food additives, nanoparticles, and other food-related ingredients. Finally, we list the applications of zebrafish in food toxicology studies in line with future research prospects, aiming to provide a valuable reference for researchers in the field of food science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Xixia Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Yanlin Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Yaoyao Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Jianjun Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ko AMS, Tu HP, Ko YC. Systematic Review of Roles of Arecoline and Arecoline N-Oxide in Oral Cancer and Strategies to Block Carcinogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:1208. [PMID: 37190117 PMCID: PMC10137008 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel quid and areca nut are complex mixture carcinogens, but little is known about whether their derived single-agent arecoline or arecoline N-oxide (ANO) is carcinogenic, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this systematic review, we analyzed recent studies on the roles of arecoline and ANO in cancer and strategies to block carcinogenesis. In the oral cavity, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 oxidizes arecoline to ANO, and both alkaloids conjugate with N-acetylcysteine to form mercapturic acid compounds, which are excreted in urine, reducing arecoline and ANO toxicity. However, detoxification may not be complete. Arecoline and ANO upregulated protein expression in oral cancer tissue from areca nut users compared to expression levels in adjacent normal tissue, suggesting a causal relationship between these compounds and oral cancer. Sublingual fibrosis, hyperplasia, and oral leukoplakia were diagnosed in mice subjected to oral mucosal smearing of ANO. ANO is more cytotoxic and genotoxic than arecoline. During carcinogenesis and metastasis, these compounds increase the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducers such as reactive oxygen species, transforming growth factor-β1, Notch receptor-1, and inflammatory cytokines, and they activate EMT-related proteins. Arecoline-induced epigenetic markers such as sirtuin-1 hypermethylation, low protein expression of miR-22, and miR-886-3-p accelerate oral cancer progression. Antioxidants and targeted inhibitors of the EMT inducers used reduce the risk of oral cancer development and progression. Our review findings substantiate the association of arecoline and ANO with oral cancer. Both of these single compounds are likely carcinogenic to humans, and their mechanisms and pathways of carcinogenesis are useful indicators for cancer therapy and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Min-Shan Ko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Health Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Tu
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2 Yu-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Liang X, Guo X. Global distribution and potential risks of artificial sweeteners (ASs) with widespread contaminant in the environment: The latest advancements and future development. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
5
|
Lei P, Chen H, Ma J, Fang Y, Qu L, Yang Q, Peng B, Zhang X, Jin L, Sun D. Research progress on extraction technology and biomedical function of natural sugar substitutes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:952147. [PMID: 36034890 PMCID: PMC9414081 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.952147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved human material living standards have resulted in a continuous increase in the rate of obesity caused by excessive sugar intake. Consequently, the number of diabetic patients has skyrocketed, not only resulting in a global health problem but also causing huge medical pressure on the government. Limiting sugar intake is a serious problem in many countries worldwide. To this end, the market for sugar substitute products, such as artificial sweeteners and natural sugar substitutes (NSS), has begun to rapidly grow. In contrast to controversial artificial sweeteners, NSS, which are linked to health concepts, have received particular attention. This review focuses on the extraction technology and biomedical function of NSS, with a view of generating insights to improve extraction for its large-scale application. Further, we highlight research progress in the use of NSS as food for special medical purpose (FSMP) for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Lei
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haojie Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yimen Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linkai Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo W, Li J, Liu Q, Shi J, Gao Y. Tracking the fate of artificial sweeteners within the coastal waters of Shenzhen city, China: From wastewater treatment plants to sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125498. [PMID: 33667807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners (ASs), as a new emerging pollutant, the fate from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to sea is growing concerned. In this study, the distribution and polluted loading of six typical ASs were analyzed based on the measurement in influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, tertiary effluent, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sludge from four WWTPs and receiving waters near the coast of Shenzhen city, China. Elevated levels of ASs were detected in WWTPs located near a highly populated area (about 14,000 people km-2). Sucralose was predominant in all water samples (0.1-22.2 μg L-1), and had a 1.6-704.0 times higher concentration than the means of other ASs detected. Aspartame were mainly distributed in SPM and sludge, and the fractions in offshore water exceeded 45%. Acesulfame, sucralose, cyclamate and saccharin could be effectively removed by secondary biochemical treatment. The average daily loading (4.2 g d-1 1000people-1) and discharge loading (0.4 g d-1 1000people-1) of sucralose in WWTPs was higher than those of the other ASs. Dissolved organic carbon and UV254 can affect the fate of ASs, and SPM mainly affects the distributions of aspartame and neotame. As a potential sewage indicator, neotame deserves further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jun Li
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qingwei Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianghong Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Czarnecka K, Pilarz A, Rogut A, Maj P, Szymańska J, Olejnik Ł, Szymański P. Aspartame-True or False? Narrative Review of Safety Analysis of General Use in Products. Nutrients 2021; 13:1957. [PMID: 34200310 PMCID: PMC8227014 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame is a sweetener introduced to replace the commonly used sucrose. It was discovered by James M. Schlatter in 1965. Being 180-200 times sweeter than sucrose, its intake was expected to reduce obesity rates in developing countries and help those struggling with diabetes. It is mainly used as a sweetener for soft drinks, confectionery, and medicines. Despite its widespread use, its safety remains controversial. This narrative review investigates the existing literature on the use of aspartame and its possible effects on the human body to refine current knowledge. Taking to account that aspartame is a widely used artificial sweetener, it seems appropriate to continue research on safety. Studies mentioned in this article have produced very interesting results overall, the current review highlights the social problem of providing visible and detailed information about the presence of aspartame in products. The studies involving the impact of aspartame on obesity, diabetes mellitus, children and fetus, autism, neurodegeneration, phenylketonuria, allergies and skin problems, its cancer properties and its genotoxicity were analyzed. Further research should be conducted to ensure clear information about the impact of aspartame on health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Czarnecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (A.R.); (P.M.); (J.S.); (Ł.O.)
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pilarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (A.R.); (P.M.); (J.S.); (Ł.O.)
| | - Aleksandra Rogut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (A.R.); (P.M.); (J.S.); (Ł.O.)
| | - Patryk Maj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (A.R.); (P.M.); (J.S.); (Ł.O.)
| | - Joanna Szymańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (A.R.); (P.M.); (J.S.); (Ł.O.)
| | - Łukasz Olejnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (A.R.); (P.M.); (J.S.); (Ł.O.)
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (A.R.); (P.M.); (J.S.); (Ł.O.)
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adil N, Ali H, Siddiqui AJ, Ali A, Ahmed A, El-Seedi HR, Musharraf SG. Evaluation of cytotoxicity of areca nut and its commercial products on normal human gingival fibroblast and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123872. [PMID: 33264944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of areca nut products is the most common cause of oral cancers, particularly in South Asian countries. This study evaluates the cytotoxic and necrotizing effects of areca nut and its formulations on normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC, CAL-27) cell lines. Identification of various carcinogens and adulterants using LC-HR-ESI-MS/MS analysis was performed in the extracts of areca nut and its products. Apart from alkaloids and flavonoids, a major adulterant, saccharin was found in all the samples of chalia (one of the most common chewing products of areca nut) in the ranges between 1.697-7.170 mg/g of the sample. Cytotoxic studies showed that most of the areca nut products were found cytotoxic to HGF-1 cells while being relatively non-cytotoxic against CAL-27 cells, rather they promote the growth of cancer cells. Our findings revealed that the components of areca nut and its products were injurious to HGF-1 cells and caused necrosis, which may attenuate HGF-1 protection toward oral epithelial cells. Moreover, the non-cytotoxic effect of these products on cancer cell lines suggests further predisposal of the habitual chewers for developing oral carcinomas. This study will give a better understanding of the hazardous effects of areca nut products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurmeen Adil
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Amna Jabbar Siddiqui
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ahmed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 591, Uppsala, SE-75 124, Sweden; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
To a Question on the Mechanism of the Antimicrobial Action of Ortho-Benzoic Sulfimide. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120461. [PMID: 33322230 PMCID: PMC7763927 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The article summarizes and compares data on the properties and biological activity of o-benzoic sulfimide and sulfanilamide compounds. Attention is given to the biochemical conditions under which o-benzoic sulfimide and sulfanilamides have similar activity groups. The results of the experimental and theoretical studies aimed at understanding the molecular organization and biological activity of folic acid and its homologous complexes are analyzed. A hypothesis about the possible mechanisms of the formation of such complexes with the participation of o-benzoic sulfimide is presented. The perspectives for the use of o-benzoic sulfimide and its homologues in biomedicine are evaluated.
Collapse
|
10
|
The drivers, trends and dietary impacts of non-nutritive sweeteners in the food supply: a narrative review. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 34:185-208. [PMID: 33148371 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poor diets, including excess added sugar consumption, contribute to the global burden of disease. Subsequently, many nutrition policies have been implemented to reduce added sugar intake and improve population health, including taxes, education, labelling and environmental interventions. A potential consequence of these policy actions is the substitution of added sugars with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in a variety of foods and beverages. NNS are used to reduce the energy and sugar content of foods and beverages while maintaining their palatability. Evidence of the toxicological risks of NNS is inconsistent, though concerns have been raised over the potential substitution effects of ultra-processed foods containing NNS for whole foods. This review aimed to provide an overview of current NNS food supply and consumption patterns, assess added sugar-reduction policies and their impact on NNS, and determine the impact of NNS on food choice, energy intake and diet quality. NNS are widely available in a variety of products, though most commonly in carbonated beverages, dairy products, confectionery, table-top sweeteners and fruit drinks. However, the longitudinal trends of different product categories, and differences between geographies and economy-income levels, require further study. Few studies have examined NNS consumption trends globally, though an increase in NNS consumption in beverages has been observed in some regions. Research examining how the increased availability of low-sugar, NNS-containing products affects global dietary patterns is limited, particularly in terms of their potential substitution effects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Glendinning JI, Hart S, Lee H, Maleh J, Ortiz G, Ryu YS, Sanchez A, Shelling S, Williams N. Low-calorie sweeteners cause only limited metabolic effects in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R70-R80. [PMID: 31693385 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00245.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are widespread concerns that low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) cause metabolic derangement. These concerns stem in part from prior studies linking LCS consumption to impaired glucose tolerance in humans and rodents. Here, we examined this linkage in mice. In experiment 1, we provided mice with chow, water, and an LCS-sweetened solution (saccharin, sucralose, or acesulfame K) for 28 days and measured glucose tolerance and body weight across the exposure period. Exposure to the LCS solutions did not impair glucose tolerance or alter weight gain. In experiment 2, we provided mice with chow, water, and a solution containing saccharin, glucose, or a mixture of both for 28 days, and tested for metabolic changes. Exposure to the saccharin solution increased the insulinemic response of mice to the glucose challenge, and exposure to the saccharin + glucose solution increased the rate of glucose uptake during the glucose challenge. However, neither of these test solutions altered glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma triglycerides, or percent body fat. In contrast, exposure to the glucose solution increased glucose tolerance, early insulin response, insulin sensitivity, and percent body fat. We conclude that whereas the LCS-containing solutions induced a few metabolic changes, they were modest compared with those induced by the glucose solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephanie Hart
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Hyunseo Lee
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Maleh
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gabriella Ortiz
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Young Sang Ryu
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Abdias Sanchez
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sarah Shelling
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Niki Williams
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Furst KE, Coyte RM, Wood M, Vengosh A, Mitch WA. Disinfection Byproducts in Rajasthan, India: Are Trihalomethanes a Sufficient Indicator of Disinfection Byproduct Exposure in Low-Income Countries? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12007-12017. [PMID: 31549828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of chlorine disinfection in low-income countries reduces the risk of waterborne illness but initiates exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Like high-income countries, low-income countries typically are adopting regulations focusing on trihalomethanes (THM4) as an indicator of overall DBP exposure. However, the use of impaired water sources can decouple the formation of THM4 from other DBP classes that are more potent toxins. The documentation of DBP species other than THM4 is rare in low-income countries, where water sources may be degraded by inadequate sanitation infrastructure and other uncontrolled wastewater discharges. We measured THM4 and 21 unregulated DBPs in tap waters and laboratory-treated source waters from two cities in northwestern India. The contribution of each DBP class to the cumulative toxicity was estimated by weighting each species by metrics of toxic potency; haloacetonitriles typically were the dominant contributor, while the contribution of THM4 was negligible. THM4 concentrations did not correlate with the total toxic potency-weighted DBP concentrations. Although THM4 rarely exceeded international guidelines, DBPs of greater toxicological concern were observed in high concentrations. The total toxic potency-weighted DBP concentrations in some waters were elevated compared to conventional drinking waters in high-income countries and more closely resembled chlorine-disinfected wastewater effluents. Artificial sweeteners confirmed widespread contamination of both surface and groundwaters by domestic sewage. The results suggest that THM4 may not be an adequate indicator of overall DBP exposure in impaired water supplies prevalent in some low-income nations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirin E Furst
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Rachel M Coyte
- Nicholas School of the Environment , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Margaret Wood
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Avner Vengosh
- Nicholas School of the Environment , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luo J, Wu L, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Fang F, Feng Q, Li C, Xue Z, Cao J. Review on the determination and distribution patterns of a widespread contaminant artificial sweetener in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19078-19096. [PMID: 31104241 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The accurate determination of widespread artificial sweeteners (ASs) and the information of their distributions in environments are of significance to investigate the environmental behaviors. This paper firstly reviews the typical analytic methodologies for ASs and the main influencing factors during the analytic processes. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with LC-ESI-MS is currently the leading-edge method. However, the efficiency and accuracy for ASs analysis in environmental samples are also dependent on the SPE cartridges, buffers and pH, matrix effects, and sample stability. A basic procedure for ASs determination in different environmental samples is proposed. The current occurrences of ASs in environments are then evaluated. The ASs, especially the acesulfame and sucralose, are widely detected in various environmental medium. The concentrations of investigated ASs are generally in the order of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influent > WWTPs effluent > surface water > groundwater > drinking water; and atmosphere > soil. The ASs levels in the environment exhibit significant differences among different regions. Further analysis indicates that the phenomenon is highly correlated with the consumption patterns and the removal efficiency of WWTPs in a specific country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhaoxia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo J, Zhang Q, Cao M, Wu L, Cao J, Fang F, Li C, Xue Z, Feng Q. Ecotoxicity and environmental fates of newly recognized contaminants-artificial sweeteners: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1149-1160. [PMID: 30759555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners (ASs) are used in countless application in daily life. ASs are newly recognized as pollutants due to their high detection frequency in various environmental media, which has aroused great concern. This review presents the current knowledge of AS ecotoxicity and possible elimination routes in the environment. The obtained results indicate that the negative impacts of ASs are more severe than previously expected. More attention should be paid to the chronic and metabolite toxicities of ASs. Moreover, numerous processes (physical, chemical and biological) have been reported to be able to degrade ASs. However, the elimination efficiency varies greatly depending on the specific AS and the particular experimental conditions. Cyclamate and saccharin are easily removed, while sucralose and acesulfame are generally persistent. Additionally, there is a large gap in the ASs removal efficiency between bench tests and full-scale studies. The potential for microbial degradation of persistent ASs was reported in some regions, but clarification of the underlying mechanisms is necessary to increase the likelihood of using this approach in wide applications with a satisfactory performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Hohai University Wentian College, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhaoxia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are thought to be beneficial for diabetics or obese where refined sugar can be a problem. These low-calorie sweeteners are seemingly safe to use, provide sweetness without calories, and provide a choice of sweet foods to those who otherwise cannot partake them (refined sugars). However, while artificial sweeteners may indeed restrict calories most of them have no beneficial effects on control of diabetes mellitus; rather possibly increase its risk. Additionally, there could be some other safety concerns possibly risk of cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Arora S, Squier C. Areca nut trade, globalisation and its health impact: perspectives from India and South-east Asia. Perspect Public Health 2018; 139:44-48. [PMID: 29957144 DOI: 10.1177/1757913918785398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM: Areca nut (AN) is consumed globally by 600 million people, and 10%-20% of the world population uses betel quid, a preparation containing areca nut. India and other South-east Asian countries are the largest consumers of AN in the world. The aim of this article is to review the economic impact and oral health effects of the consumption of AN. It will also discuss the role of dentists and auxiliary healthcare providers for increasing public awareness and the need for a strong public health policy. METHOD: To address the concerned area, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were explored from the year 1965 until 2017. Studies focusing on various aspects of AN only, and articles published in English were included. Anecdotal reports, case reports and unpublished data were excluded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This narrative review suggests India is the world's largest producer of AN along with the largest AN consuming population followed by other South-east Asian countries. AN chewing causes oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and it is most commonly observed in people of India and South-east Asia. AN use is associated with various social and unsocial aspects. Dentists and dental auxiliaries can increase the knowledge and awareness of a health issue (OSF) among the target audience as well as the detrimental effects of AN chewing. CONCLUSION: There is a need for more aggressive public health measures and dentists and dental auxiliaries should be employed to bring awareness to the general public regarding AN use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Arora
- Senior lecturer, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Christopher Squier
- Professor Emeritus, College of Dentistry and Global Health Studies, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin H, Wu J, Oturan N, Zhang H, Oturan MA. Degradation of artificial sweetener saccharin in aqueous medium by electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4442-4453. [PMID: 26507727 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The removal of artificial sweetener saccharin (SAC) in aqueous solution by electrochemical advanced oxidation using electro-Fenton process was performed. Experiments were carried out in an undivided cylindrical glass cell with a carbon-felt cathode and a Pt or boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. The removal of SAC by electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with both Pt and BDD anode. The absolute rate constant of the SAC hydroxylation reaction was determined for the first time using the competition kinetic method and found to be (1.85 ± 0.01) × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The comparative study of TOC removal efficiency during electro-Fenton treatment indicated a higher mineralization rate with BDD than Pt anode. The identification and evolution of short-chain carboxylic acids and inorganic ions formed during oxidation process were monitored by ion-exchange chromatography and ion chromatography, respectively. The assessment of toxicity of SAC and/or its reaction by-products during treatment was performed using Microtox® method based on the Vibrio fischeri bacteria luminescence inhibition. Results showed that the process was able to efficiently detoxify the treated solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, 5 Bd. Descartes, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Jie Wu
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, 5 Bd. Descartes, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
- Fuzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Fuzhou, 350011, China
| | - Nihal Oturan
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, 5 Bd. Descartes, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Mehmet A Oturan
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, 5 Bd. Descartes, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jain A, Mathur P. Estimation of Food Additive Intake—Overview of the Methodology. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1022830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
19
|
Shankar P, Ahuja S, Sriram K. Non-nutritive sweeteners: review and update. Nutrition 2013; 29:1293-9. [PMID: 23845273 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become an epidemic, not just in the United States, but also across the globe. Obesity is a result of many factors including poor dietary habits, inadequate physical activity, hormonal issues, and sedentary lifestyle, as well as many psychological issues. Direct and indirect costs associated with obesity-related morbidity and mortality have been estimated to be in the billions of dollars. Of the many avenues for treatment, dietary interventions are the most common. Numerous diets have been popularized in the media, with most being fads having little to no scientific evidence to validate their effectiveness. Amidst this rise of weight loss diets, there has been a surge of individual products advertised as assuring quick weight loss; one such product group is non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). Sugar, a common component of our diet, is also a major contributing factor to a number of health problems, including obesity and increased dental diseases both in adults and children. Most foods marketed towards children are sugar-laden. Obesity-related health issues, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension, once only commonly seen in older adults, are increasing in youth. Manufacturers of NNS are using this as an opportunity to promote their products, and are marketing them as safe for all ages. A systematic review of several databases and reliable websites on the internet was conducted to identify literature related to NNS. Keywords that were used individually or in combination included, but were not limited to, artificial sweeteners, non-nutritive sweeteners, non-caloric sweeteners, obesity, sugar substitutes, diabetes, and cardiometabolic indicators. The clinical and epidemiologic data available at present are insufficient to make definitive conclusions regarding the benefits of NNS in displacing caloric sweeteners as related to energy balance, maintenance or decrease in body weight, and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Although the FDA and most published (especially industry-funded) studies endorse the safety of these additives, there is a lack of conclusive evidence-based research to discourage or to encourage their use on a regular basis. While moderate use of NNS may be useful as a dietary aid for someone with diabetes or on a weight loss regimen, for optimal health it is recommended that only minimal amounts of both sugar and NNS be consumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Shankar
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Qin X. Etiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a unified hypothesis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1708-22. [PMID: 22553395 PMCID: PMC3332284 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), emerged and dramatically increased for about a century. Despite extensive research, its cause remains regarded as unknown. About a decade ago, a series of findings made me suspect that saccharin may be a key causative factor for IBD, through its inhibition on gut bacteria and the resultant impaired inactivation of digestive proteases and over digestion of the mucus layer and gut barrier (the Bacteria-Protease-Mucus-Barrier hypothesis). It explained many puzzles in IBD such as its emergence and temporal changes in last century. Recently I further found evidence suggesting sucralose may be also linked to IBD through a similar mechanism as saccharin and have contributed to the recent worldwide increase of IBD. This new hypothesis suggests that UC and CD are just two symptoms of the same morbidity, rather than two different diseases. They are both caused by a weakening in gut barrier and only differ in that UC is mainly due to increased infiltration of gut bacteria and the resultant recruitment of neutrophils and formation of crypt abscess, while CD is mainly due to increased infiltration of antigens and particles from gut lumen and the resultant recruitment of macrophages and formation of granulomas. It explained the delayed appearance but accelerated increase of CD over UC and many other phenomena. This paper aims to provide a detailed description of a unified hypothesis regarding the etiology of IBD, including the cause and mechanism of IBD, as well as the relationship between UC and CD.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abdelaziz I, Ashour AERA. Effect of saccharin on albino rats’ blood indices and the therapeutic action of vitamins C and E. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:129-137. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327110368695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to study some blood indices of rats as affected by saccharin and the therapeutic action of vitamins C and E. The used adult female Rattus norvegicus albino rats in the present study were weighing 100—120 g. Administration of saccharin at a dose of 35 mg kg—1body weight (b.wt.) day—1for 35 days significantly decreased serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein and albumin values. These decrements were by 20.16%, 22.76%, 44.92%, 20.16% and 40.44%, respectively, compared to control level (p value < 0.01). But it increased levels of kidney function indices. The effect of saccharin was more pronounced on creatinine. Activities of Alanine aminotranferease (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased significantly following saccharin treatment to rats. Concerning hematoligical parameters, the more obvious changes were observed in the increment of white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and platelets (PLT) and the decrease in hematocrit, hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (RBCs) count in response to the administration of saccharin. In general, vitamin C or E (150 mg kg—1b.wt. day—1for 35 days) was able to reduce the effects of saccharin intake. Both vitamins, however, generally have beneficial effects in reducing the changes in the studied parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Abdelaziz
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, the Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lino C, Pena A. Occurrence of caffeine, saccharin, benzoic acid and sorbic acid in soft drinks and nectars in Portugal and subsequent exposure assessment. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
23
|
Saxena N, Dwivedi PD, Ansari KM, Das M. Patulin in apple juices: Incidence and likely intake in an Indian population. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2008; 1:140-6. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802378848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|