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Wang X, Kong F, Liu Y, Lv S, Zhang K, Sun S, Liu J, Wang M, Cai X, Jin H, Yan S, Luo J. 17β-estradiol biosensors based on different bioreceptors and their applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1347625. [PMID: 38357703 PMCID: PMC10864596 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1347625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) is a critical sex steroid hormone, which has significant effects on the endocrine systems of both humans and animals. E2 is also believed to play neurotrophic and neuroprotective roles in the brain. Biosensors present a powerful tool to detect E2 because of their small, efficient, and flexible design. Furthermore, Biosensors can quickly and accurately obtain detection results with only a small sampling amount, which greatly meets the detection of the environment, food safety, medicine safety, and human body. This review focuses on previous studies of biosensors for detecting E2 and divides them into non-biometric sensors, enzyme biosensors, antibody biosensors, and aptamer biosensors according to different bioreceptors. The advantages, disadvantages, and design points of various bioreceptors for E2 detection are analyzed and summarized. Additionally, applications of different bioreceptors of E2 detection are presented and highlight the field of environmental monitoring, food and medicine safety, and disease detection in recent years. Finally, the development of E2 detection by biosensor is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fanli Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shutong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Kong DM, Tang Z, Liu ZH, Dang Z, Guo PR, Song YM, Liu Y. Simultaneous determination of twelve natural estrogens in dairy milk using liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:112908-112921. [PMID: 37843706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
There have been many analytical methods for natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk samples, but in most of which, only four major estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-estradiol (αE2)) were included. This work developed an effective GC-MS analytical method for simultaneous analysis of twelve natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk sample, in which eight far-less well-known natural estrogens (2-hydroxyestone (2OHE1), 4-hydroxyestrone (4OHE1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4OHE2), 16-epiestriol (16epiE3), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16αOHE1), 16-ketoestradiol (16ketoE2) and 17epiestriol (17epiE3)) were included besides the four major natural estrogens. With liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction, twelve natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk could be effectively extracted. The established method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9991), low limits of detections (LODs, 0.02-0.11 ng/g), as well as excellent recoveries (64-117%) with satisfactory low relative standard deviations (RSDs, 0.8-14.7%). This established method was applied to seven commercial dairy milk samples, and all the twelve natural estrogens were frequently detected except for 4OHE2 without detection in any sample. Our results showed that the concentration contribution ratios of the eight far-less well-known natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk samples contributed to 32-83%, while the corresponding contribution ratios based on estrogen equivalence (EEQ) were 21-62%. This work highlighted the high abundance of the eight far-less well-known natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk based on both concentration and EEQ, which has been neglected for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ming Kong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng-Ran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu-Mei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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3
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Selin E, Mandava G, Karlsson M, Lundqvist J. Evaluation of in vitro bioassays as a screening tool to monitor chemical hazards in cow's milk. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114025. [PMID: 37689098 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies on cow's milk have mainly focused on analyzing specific chemical groups and natural components. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated if effect-based in vitro methods could be used as a screening tool to monitor chemical hazards in milk. In total, 32 milk samples were collected from a Swedish dairy company throughout one year. These samples included conventional and organic semi-skimmed as well as raw milk. The milk samples were tested in five in vitro methods covering eight endpoints. These endpoints included cytotoxicity, endocrine disruption (estrogen/androgen induction/inhibition), aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity, oxidative stress and DNA damage. Estrogen and androgen receptor inhibition, in addition to aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity, were the most responsive endpoints, where 10 to 13 out of the 32 milk samples were bioactive. Organic and conventional milk showed no major differences. Overall, no or only low activities were observed in milk samples in the remaining in vitro assays, which is a promising result with regard to applying effect-based methods as a screening tool. Concerning the most responsive assays, more research is needed to understand the normal background variations before they can be used as a screening tool for chemical hazards in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Selin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Geeta Mandava
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Şeker P, Rişvanlı A, Şeker İ, Çalıcıoğlu M. Determination of the levels of 17-β Estradiol and Progesterone in Cow milk and Baby Follow-on milk by ELISA. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS 2023. [DOI: 10.52973/rcfcv-e33222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to determine the 17-β Estradiol (E2) and Progesterone (P4) levels in different milk products and some baby follow-on milk samples collected from retail markets in Türkiye. For this purpose, a total of 50 samples from 8 different product groups with different fat levels, production technologies, and production series were analyzed for natural P4 and E2 levels using a commercial ELISA kit. The highest E2 level was determined in UHT whole milk (3%) (39.20 ± 6.73 pmol·L-1) while the lowest level was found in buttermilk (26.50 ± 1.85 pmol·L-1) samples. For P4 levels, the highest concentration were found in baby follow-on milk (<1 year old) (45.83 ± 2.95 nmol·L-1) and the lowest values were found in pasteurized milk samples (23.00 ± 6.66 nmol·L-1). Also, in this study, differences among the product groups for E2 and P4 were not found statistically (P>0.05). In conclusion, the natural P4 and E2 were detected in all milk and baby follow-on milks at various levels and generally their levels associated with the product fat level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Şeker
- Elazig Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry, Food and Feed Branch, Elazığ, Türkiye
| | - Ali Rişvanlı
- Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan - Firat University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Elazığ, Türkiye
| | - İbrahim Şeker
- Fırat University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Zootechny, Elazığ, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Çalıcıoğlu
- Firat University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology. Elazig, Türkiye
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5
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Chang J, Zhou J, Gao M, Zhang H, Wang T. Research Advances in the Analysis of Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Milk and Dairy Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193057. [PMID: 36230133 PMCID: PMC9563511 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are sources of exposure to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds (e-EDCs). Estrogenic disruptors can accumulate in organisms through the food chain and may negatively affect ecosystems and organisms even at low concentrations. Therefore, the analysis of e-EDCs in dairy products is of practical significance. Continuous efforts have been made to establish effective methods to detect e-EDCs, using convenient sample pretreatments and simple steps. This review aims to summarize the recently reported pretreatment methods for estrogenic disruptors, such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid phase microextraction (LPME), determination methods including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), Raman spectroscopy, and biosensors, to provide a reliable theoretical basis and operational method for e-EDC analysis in the future.
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6
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Qaid MM, Abdoun KA. Safety and concerns of hormonal application in farm animal production: a review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2089149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Qaid
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Khalid A. Abdoun
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Zhao Z, Liu C, Lian J, Liang N, Zhao L. Development of extraction separation technology based on deep eutectic solvent and magnetic nanoparticles for determination of three sex hormones in milk. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122558. [PMID: 33540148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, reliable and eco-friendly method for the determination of three sex hormones in five kinds of milk was developed and validated by combining vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) such as choline chloride/urea were considered as the extraction solvent in VALLME and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs) were used as the adsorbent which could adsorb DESs on the surface. The optimum experimental conditions were as follows: amount of MMWCNTs for 10 mg, volume of acetone for 4 mL, no sodium chloride and extraction pH at 7. After the optimization of several main variables, satisfactory sensitivity levels were achieved as low as 1.0-1.3 ng mL-1 and 2.5-4.5 ng mL-1 for the limit of method detections and the limit of method quantitation, respectively. The recoveries of the three hormones in different milk samples were in the range of 80.1%-116.4%. Consequently, this method is suitable for monitoring the trace amount of sex hormones in milk matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Chu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Lian
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Ning Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China.
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8
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Guedes-Alonso R, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Kabir A, Furton KG. Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction of Selected Steroid Hormone Residues in Commercial Raw Milk Followed by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020343. [PMID: 33562860 PMCID: PMC7915805 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones in edible matrices, such as milk, are a subject of concern because of their adverse effects on the endocrine system and cell signaling and the consequent disruption of homeostasis in human consumers. Therefore, the assessment of the presence of hormones in milk as potential endocrine-disrupting compounds is warranted. However, the complexity of milk as a sample matrix and the ultra-low concentration of hormones pose significant analytical challenges. Fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for the extraction of emerging pollutants from complex aqueous matrices. FPSE allows for substantially simplified sample handling and short extraction and desorption times, as well as the decreased use of organic solvents. It is considered a green alternative to traditional extraction methodologies. In this work, the FPSE technique was evaluated to perform the simultaneous extraction of 15 steroid hormones from raw milk without employing any sample pretreatment steps. Clean and preconcentrated hormone solutions obtained from FPSE of raw milk were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to achieve low detection limits, which ranged from 0.047 to 1.242 ng·mL−1. Because of the presence of many interferents in milk, such as proteins, lipids, and sugar, the effect of fat content on the extraction procedure was also thoroughly studied. Additionally, for the first time, the effect of lactose on the extraction of steroid hormones was evaluated, and the results showed that the extraction efficiencies were enhanced in lactose-free samples. Finally, the optimized methodology was applied to commercial samples of cow and goat milk, and no measurable concentrations of the studied hormones were detected in these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayco Guedes-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (Z.S.-F.); (J.J.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-928-454430
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (Z.S.-F.); (J.J.S.-R.)
| | - José J. Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (Z.S.-F.); (J.J.S.-R.)
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.K.); (K.G.F.)
| | - Kenneth G. Furton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.K.); (K.G.F.)
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9
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Hormones and Hormonal Anabolics: Residues in Animal Source Food, Potential Public Health Impacts, and Methods of Analysis. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/5065386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for nutritious food, especially food of animal origin, is globally increasing due to escalating population growth and a dietary shift to animal source food. In order to fulfill the requirements, producers are using veterinary drugs such as hormones and hormone-like anabolic agents. Hormones such as steroidal (estrogens, gestagens, and androgens), nonsteroidal, semisynthetic, and synthetic or designer drugs are all growth-promoting and body-partitioning agents. Hence, in food animal production practice, farm owners use these chemicals to improve body weight gain, increase feed conversion efficiency, and productivity. However, the use of these hormones and hormonal growth-promoting agents eventually ends up with the occurrence of residues in the animal-originated food. The incidence of hormone residues in such types of food and food products beyond the tolerance acts as a risk factor for the occurrence of potential public health problems. Currently, different international and national regulatory bodies have placed requirements and legislative frameworks, which enable them to implement residue monitoring test endeavors that safeguard the public and facilitate the trading activity. To make the tests on the animal-origin food matrix, there are different sample extraction techniques such as accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, solid phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. After sample preparation steps, the analytes of interest can be assayed by screening and confirmatory methods of analysis. For screening, immunological tests such as ELISA and radioimmunoassay are used. Detection and determination of the specific residues will be done by chromatographic or instrumental analysis. Mainly, among high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS, LC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-MS/MS) methods, LC-MS/MS is being preferred because of easier sample preparation without a derivatization step and high detection and quantification capacity.
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10
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Xu B, Zhang F, Xu X, Li X, He M, Nie X, Liu T. Effect of physiological and production activities on the concentration of naturally occurring steroid hormones in raw milk. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bozhou Xu
- The Institute of Food Safety Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine No.11 Ronghua North Road Daxing District BeijingChina
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Institute of Food Safety Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine No.11 Ronghua North Road Daxing District BeijingChina
| | - Xiuli Xu
- The Institute of Food Safety Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine No.11 Ronghua North Road Daxing District BeijingChina
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Quarantine Technology Center of Jinan Customs No. 5812 Erhuandong Road Jinan Shandong China
| | - Muyi He
- The Institute of Food Safety Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine No.11 Ronghua North Road Daxing District BeijingChina
| | - Xuemei Nie
- The Institute of Food Safety Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine No.11 Ronghua North Road Daxing District BeijingChina
| | - Tong Liu
- The Institute of Food Safety Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine No.11 Ronghua North Road Daxing District BeijingChina
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11
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Palacios OM, Cortes HN, Jenks BH, Maki KC. Naturally occurring hormones in foods and potential health effects. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320936281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones and hormone-like substances, for example, phytoestrogens, are food components that can be endogenously produced by a food source or occur secondary to farming practices. The hormone content of foods has been studied for decades, and safety evaluations in the United States and Europe indicate that naturally occurring hormones found in foods are safe for human consumption. More recent studies have focused on the role of certain hormones found in specific foods (e.g. dairy or soy) and their potential health effects. However, limited summaries exist on food content of hormones and hormone-like phytoestrogens in the context of a comprehensive US diet and implications, if any, of their daily consumption for overall health. This review provides an outline of hormone biosynthesis and functions in the body; discusses the more commonly studied, naturally occurring hormones in food and their biological role within food; estimates relative dietary contribution and when available, bioavailability, of naturally occurring food hormones; and summarizes the potential health associations of their intake in food. Based on the review of the scientific literature, the hormone content of typical serving sizes of commonly consumed foods is undetectable or in quantities that fall well within safety guidelines without any evidence for adverse effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya M Palacios
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
| | | | - Belinda H Jenks
- Belinda H. Jenks Consulting, Sunshine Terrace, Studio City, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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12
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Kirchnawy C, Hager F, Osorio Piniella V, Jeschko M, Washüttl M, Mertl J, Mathieu-Huart A, Rousselle C. Potential endocrine disrupting properties of toys for babies and infants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231171. [PMID: 32243465 PMCID: PMC7122770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic toys mouthed by children may be a source of exposure to endocrine active substances. The purpose of this study was to measure hormonal activity of substances leaching from toys and to identify potential endocrine disruptors causing that activity. For this purpose, migration experiments of toys were conducted in saliva simulants. The CALUX® assays were used to detect (anti-) estrogenic and (anti-) androgenic activity of 18 toys. Chemical trace analysis-namely, GC-MS and HPLC-MS- was used to identify which compounds may be responsible for endocrine activity in the sample migrates. Nine out of 18 tested toys showed significant estrogenic activity. For two samples, the detected estrogenic activity could be well explained by detecting the known endocrine active substance bisphenol A (BPA). For all identified substances, including BPA, a risk assessment for human health was performed by comparing the exposure dose, calculated based on the determined substance concentration, to toxicological reference values. Using worst-case scenarios, the exposure to BPA by mouthing of the two estrogen active, BPA-containing toys could be above the temporary TDI that EFSA has calculated. This demonstrates that some toys could significantly contribute to the total exposure to BPA of babies and infants. For seven out of nine estrogen active samples, the source of the estrogen activity could not be explained by analysis for 41 known or suspected endocrine active substances in plastic, indicating that the estrogen activities were caused by currently unknown endocrine active substances, or by endocrine active substances that would currently not be suspected in toys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kirchnawy
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona Hager
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mathias Jeschko
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Washüttl
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Mertl
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aurelie Mathieu-Huart
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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13
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Shappell NW, Berg EP, Magolski JD, Billey LO. An In Vitro Comparison of Estrogenic Equivalents Per Serving Size of Some Common Foods. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3876-3884. [PMID: 31742680 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The public assumes that some foods, such as milk and ground beef from cattle receiving steroidal implants, are associated with estrogenic hormones, while other foods are presumed "safe" or nonestrogenic. Here, we investigate these assumptions by assessing the relative estrogenic activity of a serving size of four foods: skim milk (8 oz), rice (48 g dry wt) in cooking bag, ground beef patties from steers raised with or without hormone implantation (quarter lb each, 114 g), and tofu burgers (isocaloric to beef burger, 198 g), using an in vitro assay (E-Screen). Mean picogram (pg) estradiol equivalents (E2Eqs) on a serving basis were as follows: skim milk 120; rice 400; rice prepared in cooking bag 370; rice boiling bag alone 4 pg per bag, ground beef burger (obtained from the tissue of cattle that had received no hormone implants) 389, beef burger (obtained from cattle that had received hormone implant) 384, and tofu burger 1,020,000. Rice E2Eqs were highly variable, but the plastic cooking bags provided by the manufacturer added negligible E2Eqs. The source of estrogenic activity in rice may have been due to contamination with the mycotoxin zearalenone. The E-Screen E2Eqs of tofu burger extracts agreed with those predicted based on chemical concentrations of the most estrogenic component times their E2Eq factor. While a tofu burger contained around three times the estrogenic activity of a daily dose of estrogen replacement therapy (125 mg, Premarin®, 303,000 pg); the other foods--a quarter pound ground beef burger at approximately equal calorie count, a serving of milk, or rice, were all at least 750-fold less estrogenic. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: When consuming the recognized serving size of a food, how much estrogenic activity can we expect? While the public assumes that some foods, such as milk and ground beef from cattle receiving steroidal implants, are associated with estrogenic hormones, other foods are presumed "safe" or nonestrogenic. Using one assay, a tofu burger contained three times the estrogenic activity of a dose of hormone replacement therapy commonly prescribed for women after hysterectomy or menopause (Premarin®); while other foods--a quarter pound ground beef burger at approximately equal calorie count, a serving of milk, or rice, were all at least 750-fold less estrogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy W Shappell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Eric P Berg
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - James D Magolski
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.,Coleman Natural Foods, Westminster, CO, 80234, USA
| | - Lloyd O Billey
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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14
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Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgel-based etalons for the label-free quantitation of estradiol-17β in aqueous solutions and milk samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4397-4407. [PMID: 29713753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel estradiol-17β (E2) biosensor was constructed from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) microgel-based etalons by modification of their outermost Au layer with an E2 binding 75-mer DNA aptamer. When E2 is not present in the solution, the aptamer forms a loose/linear structure that allows ions to pass through and into the microgel layer. The ions can change the solvation state of the microgels, which changes the optical properties of the etalon. When E2 is present in the solution, the aptamer binds the E2 and undergoes a conformational change to a form that can block the diffusion of salt ions into the microgel layer. This blocking decreases the response of the device to salt exposure, which can be related to the concentration of E2 in solution. Using this approach, E2 sensor showed a dynamic range of 0.9-200 pg/mL with a calculated detection limit of 0.9 pg/mL (3.2 pM) E2, and the lowest measured concentration of E2 is 5.0 pg/mL. This sensor also showed low cross reactivity with progesterone, a similar steroid hormone. Moreover, this sensor could be regenerated five times without losing its sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrated that the sensor could also be used to quantify E2 in commercial skim and 2% milk, as well as farm milk directly without any pre-treatment. The successful quantitation of E2 in unprocessed milk demonstrates its potential use as a "cow-side" testing device for the dairy industry. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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15
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New fluorescent labeling reagent Benzimidazo[2,1-b]quinazoline-12(6H) -one-5-ethylimidazole ester and its application in the analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds in milk by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Lu M, Xiao H, Li K, Jiang J, Wu K, Li D. Concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in breast milk and their relationship with the mother's diet. Food Funct 2017; 8:3306-3310. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00324b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and progesterone in breast milk over different lactation periods, and to assess their relationship with the mother's diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Hailong Xiao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- Institution of Hangzhou Food and Drug Inspection
| | - Kelei Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health
| | - Jiajing Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Kejian Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health
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17
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Determination of estrogenic compounds in milk and yogurt samples by hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7447-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Wang L, Yan H, Yang C, Li Z, Qiao F. Synthesis of mimic molecularly imprinted ordered mesoporous silica adsorbent by thermally reversible semicovalent approach for pipette-tip solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography fluorescence determination of estradiol in milk. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1456:58-67. [PMID: 27328886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A mimic molecularly imprinted ordered mesoporous silica (MIOMS) adsorbent was prepared utilizing a thermally reversible semicovalent approach. The thermally reversible covalent template-monomer complex was firstly synthesized by employing 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol (BPS) and (3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane (ICPTES) as template and monomer, respectively. The template-monomer complex was incorporated into ordered mesoporous silica via a simple self-assembly process. The adsorption experiment illustrated that the imprint-removed silica (MIOMS-ir) had higher special recognition ability (250μgg(-1)) for estradiol (E2) than the non-imprinted silica (NIOMS-ir) (25μgg(-1)). MIOMS-ir was applied as an adsorbent in pipette-tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (LC-FLD) for determination of E2 in milk samples. Under the optimized conditions, only 3mg of the adsorbent, 0.3mL of water as washing solvent, and 0.5mL of acetonitrile-acetic acid (96:4, v/v) as elution solvent were used in the pretreatment procedure of milk samples. Good calibration linearity was obtained in a range of 25ngL(-1) to 1000ngL(-1), and the recoveries at three spiked levels were ranged from 95.4% to 107.0% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤3.1% (n=3). The proposed MIOMS-ir-PT-SPE-LC-FLD method combined the advantages of PT-SPE and ordered mesoporous material such as ease assembly, low cost, high extraction efficiency and large specific surface area, so it is a potential pretreatment strategy for the extraction and determination of E2 in complex milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Management, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Management, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Chunliu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Management, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Zan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Management, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Fengxia Qiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Baoding University, Baoding, 071002, China
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19
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Goyon A, Cai JZ, Kraehenbuehl K, Hartmann C, Shao B, Mottier P. Determination of steroid hormones in bovine milk by LC-MS/MS and their levels in Swiss Holstein cow milk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:804-16. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1175186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Karin Kraehenbuehl
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Bing Shao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Pascal Mottier
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Hormone Use in Food Animal Production: Assessing Potential Dietary Exposures and Breast Cancer Risk. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:1-14. [PMID: 26231238 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of hormones in breast cancer etiology, following reports that heightened levels of endogenous hormones and exposure to exogenous hormones and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals through food and the environment are associated with increased breast cancer risk. Seven hormone drugs (testosterone propionate, trenbolone acetate, estradiol, zeranol, progesterone, melengestrol acetate, and bovine somatotropin) are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in food animals. There is concern that these drugs or their biologically active metabolites may accumulate in edible tissues, potentially increasing the risk of exposure for consumers. To date, the potential for human exposure to residues of these compounds in animal products, as well as the risks that may result from this exposure, is poorly understood. In this paper, we discuss the existing scientific evidence examining the toxicological significance of exposure to hormones used in food animal production in relation to breast cancer risk. Through a discussion of U.S. federal regulatory programs and the primary literature, we interpret the state of surveillance for residues of hormone drugs in animal products and discuss trends in meat consumption in relation to the potential for hormone exposure. Given the lack of chronic bioassays of oral toxicity of the seven hormone compounds in the public literature and the limitations of existing residue surveillance programs, it is not currently possible to provide a quantitative characterization of risks that result from the use of hormonal drugs in food animal production, complicating our understanding of the role of dietary hormone exposure in the population burden of breast cancer.
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21
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Gañán J, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Marina ML, Sierra I. One-pot synthesized functionalized mesoporous silica as a reversed-phase sorbent for solid-phase extraction of endocrine disrupting compounds in milks. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1428:228-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Stypuła-Trębas S, Minta M, Radko L, Żmudzki J. Application of the yeast-based reporter gene bioassay for the assessment of estrogenic activity in cow's milk from Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:876-885. [PMID: 26492450 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Milk contain compounds acting through the estrogen receptor signaling. The still open question whether such estrogens pose a risk for human health, encouraged us to measure the overall estrogenic activity of cow's milk in the in vitro yeast reporter bioassay. First, we assessed the ability of the bioassay to detect estrogens frequently detected in milk. The relative potencies of 16 compounds descended in the order: 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol, 17α-E2, estrone, zearalenone, estriol, equol, genistein, 17β-E2 glucuronide, bisphenol A, apigenin, daidzein. Flavone, 4-n-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol shown no activity in the bioassay.The estrogenic activities of milk samples without hydrolysis were below the detection limit, whereas in 50% of the deconjugated samples they varied between 0.29 and 0.49 ng EEQ mL(-1). We also compared the estrogenic activity in raw cow's milk collected from rural and industrial locations in Poland. In our pilot study we did not observe statistically significant difference in estrogenic activities in milk collected from the two locations. We found that the daily intake of estrogens with milk may be higher than estrogen levels in human serum. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the significance of milk and dairy as a source of estrogens for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Maria Minta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan Żmudzki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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23
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Barreiro R, Regal P, Díaz-Bao M, Fente CA, Cepeda A. Analysis of Naturally Occurring Steroid Hormones in Infant Formulas by HPLC-MS/MS and Contribution to Dietary Intake. Foods 2015; 4:605-621. [PMID: 28231225 PMCID: PMC5224556 DOI: 10.3390/foods4040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is a natural fluid and as such contains small amounts of naturally occurring steroids. Human milk is recommended as the optimal source of nutrients for infants and young children, and it has been associated to several short- and long-term benefits. For this reason, its composition is used as a reference for designing infant formulas. However, the available information on the hormonal levels of these dairy products is scarce, and it is usually limited to estradiol and estrone. In the present study, six natural sex hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and androstenedione) have been extracted from sixteen milk-based infant formulas and analyzed with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The purpose of this research was to quantify natural steroid hormones in various infant formulas, to provide food and nutrition practitioners with information to estimate intakes in children. In addition, data found in the literature was used for comparison. The findings suggest that there are certain similarities between bovine milk and dairy products for infants. Furthermore, the detected levels were in general lower than those observed in human milk and/or colostrum. The reported results represent a valuable addition to the current knowledge on natural hormone content of infant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Barreiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mónica Díaz-Bao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cristina A Fente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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24
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Varriale A, Pennacchio A, Pinto G, Oliviero G, D'Errico S, Majoli A, Scala A, Capo A, Pennacchio A, Di Giovanni S, Staiano M, D'Auria S. A Fluorescence Polarization Assay To Detect Steroid Hormone Traces in Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9159-9164. [PMID: 26434254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are a class of hormones improperly used in livestock as growth-promoting agents. Due to their high risk for human health, the European Union (EU) has strictly forbidden the administration of all natural and synthetic steroid hormones to food-producing animals, and the development of new rapid detection methods are greatly encouraged. This work reports a novel fluorescence polarization assay, ready to use, capable of detecting 17β-estradiol directly in milk samples with a low limit of detection of <10 pmol. It is based on the coupling of monospecific antibodies against 17β-estradiol and fluorophores, capable of modulating the fluorescence polarization emission on the basis of the specific binding of antibodies to fluorescence-labeled 17β-estradiol derivative. The successful detection of 17β-estradiol has disclosed the development of an efficient method, easily extensible to any food matrix and having the potential to become a milestone in food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Varriale
- Institute of Food Science, CNR , Via Roma 52, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Anna Pennacchio
- Institute of Food Science, CNR , Via Roma 52, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pinto
- Institute of Food Science, CNR , Via Roma 52, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Errico
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Adelia Majoli
- Institute of Food Science, CNR , Via Roma 52, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Andrea Scala
- Institute of Food Science, CNR , Via Roma 52, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Capo
- Institute of Food Science, CNR , Via Roma 52, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Staiano
- Institute of Food Science, CNR , Via Roma 52, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Sabato D'Auria
- Institute of Food Science, CNR , Via Roma 52, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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25
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Multiresidue method for the determination of pharmacologically active substances in egg and honey using a continuous solid-phase extraction system and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2015; 178:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Foglia P, Samperi R, Stampachiacchiere S, Ventura S, Laganà A. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of free and conjugated natural estrogens in cow milk without deconjugation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:1705-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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He X, Xi C, Tang B, Wang G, Chen D, Peng T, Mu Z. Simultaneous determination of 30 hormones illegally added to anti-ageing functional foods using UPLC-MS/MS coupled with SPE clean-up. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1625-38. [PMID: 25188907 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.953602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical method employing solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 30 hormones in anti-ageing functional foods (capsules, powders and tablets). The analytes were extracted with acetic acid-acetonitrile (1-99 v/v), methanol and acetone, respectively. The extract was purified using a combined column, followed by analyte detection with electrospray ionisation in positive- or negative-ion modes. The results indicated that the 30 compounds had good linear correlations in the range of 1-1000 μg kg⁻¹, and the correlation coefficients were above 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.03-2 and 0.1-5 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. The average recovery of 30 compounds at the three spiked levels varied from 74.7% to 124.1%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.4-15.0%. This method was applied to the analysis of hormones in 14 real samples of which seven hormones (such as estrone, dienestrol) were detected in four samples, but the remainder of the hormones were not detected. The developed method is sensitive, efficient, reliable and applicable to real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin He
- a College of Pharmacy , Chongqing Medical University , Yuzhong District , Chongqing , China
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28
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Chen C, Mi X, Yuan Y, Chen G, Ren L, Wang K, Zhu D, Qian Y. A preliminary risk assessment of potential exposure to naturally occurring estrogens from Beijing (China) market milk products. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Plotan M, Elliott CT, Frizzell C, Connolly L. Estrogenic endocrine disruptors present in sports supplements. A risk assessment for human health. Food Chem 2014; 159:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Pérez-Fernández V, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, García MÁ, Marina ML, Alonso IS. Evaluation of mesoporous silicas functionalized with C18 groups as stationary phases for the solid-phase extraction of steroid hormones in milk. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1666-76. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Sonia Morante-Zarcero
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; School of Experimental Sciences and Technology; University Rey Juan Carlos; Móstoles Spain
| | - Damián Pérez-Quintanilla
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; School of Experimental Sciences and Technology; University Rey Juan Carlos; Móstoles Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Sierra Alonso
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; School of Experimental Sciences and Technology; University Rey Juan Carlos; Móstoles Spain
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31
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Adamusova H, Bosakova Z, Coufal P, Pacakova V. Analysis of estrogens and estrogen mimics in edible matrices--a review. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:885-905. [PMID: 24488827 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a brief survey of the biological effects of selected endocrine-disrupting compounds that are formed after internal exposure of organisms. Further, the present analytical methods available for the determination of these compounds in foodstuffs are critically evaluated. The attention is primarily devoted to the methods for sample pretreatment, which are the main source of errors and are usually the most time-consuming step of the whole analysis. This review is focused on selected natural and synthetic estrogens, estrogen conjugates, and chemical additives used in the plastic industry that can act as estrogen mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Adamusova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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32
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Ehling S, Reddy TM. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of residues of selected veterinary hormones in powdered ingredients derived from bovine milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11782-11791. [PMID: 24215545 DOI: 10.1021/jf404229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A rugged, quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation for 17 selected veterinary hormones in six different powdered ingredients derived from bovine milk was developed and comprehensively validated. A universal post-extraction spiked matrix-matching approach based on whole milk powder has been successfully implemented. Three validation runs based on four levels of pre-extraction spiked quality control (QC) samples have been conducted. Overall accuracy (86-117%), overall precision (<20% RSD), selectivity, absolute extraction recovery (62-82%), matrix effect (<15% for most compounds), limits of detection (0.1-0.8 μg/kg, except for diethylstilbestrol at 3.8 μg/kg), limits of quantitation (0.2-2.0 μg/kg, except for diethylstilbestrol at 10.0 μg/kg), and extract stability (48 h) have been determined. The method is proposed for the routine analysis of hormones potentially present in powdered ingredients derived from bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ehling
- Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
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Endocrine effects of chemicals: Aspects of hazard identification and human health risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Testai E, Galli CL, Dekant W, Marinovich M, Piersma AH, Sharpe RM. A plea for risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Toxicology 2013; 314:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kostich M, Flick R, Martinson J. Comparing predicted estrogen concentrations with measurements in US waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:271-7. [PMID: 23587857 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The range of exposure rates to the steroidal estrogens estrone (E1), beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and ethinyl estradiol (EE2) in the aquatic environment was investigated by modeling estrogen introduction via municipal wastewater from sewage plants across the US. Model predictions were compared to published measured concentrations. Predictions were congruent with most of the measurements, but a few measurements of E2 and EE2 exceed those that would be expected from the model, despite very conservative model assumptions of no degradation or in-stream dilution. Although some extreme measurements for EE2 may reflect analytical artifacts, remaining data suggest concentrations of E2 and EE2 may reach twice the 99th percentile predicted from the model. The model and bulk of the measurement data both suggest that cumulative exposure rates to humans are consistently low relative to effect levels, but also suggest that fish exposures to E1, E2, and EE2 sometimes substantially exceed chronic no-effect levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Kostich
- Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
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Shappell NW. Egg wash wastewater: estrogenic risk or environmental asset? INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2013; 9:517-523. [PMID: 23441095 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Commercial production of eggs and egg products requires the washing of eggs to remove urinary-fecal material and broken egg residue. In the case of one Ohio farming facility, 1.6 million birds produce 1.4 million eggs per day, using approximately 50 mL of wash water/egg or approximately 70,000 L per day. The aqueous waste stream was evaluated for estrogenicity to determine if potential for endocrine disruption would result from agricultural application of such wastewater. Samples collected the Fall (October) of 2010 included: water from 2 egg washers operating in series, inlet pipe to the treatment lagoon, a lagoon composite, and products used within the facility in the cleaning of equipment and treatment of the waste. In February 2011, the treatment lagoon was fitted with an extensive aeration system and subsequent sample sets were collected on 3 consecutive days in May and November. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction and assayed for estrogenic activity using the in vitro E-Screen assay. Raw untreated wastewater from the egg washers contained 17β-estradiol equivalents (E2 Eqs) ranging from 9 to 18 ng/L, pipe grab samples entering into the treatment lagoon ranged from <0.14 to 4.4 ng/L (variability related to time of emptying of egg wash tanks), whereas treatment lagoon water contained 0.3 to 4.0 ng/L E2 Eq. Addition of an aeration system to the treatment lagoon eliminated surface "frothing," reduced noxious odor emission, and E2 Eqs were lower than the pre-aeration concentrations (4 ng/L [n = 1, no statistical comparison possible] vs 0.3 to 1.4 ng/L in 2011). Because of matrix effects, estrogens were not quantifiable by LC-MS2 in even egg washwater extracts, at concentrations in which internal deuterated estrogen standards were quantifiable. Estrone and E2 parent ions were detected in egg washwater samples only, and confirmatory ion fragments were detected in only one of these samples. Estrogenicity of the wastewater from the treatment lagoon was already at the proposed aquatic no effect concentration for 17β-E2 and would be expected to decrease further as wastewater passes through 2 consecutive storage ponds before application on field crops for irrigation. The original project plan was to follow the wastewater as it was applied by aerial irrigation and concomitant surface runoff, but based on the consistent and extremely low concentration of estrogenic activity of the wastewater from the treatment lagoon, it was concluded that activity would be below limits of quantitation by E-Screen in water used for irrigation from the storage ponds. Use of egg wash wastewater--or gray water--to irrigate crops removes the cost and burden of wastewater treatment by the local wastewater plant, poses little to no potential threat of estrogenic endocrine disruption, and supports the conservation of water resources through the use of wastewater irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy W Shappell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA.
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Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Colapicchioni V, Piovesana S, Samperi R, Laganà A. Analytical strategies based on chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of estrogen-mimicking compounds in food. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:62-77. [PMID: 23866124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Food safety can be compromised by the presence of a wide variety of substances, deriving from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Among these substances, compounds exhibiting various degrees of estrogenic activity have been widely studied in environmental samples, whereas less attention has been devoted to food matrices. The aim of the present review is to give a general overview on the recent analytical methods based on gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the determination of estrogen-like compounds in foods, including new developments, improvements and upcoming trends in the field. Attention will be focused on four representative groups of compounds, i.e. natural and synthetic estrogens, mycoestrogens, phytoestrogens, and alkylphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Socas-Rodríguez B, Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J, Herrera-Herrera AV, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Chromatographic analysis of natural and synthetic estrogens in milk and dairy products. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Guo F, Liu Q, Qu GB, Song SJ, Sun JT, Shi JB, Jiang GB. Simultaneous determination of five estrogens and four androgens in water samples by online solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang HX, Zhou Y, Jiang QW. Enhanced screening efficiency for endocrine-disrupting chemicals in milk and powdered milk using UPLC/QTOF-MS by the introduction of dansyl chloride derivatisation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:166-80. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.720036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Macrina AL, Ott TL, Roberts RF, Kensinger RS. Estrone and estrone sulfate concentrations in milk and milk fractions. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:1088-93. [PMID: 22561023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dairy products naturally contain estrogens, and some consumer groups contend these estrogens cause adverse health effects. The objectives of this research were to characterize estrone (E(1)) and estrone sulfate (E(1)S) concentrations in milk from a large number of individual cows, in skim and fat fractions of milk, and in retail milk to provide food and nutrition practitioners with information to estimate potential consumption. Milk was from Holstein cows. Data are presented as means and standard deviations. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in E(1) and E(1)S content of whole milk and its skim and fat fractions. Mean E(1) and E(1)S concentrations (n=173 cows) were 7.0±12.7 and 46.7±62.1 pg/mL (25.89±46.96 and 172.74±229.71 pmol/L), respectively. Analysis of milk fractions (n=50 samples) demonstrated that 55% of E(1) and 14% of E(1)S were associated with the fat fraction with the remainder associated with the skim fraction. Concentrations of E(1) and E(1)S in pasteurized-homogenized whole milk (n=8) averaged 10.3±0.6 and 85.9±7.3 pg/mL (38.09±2.22 and 317.74±27.00 pmol/L), respectively. Production rates of E(1) plus estradiol in human beings range from 54,000 to 630,000 ng/day. US Food and Drug administration guidelines state that no physiologic effects occur when consumption is ≤1% of the endogenous quantities produced by the segment of the population with the lowest daily production. This threshold value for intake would be 540 ng/day. Estimated total E(1) intake from three servings of whole milk was 68 ng/day, which represents 0.01% to 0.1% of daily production rates in human beings. These findings support levels below the current guidelines for safe consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Macrina
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Regal P, Cepeda A, Fente C. Development of an LC-MS/MS method to quantify sex hormones in bovine milk and influence of pregnancy in their levels. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:770-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.653989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Bellet V, Hernandez-Raquet G, Dagnino S, Seree L, Pardon P, Bancon-Montiny C, Fenet H, Creusot N, Aït-Aïssa S, Cavailles V, Budzinski H, Antignac JP, Balaguer P. Occurrence of androgens in sewage treatment plants influents is associated with antagonist activities on other steroid receptors. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:1912-1922. [PMID: 22325933 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals such as estrogens in raw urban sewage is well documented. By contrast, the presence of other steroidal activities in wastewater has been poorly studied, although they can cause undesirable biological responses in the environment. In this work, extracts of raw wastewater were tested for agonist and antagonist activities on estrogen, androgen, progesterone, mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. We detected strong estrogenic activities that correlated well with the concentration of natural estrogens (estrone, estriol and 17β-estradiol) measured by chemical analysis. We also measured strong androgenic activities which were not due to estrogen receptor ligands based on the use of recombinant estrogen receptor α affinity columns. Several molecules with androgenic activities were identified in wastewater samples, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and epiandrosterone being the most abundant. However, they explain only a small part of the detected androgenic activity, as indicated by the comparison of the detected biological responses with the results of the targeted chemical analysis. Finally, we found that our samples also contained strong antagonist activities on progesterone, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Very interestingly, we identified pregnenolone (the precursor to all steroid hormones in humans) as a major endocrine disrupting chemical which accounts for most of the anti-mineralocorticoid activities present in raw wastewater. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the occurrence of androgen agonists as well as other steroid receptor antagonists such as pregnenolone in raw wastewater. Further research is needed to assess the fate of such compounds during sewage treatment and their potential effect on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Bellet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
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Gañán J, Gallego-Picó A, Garcinuño RM, Fernández-Hernando P, Morante S, Sierra I, Durand JS. Development of a molecularly imprinted polymer-matrix solid-phase dispersion method for selective determination of β-estradiol as anabolic growth promoter in goat milk. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:3025-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Ahmadkhaniha R, Kobarfard F, Rastkari N, Khoshayand MR, Amini M, Shafiee A. Assessment of endogenous androgen levels in meat, liver and testis of Iranian native cross-breed male sheep and bull by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 26:453-65. [PMID: 19680919 DOI: 10.1080/02652030802627475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Androgenic steroids always exist in different animal tissues at trace level, with significant numbers of interfering compounds, which makes their determination difficult. To solve some of the problems in quantification of the natural steroids in those tissues, a new GC-MS method was developed in this study. By using a surrogate analyte approach, which was developed in the authors' previous studies, and extensive sample preparation procedure, which successfully eliminates many of the interfering compounds and resulting in a cleaner extract, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and selectivity of the method for the determination of steroids in complex matrices such as meat, liver and testis were improved. By aid of this method, the levels of androgens in different tissues of Iranian native cross-breed bulls and male sheep were determined. According to the results obtained in the present study, although the androgenic profile (contents and ratios of precursors and metabolites to the main hormones) is similar between the same tissues of both animals, the total androgenic content of each tissue is higher in the bull than the same tissue in male sheep. In addition, in both animals higher amount of androgens were found in liver in comparison with meat and testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmadkhaniha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14174, Iran
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Proliferative effect of whey from cows' milk obtained at two different stages of pregnancy measured in MCF-7 cells. J DAIRY RES 2011; 79:33-8. [PMID: 22008464 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029911000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dietary estrogens may play a role in the etiology of hormone-dependent cancers like breast cancer. Cow's milk contains various endogenous estrogens and feed derived phytoestrogens that potentially contribute to an estrogenic effect of milk in consumers, and therefore we evaluated the effect of milk (whey) in a proliferation assay with estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Milk samples were obtained from 22 cows representing different stages of pregnancy (first and second half) and whey was produced from the milk. 0·1, 0·25 or 0·5% whey was included in the cell culture medium and after 6 days of treatment cell proliferation was assessed by a colorimetric method with a fluorometer. Whey induced significant (P<0·05) proliferative effects compared with control cells with no added whey at all concentrations tested. There was no difference in the proliferative effect of whey depending on the stage of pregnancy from which the milk was obtained. We did not observe anti-proliferative effects when whey was tested in the presence of 10 pm estradiol in the medium. In conclusion, these results indicate that whey, irrespective of the pregnancy stage from which the milk was obtained induced a significant proliferative response in MCF-7 cells and no anti-proliferative effect, which may be caused, at least in part, by estrogens present in milk. The implications of our findings in relation to for example breast cancer will have to be studied further in other model systems preferentially in vivo.
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Shi Y, Peng DD, Shi CH, Zhang X, Xie YT, Lu B. Selective determination of trace 17β-estradiol in dairy and meat samples by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Food Chem 2011; 126:1916-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Farke C, Rattenberger E, Roiger SU, Meyer HHD. Bovine colostrum: determination of naturally occurring steroid hormones by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1423-1427. [PMID: 21268636 DOI: 10.1021/jf103751z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to collect further data about levels of endogenous hormones in foodstuffs derived from animal production. Because of expected higher concentrations of especially estrogens in colostrum compared to other foodstuffs, our investigation focused on this matrix. For evaluation of endogenous steroid hormones in separated colostrum (fat and defatted fraction) and colostrum powder, the relevant free and conjugated estrogens (estradiol-17β, estradiol-17α, estrone, and estriol) androgens (androstendione, 19nor-androstendione, 19nor-testosterone-17β, 19nor-testosterone-17α, testosterone-17β, and testosterone-17α), and progesterone were determined by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Upmost determined concentrations were found in the fat fraction, with 25.56 and 7.59 μg/L for estrone and androstendione, respectively. In defatted milk and colostrum powder, conjugated estrogens dominated, whereas total (free and conjugated) estrone (5.51 μg/L; 15.0 μg/kg) exceeded estradiol-17α (2.66 μg/L; 7.5 μg/kg) and estradiol-17β (2.28 μg/L; 3.3 μg/kg). Neither 19nor-steroids nor estriol were detected in colostrum fractions or processed colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Farke
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e.V. , Senator-Gerauer-Strasse 23, 85586 Poing, Germany.
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