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Gibhardt S, Hepach R, Henderson AME. Observing prosociality and talent: the emotional characteristics and behavioral outcomes of elevation and admiration in 6.5- to 8.5-year-old children. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1392331. [PMID: 38855306 PMCID: PMC11160138 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Helping and seeing others being helped elicits positive emotions in young children but little is known about the nature of these emotions, especially in middle childhood. Here we examined the specific emotional characteristics and behavioral outcomes of two closely related other-praising moral emotions: elevation and admiration. We exposed 182 6.5- to 8.5-year-old children living in New Zealand, to an elevation- and admiration-inducing video clip. Afterwards children's emotion experiences and prosocial behaviour was measured. Findings revealed higher levels of happiness, care, and warmth after seeing prosociality in others (elevation condition) and higher levels of upliftment after seeing talent in others (admiration condition). We found no differences in prosocial behavior between the elevation and admiration conditions. This is the first study to assess elevation in childhood and offers a novel paradigm to investigate the role of moral emotions as potential motivators underlying helping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Gibhardt
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Education, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Hepach
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Corradi G, Aguilar P, Aguiar F, Olivera-La Rosa A. Age and moral disgust: An experimental priming effects vignette study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295039. [PMID: 38349927 PMCID: PMC10863895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Corradi
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
- BEATLES Research Group, University of Balearic Islands, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Pilar Aguilar
- Department of Social Psychology, College of Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Olivera-La Rosa
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, Medellín, Colombia
- Human Evolution and Cognition Group, Associated Group to IFISC (University of the Balearic Islands – CSIC), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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McGuire AP, Howard BAN, Burns C, Zambrano-Vazquez L, Szabo YZ. Biopsychosocial Correlates and Individual Differences for Eliciting Moral Elevation in Veterans With PTSD: An Experimental Case Series. J Nerv Ment Dis 2024; 212:33-42. [PMID: 37815289 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A promising approach to enhancing trauma-focused treatment is moral elevation-feeling inspired by witnessing a virtuous act. This study explored potential links between eliciting elevation and relevant outcomes in a series of case examples. Veterans with probable posttraumatic stress disorder completed experimental tasks including a written trauma narrative exercise and watching elevation-eliciting videos. Participants also completed baseline assessments, repeated measures of trauma-related cognitions, emotions, elevation, and saliva sample collection. Four cases were identified and reviewed: two positive responders (high elevation after videos) and two nonresponders (restricted elevation response). Positive responder cases reported decreased cognitions, emotions, and moral injury distress from after the trauma narrative to after elevation exercises, whereas nonresponders reported minimal to no changes. Positive responders also demonstrated decreases in cortisol, whereas nonresponders demonstrated increases in cortisol. Future work should examine whether elevation contributes to changes in biopsychosocial outcomes and identify individual factors that indicate who might benefit from elevation-based interventions.
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Bao C, Hu X, Zhang D, Lv Z, Chen J. Predicting Moral Elevation Conveyed in Danmaku Comments Using EEGs. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2023; 4:0028. [PMID: 37351325 PMCID: PMC10284275 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Moral elevation, the emotion that arises when individuals observe others' moral behaviors, plays an important role in determining moral behaviors in real life. While recent research has demonstrated the potential to decode basic emotions with brain signals, there has been limited exploration of affective computing for moral elevation, an emotion related to social cognition. To address this gap, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) signals from 23 participants while they viewed videos that were expected to elicit moral elevation. More than 30,000 danmaku comments were extracted as a crowdsourcing tagging method to label moral elevation continuously at a 1-s temporal resolution. Then, by employing power spectra features and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regularized regression analyses, we achieved a promising prediction performance for moral elevation (prediction r = 0.44 ± 0.11). Our findings indicate that it is possible to decode moral elevation using EEG signals. Moreover, the small-sample neural data can predict the continuous moral elevation experience conveyed in danmaku comments from a large population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Bao
- Department of Electronic Engineering,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- School of Computer Science and Technology,
Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Staley G, Zaidan ACV, Henley K, Childers LG, Daniel R, Lauderdale SA, McGuire AP. Commending rather than condemning: Moral elevation and stigma for male veterans with military sexual trauma. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:292. [PMID: 36474306 PMCID: PMC9727843 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-01002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using an experimental study, we examined the link between state moral elevation and stigmatic beliefs surrounding male veterans with military sexual trauma (MST). METHODS Undergraduate students were presented with a video or written narrative of a male veteran self-disclosing how they struggled with and overcame MST (n = 292). Participants completed measures regarding trait and demographic characteristics at baseline, then measures immediately after the disclosure stimulus to assess immediate elevation and stigma-related reactions. RESULTS Results suggest state-level elevation in response to a veteran self-disclosing their experience with MST was negatively correlated with harmful stigmatic beliefs about MST. A greater predisposition to experience elevation and PTSD symptoms were linked with stronger elevation responses to the stimulus. CONCLUSION Findings support the need for further exploration of elevation and its potential to impact public stigma for male veterans with MST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracie Staley
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
| | - Ana Clara Vieira Zaidan
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
| | - Katrina Henley
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
| | - Lucas G. Childers
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
| | - Ray Daniel
- grid.264758.a0000 0004 1937 0087Department of Psychology and Special Education, Texas A&M University Commerce, TX Commerce, USA
| | - Sean A. Lauderdale
- grid.264759.b0000 0000 9880 7531Department of Psychology and Sociology, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX USA
| | - Adam P. McGuire
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA ,grid.492803.40000 0004 0420 5919VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX USA ,grid.413775.30000 0004 0420 5847Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX USA
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Wider W, Lim MX, Wong LS, Chan CK, Maidin SS. Should I Help? Prosocial Behaviour during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316084. [PMID: 36498158 PMCID: PMC9741476 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Movement Control Order (MCO) enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered the social life and behaviour of the Malaysian population. Because the society is facing huge social and economic challenges that need individuals to work together to solve, prosocial behaviour is regarded as one of the most important social determinants. Because it is related with individual and societal benefits, participating in prosocial activities may be a major protective factor during times of global crisis. Rather than focusing only on medical and psychiatric paradigms, perhaps all that is necessary to overcome the COVID-19 risks is for individuals to make personal sacrifices for the sake of others. In reality, a large number of initiatives proven to be beneficial in decreasing viral transmission include a trade-off between individual and collective interests. Given its crucial importance, the purpose of this concept paper is to provide some insight into prosocial behaviour during the COVID-19 period. Understanding prosocial behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial because it may assist in the establishment of a post-COVID society and provide useful strategies for coping with future crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walton Wider
- Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mei Xian Lim
- Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Ling Shing Wong
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Choon Kit Chan
- Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Sarah Maidin
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Ye W, Li Z, Xu Y. Transmission of environmentally responsible behavior between tourist destination employees and tourists: The role of moral elevation and environmental knowledge. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1027736. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1027736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionTourists’ environmental misconduct is the primary reason for the environmental destruction that tourist sites experience; nevertheless, their environmentally responsible behavior is also a major push for the improvement of the environment. The main goal of this study is to induce tourists to adopt proactive environmental responsibility behaviors.MethodsA total of 455 valid questionnaires were obtained from China and analyzed using multiple linear regression.ResultsThe findings of this study indicate employees’ environmentally responsible behavior (E-ERB) in tourist destinations has a positive impact on tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior (T-ERB). In the mediating variable of moral elevation, the correlation between E-ERB and T-ERB is mediated by elevating emotions and views of humanity. And desire to be a better person did not play a mediating role in the relationship between E-ERB and T-ERB. Additionally, environmental knowledge moderates the transmission path of the impact of E-ERB and T-ERB via elevating emotions. With high environmental knowledge, the transmission path of the impact of employees’ environmentally responsible behavior of the tourist destination on tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior via elevating emotions will be enhanced.DiscussionWe propose a new perspective to explain the transmission mechanism between employees’ environmentally responsible behavior and tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior in tourism destinations, which will help to expand our understanding of the relationship between employees’ behavior and tourists’ behavior. We expect our study to spark more exploration of the contagion of positive behavior in the field of environmental psychology.
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8
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Elevated to be the whole moral self: exploring how and when ethical leadership inspires followers’ peer monitoring behavior. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Luo L, Zou R, Yang D, Yuan J. Awe experience trigged by fighting against COVID-19 promotes prosociality through increased feeling of connectedness and empathy. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2022.2131607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China 610066
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China 400715
- The Department of Education Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, China 641112
| | - Rong Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Sport Training and Monitoring, Department of Psychology, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China 430079
| | - Dong Yang
- The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China 610066
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China 400715
| | - Jiajin Yuan
- The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China 610066
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China 400715
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Li W, Mao Y, Hu B. Will exposure to different consequences of prosocial behavior always lead to subsequent prosocial behavior among adolescents: An experimental study of short videos. Front Psychol 2022; 13:927952. [PMID: 36248583 PMCID: PMC9556875 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between exposure to prosocial media content and prosocial behavior has been extensively explored. However, previous studies mainly explore the effect of prosocial media content exposure by comparing an individual’s exposure to the different types of content (i.e., prosocial content or neutral content), and generally focus on traditional media and video games, with less attention given to the increasingly popular new media platforms. In this study, we explored new dimensions by considering individuals’ exposure to different consequences of the same prosocial behavior (i.e., reward, punishment, or no consequences) in the context of short videos. Drawing upon Social Cognitive Theory and the General Learning Model, this experimental study identified the effect of such exposure on subsequent prosocial behavior among adolescents. We found that compared to the no consequences group, exposure to the reward consequence did not significantly predict moral elevation and subsequent prosocial behavior. Meanwhile, exposure to the punishment consequence had a significantly negative effect on subsequent prosocial behavior via moral elevation. Furthermore, the results revealed that empathy moderated the relationship between moral elevation and prosocial behavior, and moral elevation only positively predicted prosocial behavior among those with low empathy. Theoretically, this study deepens our understanding of the impact of exposure to different consequences of prosocial behavior on adolescents’ subsequent prosocial behavior, and highlights the importance of moral elevation and empathy to understand the underlying mechanism. The study also provides some practical implications for parents and practitioners to nurture prosocial behavior among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wu Li,
| | - Yuanyi Mao
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Self-Transcendent Positive Emotions as a Potential Mechanism Underpinning the Effects of Meaningful Psychedelic Experiences on Connectedness to Nature. ECOPSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2022.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Aguiar F, Corradi G, Aguilar P. Ageing and disgust: Is old age associated with harsher moral judgements? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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McGuire AP, Hayden CL, Tomoum R, Kurz AS. Development and Validation of the State Moral Elevation Scale: Assessing State-Level Elevation Across Nonclinical and Clinical Samples. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 23:2923-2946. [PMID: 35474850 PMCID: PMC9022734 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Research on moral elevation has steadily increased and identified several psychosocial benefits that bear relevance to both the general population and people with psychological distress. However, elevation measurement is inconsistent, and few state-level measures have been created and critically evaluated to date. To address this gap, the State Moral Elevation Scale (SMES) was developed and tested using an online sample (N = 930) including subsamples of general participants (nonclinical) and those who screened positive for mental health symptoms (clinical). Factor analysis indicated a single factor structure with nine items that demonstrated excellent reliability. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit statistics and strict measurement invariance across clinical and nonclinical subsamples. Lastly, correlational analyses with related constructs provided evidence of construct validity for both subsamples. Thus, the SMES is a psychometrically valid and reliable assessment tool for state-level elevation which can be used in both general and clinical populations. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10902-022-00533-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. McGuire
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, HPR 237, Tyler, TX 75799 USA
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research On Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX USA
| | - Candice L. Hayden
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, HPR 237, Tyler, TX 75799 USA
| | - Rawda Tomoum
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, HPR 237, Tyler, TX 75799 USA
| | - A. Solomon Kurz
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research On Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX USA
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van Leeuwen F, Inbar Y, Petersen MB, Aarøe L, Barclay P, Barlow FK, de Barra M, Becker DV, Borovoi L, Choi J, Consedine NS, Conway JR, Conway P, Adoric VC, Demirci E, Fernández AM, Ferreira DCS, Ishii K, Jakšić I, Ji T, Jonaityte I, Lewis DMG, Li NP, McIntyre JC, Mukherjee S, Park JH, Pawlowski B, Pizarro D, Prokop P, Prodromitis G, Rantala MJ, Reynolds LM, Sandin B, Sevi B, Srinivasan N, Tewari S, Yong JC, Žeželj I, Tybur JM. Disgust sensitivity relates to attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women across 31 nations. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211067151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has reported a relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice toward various social groups, including gay men and lesbian women. It is currently unknown whether this association is present across cultures, or specific to North America. Analyses of survey data from adult heterosexuals ( N = 11,200) from 31 countries showed a small relation between pathogen disgust sensitivity (an individual-difference measure of pathogen-avoidance motivations) and measures of antigay attitudes. Analyses also showed that pathogen disgust sensitivity relates not only to antipathy toward gay men and lesbians, but also to negativity toward other groups, in particular those associated with violations of traditional sexual norms (e.g., prostitutes). These results suggest that the association between pathogen-avoidance motivations and antigay attitudes is relatively stable across cultures and is a manifestation of a more general relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice towards groups associated with sexual norm violations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leah Borovoi
- National Institute for Testing and Evaluation, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M. G. Lewis
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, and Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pavol Prokop
- Comenius University, Slovakia
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
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15
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Diessner R, Klebl C, Mowry G, Pohling R. Natural and Moral Beauty Have Indirect Effects on Proenvironmental Behavior. ECOPSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2021.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhett Diessner
- Social Science Division, Department of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, Idaho, USA
| | - Christoph Klebl
- Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gabe Mowry
- Social Science Division, Department of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, Idaho, USA
| | - Rico Pohling
- Division of Personality Psychology and Assessment, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
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16
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Li M, Tan M, Wang S, Li J, Zhang G, Zhong Y. The Effect of Preceding Self-Control on Green Consumption Behavior: The Moderating Role of Moral Elevation. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 14:2169-2180. [PMID: 34992478 PMCID: PMC8711736 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s341786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that individuals restrain their egoistic desires to benefit others (eg, the natural world), which require a higher-order psychological process, such as self-control. Therefore, performing a preceding self-control task may subsequently decrease green consumption behavior. However, whether and how moral elevation, which is an important type of positive incidental emotion, moderates the negative effect of exerting self-control on green consumption behavior remains unknown. Purpose The present study aimed to examine how exerting self-control and moral elevation influenced green consumption behavior. Methods The product choice task that requires participants to make choices between buying environmentally friendly (eco-friendly) and cheaper (self-interest) products is an index of green consumption behavior. In Experiment 1, we adopted the incongruent Stroop task to induce the exertion of self-control, and participants were asked to make choices in the product choice task. In Experiment 2, participants were provided with moral elevating videos to elicit moral elevation during the interval between the Stroop and product choice tasks. Results Experiment 1 indicated that, relative to the congruent Stroop task (the control condition), completing the incongruent Stroop task led to less environmentally friendly choices. Experiment 2 indicated that the participants who watched the elevating video in the incongruent Stroop task condition chose environmentally friendly products with greater frequency compared to those who watched the neutral video. Furthermore, the analyses showed that self-reported moral elevation partly moderated the effect of the exertion of self-control on green consumption behavior. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the exertion of self-control has a negative effect on green consumption behavior; however, moral elevation can counteract this negative effect of exerting self-control on green consumption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Tan
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanfei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Luo L, Yang D, Tian Y, Gao W, Yang J, Yuan J. Awe weakens the AIDS-related stigma: The mediation effects of connectedness and empathy. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1043101. [PMID: 36532200 PMCID: PMC9755721 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1043101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stigma toward people with HIV or AIDS produces significant harms to their life and also hinders the prevention of AIDS. In the present study, we tested whether awe can weaken AIDS-related stigma and the mediating role of connectedness and empathy between them through a cross-sectional study (Study 1, N = 372) and two experimental studies (Study 2a and 2b, N = 110 and N = 180, respectively). Results showed that awe reduced AIDS-related stigma (Study 2a and 2b), via the serial mediation of connectedness and empathy (Study 1 and 2b). These findings suggest that the experience of awe increases one's connectedness to the world, which then enhances empathy and decreases AIDS-related stigma. This study expands our understanding of the relationship between awe and stigma, providing empirical basis for decreasing social prejudice to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,School of Educational Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, China
| | - Dong Yang
- The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Tian
- The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Gao
- The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiemin Yang
- The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajin Yuan
- The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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Rice DR, Hudson STJ, Noll NE. Gay = STIs? Exploring gay and lesbian sexual health stereotypes and their implications for prejudice and discrimination. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R. Rice
- Department of Psychology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Nicole E. Noll
- Department of Psychology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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19
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Zuniga Huertas MK, dos Santos Fernandes Cavalcanti P, Torres Urdan A. Does emotional media content increase donations for rejected groups? SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/srj-11-2020-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of exposure to prosocial media content (PMC) on the subsequent intention to donate to a prosocial cause of a rejected group versus a prosocial cause of a neutral group. The hypothesis, supported in two experimental studies, is that for the individual exposed to a PMC, the difference in the donations for social causes of a rejected group and a neutral group is smaller than for the individual exposed to a non-PMC.
Design/methodology/approach
Two between-subjects experimental studies were performed. In both studies, the individual’s emotional responses were manipulated through PMC (conditions: prosocial versus non-prosocial). Then, respondents were asked to split a fixed amount of money between two social actions whose beneficiaries were members of a rejected group versus members of a neutral group.
Findings
It was found that the difference in donation between the two actions associated with different types of beneficiaries (i.e. rejected group vs neutral group) was smaller for the individuals exposed to PMC than for individuals exposed to non-PMC.
Research limitations/implications
In this research, the donating behavior was operationalized by a simulated donation and not by a real donation.
Practical implications
Results suggest that PMC on the internet could be effective in reducing rejection for stigmatized dissociation groups for which it is difficult to get help.
Social implications
The results suggest that exposure to PMC on the internet can increase donations for rejected groups. The confirmation of the PMC effect on reducing negative outcomes opens the possibility to diminish negativity toward stigmatized groups.
Originality/value
Theoretically, the explanations are based on the social comparison theory.
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Shulman D, Halperin E, Elron Z, Reifen Tagar M. Moral elevation increases support for humanitarian policies, but not political concessions, in intractable conflict. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Russell PS, Smith DM, Birtel MD, Hart KH, Golding SE. The role of emotions and injunctive norms in breastfeeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2021; 16:257-279. [PMID: 33618626 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2021.1893783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding has many known benefits, but rates vary globally. We propose two main reasons why psychological theory and interventions have not been successful to date in explaining breastfeeding behaviours. Specifically, prior research underestimates the importance of (1) specific emotions and (2) wider injunctive influences (i.e., societal and moral norms about what women feel they ought to be doing) in the breastfeeding experience. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies that explored whether injunctive norms and/ or specific emotions are associated with breastfeeding behaviours (i.e., intentions, initiation and duration). Seventy-two papers were included in this review; data were extracted and quality appraisals conducted for all included studies. A meta-analysis of effect sizes was performed with the quantitative data. A convergent qualitative synthesis of the data was conducted, resulting in the following line of argument: Breastfeeding is a social behaviour and not a personal/individual behaviour. From this line of argument, three themes with associated sub-themes were developed, highlighting the importance of both specific emotions and injunctive norms on breastfeeding behaviours. These influences are discussed in relation to both theoretical and practical implications, as well as future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Sophie Russell
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Debbie M Smith
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kathryn H Hart
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Sarah E Golding
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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22
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Demirtaş-Madran HA. Exploring the Motivation Behind Discrimination and Stigmatization Related to COVID-19: A Social Psychological Discussion Based on the Main Theoretical Explanations. Front Psychol 2020; 11:569528. [PMID: 33281671 PMCID: PMC7691585 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19), was first detected in Wuhan province in China during late December 2019 and was designated as being highly infectious. The World Health Organization (WHO) labeled it a "pandemic" on March 11, 2020. Throughout human history, experience has shown that prejudices and viruses spread simultaneously during a viral pandemic. Outgroup members have been associated with various diseases and non-human vectors of diseases. Some epidemics have been named according to various outgroups, just as the novel coronavirus has been referred to by some as the "Wuhan virus" or the "Chinese virus." Associating a virus with a sociodemographic group builds a false illusionary correlation, which can lead to stigmatization and discrimination. Pandemics can also stimulate violent xenophobic reactions. Besides the obvious harmful consequences for the individuals targeted, pandemic-related discrimination also affects the spread of the virus through its effect on public attitudes toward prevention and restriction, health service procurement, and in the establishment of health-related policies. It is important to first understand the relevant concepts and processes, and also to understand the underlying causes of discrimination in order to fight it. Social psychology offers multidimensional and comprehensive explanations of prejudice and discrimination. This review's primary aim was to examine the motivations behind COVID-19-related discrimination based on social psychological perspectives. In line with this aim, the review first defines discrimination in detail, plus the related concepts and main social psychological theories on prejudice and discrimination. Then, pandemic-related discrimination in light of past experiences is discussed and explanations put forward for the theoretical perspectives and inferences specific to COVID-19. Finally, recommendations are made in order to prevent and combat discrimination related to infectious diseases.
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Ji Q, Raney AA. Developing and validating the self-transcendent emotion dictionary for text analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239050. [PMID: 32915905 PMCID: PMC7485772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a growing amount of research effort directed toward what positive media psychologists refer to as self-transcendent emotions, such as awe, admiration, elevation, gratitude, inspiration, and hope. While these emotions are invaluable to promote greater human connectedness, prosociality, and human flourishing, researchers are constrained in terms of analyzing self-transcendent emotions as expressed in spoken and written languages. Drawing upon the word-counting approach of the text analysis paradigm, this project aimed at constructing a dictionary tool-Self-Transcendent Emotion Dictionary (STED)-which can be uploaded into mainstream, text analytic software (e.g., LIWC) to identify and analyze self-transcendent emotions in large corpora. This dictionary tool was then refined and validated via three studies, where individual words were first rated with regard to their fitness into the proposed construct (Step 1), and then used to analyze essays written to reflect the corresponding construct (Step 2). Finally, the refined dictionary was applied to examine words used in nearly 4,000 human-coded New York Times articles (Step 3). Results indicated that the final dictionary, consisting of 351 lexicons and phrases, exhibits acceptable face and construct validity, and possesses a reasonable level of external validity and applicability. Despite its shortcoming in accounting for the rhetorical techniques ingrained in natural human language, the STED could be instrumental for social scientific inquiry of positive emotions in textual narratives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Ji
- School of Communication & the Arts, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States of America
| | - Arthur A. Raney
- School of Communication, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
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24
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Parsons S. Addressing Racial Biases in Medicine: A Review of the Literature, Critique, and Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2020; 50:371-386. [DOI: 10.1177/0020731420940961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on racism in medicine in the United States and reflects on the persistent barriers to diminishing racial biases in the U.S. health care system. Espoused strategies for decreasing racial disparities and reducing racial biases among physicians are critiqued, and recommendations are offered. Those recommendations include increasing the number of minority students in medical school, using Xavier University in New Orleans, Louisiana, as the model for medical school preparation; revamping the teaching of cultural competence; ensuring the quality of non-clinical staff; and reducing the risk of burnout among medical providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Parsons
- School of Doctoral Studies, Grand Canyon University, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
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25
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Moral elevation: Indications of functional integration with welfare trade-off calibration and estimation mechanisms. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Bartoș SE, Sophie Russell P, Hegarty P. Heroes against homophobia: does elevation uniquely block homophobia by inhibiting disgust? Cogn Emot 2020; 34:1123-1142. [PMID: 32052690 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1726292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Homophobia has decreased in past decades, but gut-level disgust towards gay men lingers. It has been suggested that disgust can be reduced by inducing its proposed opposite emotion, elevation. Research suggests elevation might reduce homophobia, but only general elevation (not elevation evoked by gay people) and general attitudes (rather than disgust) have been studied. Nor has elevation's effect on homophobia been differentiated from effects of related emotions, such as admiration or surprise. We pretested a series of news stories featuring either a gay man or a man of unspecified sexuality that were intended to distinctly elicit elevation, admiration, or surprise. We pre-registered the prediction that an elevation-inducing story would reduce negative attitudes by reducing disgust. In Study 1 (N = 593), participants who read elevation-inducing stories did not express more positive attitudes or less disgust towards gay men than those who read stories inducing admiration or surprise. The admiration stories elicited similar or lower levels of disgust than the elevation stories. Study 2 (N = 588), replicated the findings of Study 1 with improved stimuli and measures. Both studies suggest that elevation may not uniquely reduce homophobia, as elevation and admiration have similar effects on this prejudice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian E Bartoș
- Division of Psychology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Peter Hegarty
- Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Coffee and controversy: How applied psychology can revitalize sexual harassment and racial discrimination training. INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/iop.2019.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTraining has shown little effectiveness in altering harassing or discriminatory behavior. Limitations of prior intervention efforts may reflect poor conceptualization of the problems involved, poor training intervention design, approaches that engender cynicism, or misunderstanding psychological principles of attitude and behavior change. Interventions should capitalize on behavioral science models and tools at multiple levels from a broad array of disciplines to explain harassment and bias, and then to defeat these behaviors. Measures to ensure fair treatment should focus on leadership socialization, organizational culture and climate, increased professional competence, and integration with organizational approaches to corporate social responsibility and performance.
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28
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Lefebvre JP, Krettenauer T. Linking Moral Identity With Moral Emotions: A Meta-Analysis. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268019880887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the relationship between moral identity and moral emotions drawing on 57 independent studies. Moral identity was significantly associated with moral emotions, r = .32, p < .01, 95% confidence interval [CI: .27, .36]. Effect sizes were moderated by the type of moral emotion. Studies reporting other-regarding emotions (sympathy, empathy, and compassion) had the largest effect sizes ( r = .41), while negative other-evaluative emotions (moral anger, contempt, and disgust) had the smallest ( r = .16). Self-evaluative and other-evaluative positive emotions had intermediate effect sizes ( r values between .29 and .32). The type of emotion measure also was a significant moderator, with trait measures of emotion ( r = .38) correlating more strongly with moral identity than state measures ( r = .24). Effect sizes did not differ for the type of moral identity measure being used, publication status, or cultural origin of the study sample. The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate a robust empirical connection between moral identity and moral emotions, which confirms the multifaceted role of moral identity in moral functioning.
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Forscher PS, Lai CK, Axt JR, Ebersole CR, Herman M, Devine PG, Nosek BA. A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 117:522-559. [PMID: 31192631 PMCID: PMC6687518 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a novel technique known as network meta-analysis, we synthesized evidence from 492 studies (87,418 participants) to investigate the effectiveness of procedures in changing implicit measures, which we define as response biases on implicit tasks. We also evaluated these procedures' effects on explicit and behavioral measures. We found that implicit measures can be changed, but effects are often relatively weak (|ds| < .30). Most studies focused on producing short-term changes with brief, single-session manipulations. Procedures that associate sets of concepts, invoke goals or motivations, or tax mental resources changed implicit measures the most, whereas procedures that induced threat, affirmation, or specific moods/emotions changed implicit measures the least. Bias tests suggested that implicit effects could be inflated relative to their true population values. Procedures changed explicit measures less consistently and to a smaller degree than implicit measures and generally produced trivial changes in behavior. Finally, changes in implicit measures did not mediate changes in explicit measures or behavior. Our findings suggest that changes in implicit measures are possible, but those changes do not necessarily translate into changes in explicit measures or behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Calvin K. Lai
- Dept. of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jordan R. Axt
- Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | | | | | - Brian A. Nosek
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Virginia
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, VA
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30
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Baumsteiger R. What the World Needs Now: An Intervention for Promoting Prosocial Behavior. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1639507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Pohling R, Diessner R, Stacy S, Woodward D, Strobel A. Moral Elevation and Economic Games: The Moderating Role of Personality. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1381. [PMID: 31316415 PMCID: PMC6587376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral elevation is the prototypical emotional response when witnessing virtuous deeds of others. Yet, little is known about the role of individual differences that moderate the susceptibility to experiencing this self-transcendent emotion. The present experiment investigated the role of personality traits as moderators of elevation and its behavioral effects using economic games as a measure for prosocial behavior. One aim was to replicate prior findings on trait Engagement with Moral Beauty as moderator for experimentally induced state elevation. A second aim was to explore new potential moderators that were found to be connected to the moral realm: Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness vs. Anger, and Need for Cognition. Third, the present study is among the few investigating the effects of elevation on different prosocial actions and intentions. A sample of US American college students (N = 144) was randomly assigned to either watch a morally uplifting or a humorous video clip. Afterwards, all participants played a dictator game and an ultimatum game, and were asked to volunteer in another time-consuming experiment. In line with our hypotheses, experimentally induced state elevation promoted prosocial behavior, however, only within the dictator game. Also in line with our hypotheses, higher levels of Need for Cognition and higher levels of Engagement with Moral Beauty (but not higher levels of Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness vs. Anger) increased prosocial behavior within the experimental group. In contrast to our hypotheses, none of the investigated personality traits moderated the proneness to experience the state of elevation after seeing an elevating video clip; only the behavioral consequences of elevation were moderated. Our results replicate and extend prior findings on moderators for elevation and exemplify the importance of investigating the role of personality traits in the context of the moral elevation phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Pohling
- Division of Personality Psychology and Assessment, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Rhett Diessner
- Division of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID, United States
| | - Shawnee Stacy
- Division of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID, United States
| | - Destiny Woodward
- Division of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID, United States
| | - Anja Strobel
- Division of Personality Psychology and Assessment, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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FitzGerald C, Martin A, Berner D, Hurst S. Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: a systematic review. BMC Psychol 2019; 7:29. [PMID: 31097028 PMCID: PMC6524213 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implicit biases are present in the general population and among professionals in various domains, where they can lead to discrimination. Many interventions are used to reduce implicit bias. However, uncertainties remain as to their effectiveness. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by searching ERIC, PUBMED and PSYCHINFO for peer-reviewed studies conducted on adults between May 2005 and April 2015, testing interventions designed to reduce implicit bias, with results measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) or sufficiently similar methods. RESULTS 30 articles were identified as eligible. Some techniques, such as engaging with others' perspective, appear unfruitful, at least in short term implicit bias reduction, while other techniques, such as exposure to counterstereotypical exemplars, are more promising. Robust data is lacking for many of these interventions. CONCLUSIONS Caution is thus advised when it comes to programs aiming at reducing biases. This does not weaken the case for implementing widespread structural and institutional changes that are multiply justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloë FitzGerald
- iEH2 (Institute for Ethics, History and the Humanities), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Martin
- Department of Philosophy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Berner
- iEH2 (Institute for Ethics, History and the Humanities), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samia Hurst
- iEH2 (Institute for Ethics, History and the Humanities), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Sakai JT, Raymond KM, McWilliams SK, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK. Testing helping behavior and its relationship to antisocial personality and psychopathic traits. Psychiatry Res 2019; 274:98-104. [PMID: 30780067 PMCID: PMC6746344 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
When presented with decisions that require simultaneously weighing self-benefit and other harm, adolescents with callous-unemotional traits compared with controls engage in less Costly Helping (i.e., giving up a benefit to protect a beneficent other). Young adults completed questionnaires, played an online-administered game of Costly Helping, and viewed an Elevation stimulus video (when witnessing another's act of virtue, individuals may experience a positive or elevating response). Subjects were assigned to one of four study arms, which varied the order of presentation. Higher levels of Factor 1 (callousness) psychopathic trait scale scores (assessed using the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale) were associated with significantly less Costly Helping. Elevation associated positively with Costly Helping behaviors and negatively with psychopathic traits. Introducing Elevation as an independent variable in regression analyses attenuated the relationship between psychopathic traits and Costly Helping, suggesting mediation. Those viewing the Elevation stimulus video prior to playing the game, as opposed to after, trended toward more Costly Helping by taking less money for themselves ($3.28vs. $3.72). Results support that this simple game provides meaningful behavioral data associated with psychopathic traits. Differences in Elevation may, in part, explain the observed differences in prosocial behavior in those with high psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Sakai
- Corresponding author: Joseph Sakai, 13001 E. 17th Place, Campus Box F546, Aurora Colorado 80045, Telephone: 303-724-7402,
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34
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Palmer CT. Can Evolutionary Theory Explain Portrayals of the Righteous Among the Nations? JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/701273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Zickfeld JH, Schubert TW, Seibt B, Fiske AP. Moving Through the Literature: What Is the Emotion Often Denoted Being Moved? EMOTION REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073918820126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
When do people say that they are moved, and does this experience constitute a unique emotion? We review theory and empirical research on being moved across psychology and philosophy. We examine feeling labels, elicitors, valence, bodily sensations, and motivations. We find that the English lexeme being moved typically (but not always) refers to a distinct and potent emotion that results in social bonding; often includes tears, piloerection, chills, or a warm feeling in the chest; and is often described as pleasurable, though sometimes as a mixed emotion. While we conclude that it is a distinct emotion, we also recommend studying it in a more comprehensive emotion framework, instead of using the ambiguous vernacular term being moved as a scientific term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis H. Zickfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- MZES, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Schubert
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- CIS-IUL - Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL)
| | - Beate Seibt
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- CIS-IUL - Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL)
| | - Alan P. Fiske
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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36
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Kiss MJ, Morrison MA, Morrison TG. A Meta-Analytic Review of the Association Between Disgust and Prejudice Toward Gay Men. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2018; 67:674-696. [PMID: 30570430 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1553349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A sizeable number of studies have documented a relationship between heterosexual persons' experience of disgust (measured as an individual difference variable or induced experimentally) and prejudice toward gay men (i.e., homonegativity). Yet, to date, no one has attempted to meta-analytically review this corpus of research. We address this gap by conducting a meta-analysis of published and unpublished work examining heterosexual men and women's disgust and their homonegativity toward gay men. Fourteen articles (12 published, two unpublished) containing 17 studies were analyzed (N = 7,322). The average effect size for disgust sensitivity studies was moderate to large (d = 0.64), whereas for disgust induction studies, the effect was large (d = 0.77). No evidence of effect size heterogeneity emerged. Future directions and recommendations for methodological improvements are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Kiss
- Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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37
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Ding W, Shao Y, Sun B, Xie R, Li W, Wang X. How Can Prosocial Behavior Be Motivated? The Different Roles of Moral Judgment, Moral Elevation, and Moral Identity Among the Young Chinese. Front Psychol 2018; 9:814. [PMID: 29892249 PMCID: PMC5985326 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has shown that moral judgment, moral elevation, and moral identity contribute to prosocial behavior. However, how these three motivating factors interact in predicting prosocial behaviors is not yet clear. The current study proposed and examined a moderated mediation model to illustrate the specific process of how prosocial behavior is motivated by these factors. A total of 264 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students participated in the present study (140 females; age range 17–26, M = 20.25, SD = 1.57). Moral judgment competence, intensity of moral elevation, and moral identity were measured by self-reported scales, and the tendency to engage in prosocial behavior was assessed in a simulated “Ask for help” situation. The multiple regressive results showed that moral elevation mediated the effect of moral judgment on prosocial behavior, and moral identity moderated this mediation through interacting with moral elevation. However, within the proposed model, the mediating effect of moral elevation was stronger in women than in men, while the moderating role of moral identity appeared only in women. These findings imply different methods for men and women to enhance their prosocial behaviors, including the need to pay more attention to developing moral reasoning in men while putting more emphasis on evoking moral emotion and moral traits in women. Together, these results supported the assumptive model and provided a comprehensive framework to explain prosocial behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ding
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yanhong Shao
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Binghai Sun
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ruibo Xie
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Li
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wang
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Timmons S, Byrne RM. Moral fatigue: The effects of cognitive fatigue on moral reasoning. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:943-954. [PMID: 29642785 DOI: 10.1177/1747021818772045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report two experiments that show a moral fatigue effect: participants who are fatigued after they have carried out a tiring cognitive task make different moral judgements compared to participants who are not fatigued. Fatigued participants tend to judge that a moral violation is less permissible even though it would have a beneficial effect, such as killing one person to save the lives of five others. The moral fatigue effect occurs when people make a judgement that focuses on the harmful action, killing one person, but not when they make a judgement that focuses on the beneficial outcome, saving the lives of others, as shown in Experiment 1 ( n = 196). It also occurs for judgements about morally good actions, such as jumping onto railway tracks to save a person who has fallen there, as shown in Experiment 2 ( n = 187). The results have implications for alternative explanations of moral reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Timmons
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ruth Mj Byrne
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Tingey JL, McGuire AP, Stebbins OL, Erickson TM. Moral elevation and compassionate goals predict posttraumatic growth in the context of a college shooting. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1402077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Tingey
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam P. McGuire
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oxana L. Stebbins
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thane M. Erickson
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
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Erickson TM, McGuire AP, Scarsella GM, Crouch TA, Lewis JA, Eisenlohr AP, Muresan TJ. Viral videos and virtue: Moral elevation inductions shift affect and interpersonal goals in daily life. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1365163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thane M. Erickson
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam P. McGuire
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gina M. Scarsella
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tara A. Crouch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jamie A. Lewis
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tasha J. Muresan
- Department of Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
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Williams PB, Poljacik G, Decety J, Nusbaum HC. Loving-kindness language exposure leads to changes in sensitivity to imagined pain. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1315648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg Poljacik
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Howard C. Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Thomson AL, Siegel JT. Elevation: A review of scholarship on a moral and other-praising emotion. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1269184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Thomson
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jason T. Siegel
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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Pohling R, Diessner R. Moral Elevation and Moral Beauty: A Review of the Empirical Literature. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Moral elevation is defined as the emotional response to witnessing acts of moral beauty. Studies have found that elevation entails pleasant feelings of warmth in the chest, feeling uplifted, moved, and optimistic about humanity. Elevation motivates affiliation with others as well as moral action tendencies. The main goal of this review was to gather and organize the empirical findings from the last 16 years of elevation research with regard to psychological and physiological characteristics, motivational tendencies, behavioral outcomes, neuronal mechanisms, moderators, and correlates of elevation. A secondary goal was to examine whether elevation is congruent with Fredrickson's (2001) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. It was concluded that there is strong evidence that elevation broadens the thought-action repertoire and relatively weak evidence that it builds lasting resources. Potential evolutionary functions, the forms of measurement of elevation, the process of how elevation is triggered, practical applications and directions for future research were also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Pohling
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Division of Personality Psychology and Assessment, Technische Universität Chemnitz
| | - Rhett Diessner
- Psychology Department, Division of Social Sciences, Lewis-Clark State College
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