1
|
Goodson PN, Lopez RB, Denny BT. Perceived stress moderates emotion regulation success in real-world contexts: an ecologically-valid multilevel investigation. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:501-514. [PMID: 37929316 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2278057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion regulation plays a crucial role in well-being in everyday life. Effective emotion regulation depends upon adaptively matching a given strategy to a given situation. Recent research has begun to explore these interactions in the context of daily reports of perceived stress, affect, and emotion regulation strategy usage. To further understand these differences in strategy efficacy in an ecologically valid context, we examined responses to real world stressors in a young adult sample. METHODS We surveyed a range of emotion regulation strategies, including two forms of cognitive reappraisal (i.e., reinterpretation, which involves cognitively reframing one's emotional responses, and psychological distancing, which involves adopting an objective, impartial perspective). Participants reported strategy usage, momentary perceived stress, and affect in response to multiple ecological momentary assessments over a period of 7 days. RESULTS Analyses of links between strategy usage and affect revealed that rumination was significantly negatively associated with more positive affect ratings. Further, a significant interaction between momentary perceived stress and reinterpretation usage was observed on affect, such that reinterpretation was more adaptive during situations perceived as less stressful. CONCLUSION These results provide further insight into the importance of situational context in determining the effectiveness of particular emotion regulation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline N Goodson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard B Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, USA
| | - Bryan T Denny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scaglioni G, Capasso M, Bianchi M, Caso D, Cavazza N. Facing the Emotional Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening. The Roles of Reappraisal and Situation Selection. Int J Behav Med 2024:10.1007/s12529-024-10284-4. [PMID: 38637471 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-024-10284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disgust, embarrassment, and fear can hinder the attendance of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. However, individuals can respond to these emotions differently. The present study tested whether reappraising a negative stimulus versus avoiding a negative stimulus is associated with age; whether these two emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal and situation selection) moderate the effects of disgust, embarrassment and fear on CRC screening intention; and the efficacy of a message based on participants' preferred emotion regulation strategy. METHODS We recruited 483 Italian participants (aged 40-84 years) through snowball sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions differing for a message promoting CRC screening with an affective lever, a cognitive lever, both levers or none. Key variables included emotion regulation strategies, emotional barriers and intention to get screened. RESULTS The preference for reappraisal over situation selection increased with age. Reappraisal neutralized the effect of disgust on CRC screening intention. The combined message with both affective and cognitive levers increased CRC screening intention (b = 0.27, β = 0.11, SE = 0.13 p = .049), whereas reading the message based only on the affective (b = 0.16, β = 0.06, SE = 0.14 p = .258) or the cognitive (b = 0.22, β = 0.09, SE = 0.14 p = .107) lever was not effective. CONCLUSIONS Communication campaigns should support the activation of a reappraisal strategy of emotion control, and messages promoting CRC screening should highlight both the instrumental (i.e., early detection) and affective (i.e., peace of mind) benefits of attendance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Scaglioni
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Miriam Capasso
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Bianchi
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Caso
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cavazza
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mueller I, Pruessner L, Holt DV, Zimmermann V, Schulze K, Strakosch AM, Barnow S. If it Ain't Broke, Don't Fix it: Positive Versus Negative Emotion Regulation in Daily Life and Depressive Symptoms. J Affect Disord 2024; 348:398-408. [PMID: 38123075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of positive emotions for affective psychopathology, prior research primarily focused on negative emotion regulation. To address this gap, this ecological momentary assessment study compared a broad set of emotion regulation strategies in the context of positive versus negative emotions regarding their effectiveness and associations with depressive symptoms. METHODS We analyzed data from 1066 participants who were notified five times daily for seven consecutive days to complete a smartphone survey assessing their predominant emotions, strategies to regulate them, and subsequent emotional outcomes. RESULTS Findings show that the effectiveness of most regulation strategies depended on whether the emotional context was positive or negative. While acceptance and savoring predicted improved emotional outcomes across emotional contexts, reappraisal and problem-solving were associated with deteriorated emotional outcomes and increased depressive symptoms when regulating positive but not negative emotions. LIMITATIONS Future studies should replicate our findings in demographically and culturally diverse clinical samples to improve generalizability. CONCLUSION These results emphasize that strategies effective for regulating negative emotions may be less helpful in the context of positive emotions. Thus, context-specific interventions may be a promising approach to improve the treatment of affective disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Mueller
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | | | - Daniel V Holt
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Schulze
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Sven Barnow
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Petri-Romão P, Engen H, Rupanova A, Puhlmann L, Zerban M, Neumann RJ, Malyshau A, Ahrens KF, Schick A, Kollmann B, Wessa M, Walker H, Plichta MM, Reif A, Chmitorz A, Tuescher O, Basten U, Kalisch R. Self-report assessment of Positive Appraisal Style (PAS): Development of a process-focused and a content-focused questionnaire for use in mental health and resilience research. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295562. [PMID: 38306328 PMCID: PMC10836662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Positive Appraisal Style Theory of Resilience posits that a person's general style of evaluating stressors plays a central role in mental health and resilience. Specifically, a tendency to appraise stressors positively (positive appraisal style; PAS) is theorized to be protective of mental health and thus a key resilience factor. To this date no measures of PAS exist. Here, we present two scales that measure perceived positive appraisal style, one focusing on cognitive processes that lead to positive appraisals in stressful situations (PASS-process), and the other focusing on the appraisal contents (PASS-content). For PASS-process, the items of the existing questionnaires Brief COPE and CERQ-short were analyzed in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA, CFA) in independent samples (N = 1157 and N = 1704). The resulting 10-item questionnaire was internally consistent (α = .78, 95% CI [.86, .87]) and showed good convergent and discriminant validity in comparisons with self-report measures of trait optimism, neuroticism, urgency, and spontaneity. For PASS-content, a newly generated item pool of 29 items across stressor appraisal content dimensions (probability, magnitude, and coping potential) were subjected to EFA and CFA in two independent samples (N = 1174 and N = 1611). The resulting 14-item scale showed good internal consistency (α = .87, 95% CI [.86, .87]), as well as good convergent and discriminant validity within the nomological network. The two scales are a new and reliable way to assess self-perceived positive appraisal style in large-scale studies, which could offer key insights into mechanisms of resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Haakon Engen
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Rupanova
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lara Puhlmann
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Zerban
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rebecca J Neumann
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr Malyshau
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kira F Ahrens
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anita Schick
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bianca Kollmann
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henrik Walker
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Division of Mind and Brain Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael M Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Chmitorz
- Faculty of Social Work, Health Care and Nursing, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Tuescher
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Basten
- Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Specker P, Nickerson A. Investigating the effectiveness of instructing emotion regulation flexibility to individuals with low and high anxiety. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:143-156. [PMID: 37120826 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2205641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Psychopathology has been associated with a deficit in emotion regulation (ER) flexibility - the ability to flexibly utilize ER strategies that are appropriate to situational demands. Yet, whether anxious individuals can be taught ER flexibility, or whether ER flexibility is effective in managing negative affect, remains unknown. We investigated the impact of instructed ER flexibility on emotional responding among individuals with differing levels of anxiety. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants (N = 109) were taught two ER strategies (reappraisal, distraction) and randomized to be instructed in either flexible or inflexible ER while viewing images that differed in negative emotional intensity. RESULTS When averaged over anxiety, or for participants with low anxiety, negative affect did not differ between conditions. However, among anxious participants, those in the flexible regulatory conditions - those who were instructed to flexibly switch between strategies - reported lower negative affect than those in the inflexible Reappraisal only condition, but not the Distraction only condition. The effectiveness of the two flexible conditions did not significantly differ. CONCLUSIONS Anxious individuals benefitted from being instructed in either ER flexibility or distraction. This finding supports literature on the adaptiveness of distraction and provides preliminary evidence linking instructed ER flexibility and improved emotional responding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Specker
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Nickerson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Potthoff J, Wabnegger A, Schienle A. A differentiated look at emotions: association between gaze behaviour during the processing of affective videos and emotional granularity. Cogn Emot 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37712658 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2258576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish between subtle differences among emotions of similar valence is labelled emotion differentiation (ED). Previous research has demonstrated that people high in ED are less likely to use disengagement regulation strategies (i.e. avoidance/distraction) during negative affective states.The present eye-tracking study examined associations between ED and visual attention/avoidance of affective stimuli. A total of 160 participants viewed emotional video clips (positive/ negative), which were concurrently presented with a non-affective distractor image. After each video, participants verbally described their experienced emotions with adjectives in an open-response format. Moreover, they completed an ED questionnaire.The computed ED specificity index for the negative videos (the number of specific adjectives divided by all adjectives used) was positively associated with the scores on the ED questionnaire and visual revisits for the negative videos (how many times the participants gazed back and forth between video and distractor). This viewing style might reflect more active exploratory behaviour directed toward acquiring information about the negative stimulus and its context. The ED measures were not associated with the gaze behaviour for positive videos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Potthoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Anne Schienle
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scheffel C, Zerna J, Gärtner A, Dörfel D, Strobel A. Estimating individual subjective values of emotion regulation strategies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13262. [PMID: 37582918 PMCID: PMC10427653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals have a repertoire of emotion regulation (ER) strategies at their disposal, which they can use more or less flexibly. In ER flexibility research, strategies that facilitate goal achievement are considered adaptive and therefore are subjectively valuable. Individuals are motivated to reduce their emotional arousal effectively and to avoid cognitive effort. Perceived costs of ER strategies in the form of effort, however, are highly subjective. Subjective values (SVs) should therefore represent a trade-off between effectiveness and subjectively required cognitive effort. However, SVs of ER strategies have not been determined so far. We present a new paradigm for quantifying individual SVs of ER strategies by offering monetary values for ER strategies in an iterative process. N = 120 participants first conducted an ER paradigm with the strategies distraction, distancing, and suppression. Afterwards, individual SVs were determined using the new CAD paradigm. SVs significantly predicted later choice for an ER strategy (χ2 (4, n = 119) = 115.40, p < 0.001, BF10 = 1.62 × 1021). Further, SVs were associated with Corrugator activity (t (5, 618.96) = 2.09, p = 0.037, f2 = 0.001), subjective effort (t (5, 618.96) = - 13.98, p < 0.001, f2 = 0.035), and self-reported utility (t (5, 618.96) = 29.49, p < 0.001, f2 = 0.155). SVs were further associated with self-control (t (97.97) = 2.04, p = 0.044, f2 = 0.002), but not with flexible ER. With our paradigm, we were able to determine subjective values. The trait character of the values will be discussed. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on July 19, 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FN9BT .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Scheffel
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Josephine Zerna
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Gärtner
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denise Dörfel
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Growney CM, English T. Age and Cognitive Ability Predict Emotion Regulation Strategy Use. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:987-997. [PMID: 36744761 PMCID: PMC10214650 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines how age and cognitive ability predict use of different emotion regulation strategies in a laboratory task eliciting emotions varying in valence and arousal. METHODS Participants (N = 287) aged 25-85 completed the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery and an emotion regulation task in a laboratory setting. They watched a series of emotional clips (disgust, sadness, amusement, and contentment) under instructions to increase positive emotions or decrease negative emotions. After each clip, they rated the extent to which they used emotion regulation strategies that involve different types of engagement with emotional stimuli and disengagement from emotional stimuli. RESULTS Older age was predictive of greater use of immersive-engagement strategies (e.g., perspective taking) and less use of disengagement strategies (e.g., distraction). Fluid cognitive ability was positively associated with immersive-engagement strategy use, particularly for high-arousal clips. For older adults, fluid cognitive ability was also associated with using positive-engagement strategies (e.g., positive reappraisal) to a greater extent to regulate negative emotions. DISCUSSION Patterns of emotion regulation strategy use varied by age, even when accounting for differences in reactivity. Findings suggest that older adults may not necessarily prefer strategies that are lower in cognitive demands or that focus on enhancing positivity. Results support the idea that strategy preferences are driven by a combination of characteristics of the regulator and the regulation context. The relevance of cognitive resources likely varies across situations, perhaps being most consequential for deeper processing of high-arousal stimuli and for older adults' engagement with positive aspects of an otherwise negative situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Growney
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tammy English
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ortner CNM, Stoney M, Horst A. Reappraisal affordances: a replication of Suri et al. (2018) and investigation of alternate predictors of reappraisal choice. Cogn Emot 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37224112 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2216446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reappraisal affordances have recently emerged as an important predictor of emotion regulation choice . In a pre-registered replication of study 4 of Suri et al., 2018, we assessed the role of affordances and several other predictors of regulation choice. Participants (N = 315) read one of eight vignettes that varied in reappraisal affordance (high or low) and intensity (high or low). For each vignette, they rated hedonic and instrumental motives, affordances, intensity, importance, and long-term implications. One week later, participants re-read the vignette, chose between reappraisal and distraction, and rated their likelihood of using each strategy. Unexpectedly, participants rated predicted high affordance vignettes as lower in affordance than predicted low affordance vignettes. This difference from the original study may be due to sample differences: in the original study, participants were employees in a specific workplace and several vignettes targeted workplace activities. Nonetheless, we replicated the original finding that reappraisal affordances predicted reappraisal choice. The result held even when controlling for other contextual variables, which played a limited role in predicting emotion regulation. The results highlight the need to consider multiple aspects of context, including the research setting, when examining predictors of emotion regulation choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Stoney
- Department of Psychology, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, Canada
| | - Anna Horst
- Department of Psychology, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qin M, Xiao D, Yuan L, Karabulatova I. Emotive Tonality of the "Youth-Old Age" Dichotomy in Russian and Chinese Media Discourses: The Stage of Psychosemantic Expertise. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2023; 52:525-553. [PMID: 35788864 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-022-09899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The issue of attitude to age has the character of social stigma at different stages of human civilization, therefore, the identification of the general and particular in the assessments of the "youth-old age" dichotomy in different structural languages seems relevant. The results are based on the materials of an in-depth interview among 510 respondents belonging to different age groups: young, middle, and elderly; and 1257 respondents' responses. The in-depth interview covered 128 characteristics of interpersonal interaction. This made it possible to compile descriptor tables. The 54 characteristics identified were 27 bipolar scales. The objects of evaluation are characterized by 8 pole positions. A comparison was also made with data extracted from 368 articles in Russian and Chinese media. This work contributes to the understanding of the psycholinguistic processes of emotional perception of age in Russian and Chinese linguistic cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qin
- Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Philology, Peoples' Friendship, University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dongxia Xiao
- Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Philology, Peoples' Friendship, University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Philology, Peoples' Friendship, University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Karabulatova
- Laboratory of Machine Learning and Semantic Analysis, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- Department of Machine Learning and Digital Humanities, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu CW, Chang JH. Believe, express, and enjoy: utility beliefs about social emotion expression consistently predict satisfactory outcomes. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2023; 47:399-411. [PMID: 37234067 PMCID: PMC10015137 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-023-10009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the association between people's beliefs about emotion and their overall satisfaction with a social interaction. We focus on three specific aspects to examine this association: (a) utility beliefs-a dimension of emotion beliefs; (b) emotion expression-an emotion channel; and (c) four social emotions-anger, other-embarrassment, gratitude, and other-pride. We examine whether people's utility beliefs about expressing a social emotion can predict their evaluation of a social interaction when they express (vs. suppress) their social emotion. Results (N = 209) consistently show that when people express their social emotion, their utility beliefs positively predict their satisfaction with an event. However, when people suppress their gratitude, their utility beliefs negatively predict their satisfaction, an effect not observed in the other three emotion events. These findings corroborate the claim that emotion beliefs impact people's emotional lives. Implications for research on emotion beliefs and motivated emotion regulation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Yu
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL United States
| | - Jen-Ho Chang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harnessing the placebo effect to enhance emotion regulation effectiveness and choice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2373. [PMID: 36759537 PMCID: PMC9911767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The placebo effect demonstrates how positive expectancies shape the effectiveness of various treatments. Across studies, placebo treatments are interventions (creams, pills, etc.) that are presented to individuals as, and are learned to be, beneficial for them. This study tested whether placebo-induced expectancies can be harnessed to improve individuals' internal emotion regulation attempts. Participants implemented two types of distraction, an emotion regulation strategy involving attentional disengagement, to attenuate fear of pain. In a typical conditioning paradigm, the placebo-distraction was introduced as an effective strategy (verbal suggestion) and was surreptitiously paired with reduced pain (conditioning), whereas the control-distraction was introduced as noneffective and was surreptitiously paired with increased pain. As predicted, we found that during a later test phase, where pain intensity was identical, the placebo-distraction resulted in reduced self-reported fear of pain, relative to the control-distraction. Moreover, we utilized a robust behavioral choice measure, demonstrating increased preferences for the placebo-distraction. We additionally tested whether these effects generalize to a different emotional context of fear of unpleasant pictures. In that context, the placebo-distraction was as effective as the control-distraction, but was substantially preferred. This study demonstrates that the placebo effect can be expanded to include individuals' internal attempts to influence their conditions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tan Y, Wang X, Blain SD, Jia L, Qiu J. Interoceptive attention facilitates emotion regulation strategy use. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100336. [PMID: 36199366 PMCID: PMC9512845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Method Results Conclusions
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Tan
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Corresponding author at: School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Scott D. Blain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University
- Corresponding author at: Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ben-Baruch YD, Leibovich-Raveh T, Cohen N. The link between emotion regulation and size estimation of spiders pictures among women with fear of spiders. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1053381. [PMID: 36619063 PMCID: PMC9816481 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1053381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fear is associated with perceptual biases. People who are afraid of spiders perceive spiders as larger than people without this fear. It is yet unclear, however, whether this effect can be influenced by using implicit (non-deliberate) emotion regulation (ER) processes and explicit (deliberate) ER strategies, such as reappraisal and suppression. Method This study examined the link between implicit and explicit ER and size estimation among women afraid of spiders. After performing an implicit ER (cognitive control) task, participants rated the size and valence of spiders, wasps and butterflies shown in pictures. Participants' tendency to use reappraisal and suppression was assessed using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results Results showed no effect of implicit ER on size and valence ratings. A greater tendency to use reappraisal was linked to reduced negative feelings on seeing the pictures of spiders. Greater use of suppression, however, was linked to increased size estimation of the spider stimuli. Discussion These results highlight the role of ER in perceptual biases and offer avenues for future ER-based treatments for specific phobias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahel Dror Ben-Baruch
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,*Correspondence: Yahel Dror Ben-Baruch,
| | | | - Noga Cohen
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gutentag T, Tamir M. Putting Effort into Emotion Regulation: Manipulating Desirability and Motivational Strength. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:878-893. [PMID: 36519146 PMCID: PMC9743940 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although people often want to regulate their emotions, they are sometimes reluctant to invest the necessary effort in doing so. We propose that people could be motivated to invest effort in emotion regulation, by rendering the target emotional state more desirable. Rendering an emotion goal more desirable can motivate people to invest effort in emotion regulation, ultimately facilitating successful emotion regulation. In three studies (N = 452), we show that both inside and outside the lab, rendering calmness more desirable, boosted the motivational strength to increase calmness, increasing the effort people invested to increase calmness, and ultimately made people calmer. This investigation points to the importance of motivational strength as a potential means to promote effort and success in emotion regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00155-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Gutentag
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91905 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Tamir
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91905 Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kritikou M, Giovazolias T. Emotion regulation, academic buoyancy, and academic adjustment of university students within a self-determination theory framework: A systematic review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1057697. [PMID: 36524164 PMCID: PMC9746693 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1057697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The transition from secondary to tertiary education seems to be a stressful period for many students since they need to adjust to the new academic environment. METHOD This article is a systematic review of 4,285 articles. The aim of this review was to investigate the factors in the university environment associated with emotion regulation, academic buoyancy, and academic adjustment of tertiary students within a self-determination theory framework in combination with the nascent third wave of Positive Psychology. Forty-one articles met the inclusion criteria, all of which were rated as either good or moderate quality. RESULTS The bulk of the studies included in the systematic review reported individual factors, i.e., self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, academic factors, i.e., intention to drop out, learning climate, and family and social factors i.e., faculty, peer, and parental autonomy support. DISCUSSION In accordance with the third wave of Positive Psychology that focuses on how interpersonal and ecological factors create nurturing environments and positive institutions, the systematic review highlighted the factors that institutes should consider in order to help students adjust better to the academic environment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Panero M, Longo P, De Bacco C, Abbate-Daga G, Martini M. Shame, Guilt, and Self-Consciousness in Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226683. [PMID: 36431160 PMCID: PMC9694537 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the role of self-conscious emotions (SCE) such as shame and guilt in eating disorders (ED) has been systematically studied only in recent years, but it is still debated. This study aims to investigate the role of SCE in anorexia nervosa (AN), evaluating the role of self-consciousness. METHODS fifty-five individuals with AN and seventy-four healthy controls (HC) were enrolled and completed a battery of tests evaluating the proneness to feel shame and guilt, as well as comparing self-consciousness, eating, and general psychopathology. RESULTS individuals with AN showed a higher proneness to shame. Shame was correlated with body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, which are core symptoms in AN, after controlling for scores of depression and anxiety. Proneness to guilt seemed to be less correlated with eating and body symptomatology, but it appeared to have a negative correlation with binge-purging symptoms. Furthermore, proneness to shame was independent of guilt or self-consciousness and the two groups did not differ regarding public and private self-consciousness. CONCLUSIONS shame is an important and independent factor in AN. Future research may offer progress in the development of shame-focused therapies.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lundqvist C, Kristiansen E. Lockdown and No Lockdown: How Norwegian and Swedish Elite Athletes Managed Preparations for Tokyo 2020 and Mental Health Challenges in the Shadow of COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:918825. [PMID: 35982760 PMCID: PMC9378964 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.918825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored Norwegian and Swedish Olympic aspirants' perceived challenges for the preparations of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (OG) and risk and protective factors for mental health. The focus for this study was the timespan between the declaration of the postponement of Tokyo 2020 and the final months before the Games. A secondary purpose was to explore experiences of both elite athletes affected by lockdown (i.e., Norwegian athletes) and elite athletes not affected by lockdown in their home country (i.e., Swedish athletes). Twelve elite athletes (Norwegian: n = 6; Swedish: n = 6; Women: n = 6; Men: n = 6) with a mean age of 28.25 (SD = 3.60) participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between April and June 2021. Seven athletes had qualified and five were still trying to qualify. Eight of the interviewed athletes had previous experiences with OG participation. Template analysis revealed two main themes: (a) challenges and risk-factors for mental health and (b) protective factors. The pandemic exposed athletes to several psychological strains like uncertainty and difficulties with planning and preparations for the OG and personal and social challenges (i.e., worry about physical health and risk of overtraining, social contacts, identity, and life issues). Protective factors included perceived benefits of increased recovery and time for quality training. The athletes used several coping strategies and self-care behaviors (e.g., focus on the controllable, playfulness, putting sports in perspective, daily routines, short-term goals, working or studying for personal development) and they tapped into various internal and external psychosocial resources perceived as protective for mental health, personal growth, resiliency, and adjustment to the pandemic. The holistic perspectives used contribute to an increased understanding of elite sport athletes' mental health needs in stressful and unforeseen situations such as a pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lundqvist
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Carolina Lundqvist
| | - Elsa Kristiansen
- Department of Business, Strategy and Political Science, USN School of Business, University of South-Eastern, Drammen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fine NB, Schwartz N, Hendler T, Gonen T, Sheppes G. Neural Indices of Emotion Regulatory Implementation Correlate With Behavioral Regulatory Selection: Proof-of-Concept Investigation. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:835253. [PMID: 35571279 PMCID: PMC9096347 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.835253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
“Do what you do best” conveys an intuition about the association between ability and preference. In the field of emotion regulation, ability and preference are manifested in two central stages, namely, implementation and selection of regulatory strategies, which to date have been mainly studied separately. Accordingly, the present proof-of-concept study wished to provide preliminary evidence for an association between neural indices of implementation ability and behavioral selection preferences. In this pilot study, participants performed a classic neuroimaging regulatory implementation task that examined their ability (neurally reflected in the degree of amygdala modulation) to execute two central regulatory strategies, namely, attentional distraction and cognitive reappraisal while viewing negative images. Then participants performed a separate, classic behavioral selection task that examined their choice preferences for using distraction and reappraisal while viewing negative images. Confirming our conceptual framework, we found that exclusively for distraction, which has been associated with robust amygdala modulation, a decrease in amygdala activity during implementation (i.e., enhanced ability) was associated with enhanced preference to behaviorally select distraction [r(15) = −0.69, p = 0.004]. These preliminary findings link between two central emotion regulatory stages, suggesting a clue of the adaptive association between neural ability and behavioral preference for particular regulatory strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi B. Fine
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Naomi Fine,
| | - Naama Schwartz
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Gonen
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Sheppes
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Gal Sheppes,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
High working memory load impairs reappraisal but facilitates distraction – an Event-Related Potential investigation. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
21
|
Shabat M, Shafir R, Sheppes G. Flexible emotion regulatory selection when coping with COVID-19-related threats during quarantine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21468. [PMID: 34728671 PMCID: PMC8563799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant emotional challenges that individuals need to select how to regulate. The present study directly examined how during the pandemic, healthy individuals select between regulatory strategies to cope with varying COVID-19-related threats, and whether an adaptive flexible regulatory selection pattern will emerge in this unique threatening global context. Accordingly, this two-study investigation tested how healthy individuals during a strict state issued quarantine, behaviorally select to regulate COVID-19-related threats varying in their intensity. Study 1 created and validated an ecologically relevant set of low and high intensity sentences covering major COVID-19 facets that include experiencing physical symptoms, infection threats, and social and economic consequences. Study 2 examined the influence of the intensity of these COVID-19-related threats, on behavioral regulatory selection choices between disengagement via attentional distraction and engagement via reappraisal. Confirming a flexible regulatory selection conception, healthy individuals showed strong choice preference for engagement reappraisal when regulating low intensity COVID-19-related threats, but showed strong choice preference for disengagement distraction when regulating high intensity COVID-19-related threats. These findings support the importance of regulatory selection flexibility for psychological resilience during a major global crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Shabat
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Roni Shafir
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Sheppes
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|