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Goddin TL, Yu H, Friedman DS, Owsley C, Kwon M. MNREAD Reading Vision in Adults With Glaucoma Under Mesopic and Photopic Conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:43. [PMID: 38153749 PMCID: PMC10756241 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite good photopic visual acuity, glaucoma patients report difficulty performing daily activities under dim light such as reading. Here we investigated the impact of mesopic lighting conditions on reading vision of glaucoma patients. Methods The study design included 39 patients with glaucoma and 40 healthy controls. Reading vision was assessed with MNREAD charts under mesopic (2 cd/m2) and photopic (220 cd/m2) conditions. Four reading indexes: maximum reading speed (MRS), critical print size (CPS), reading acuity (RA), and reading accessibility index (ACC) were obtained from the MNREAD test yielding a plot of reading speed versus print size. Results Compared to photopic conditions, reading vision of both healthy controls and glaucoma patients significantly decreased under mesopic conditions (P < 0.05). For glaucoma patients (85% with mild or moderate glaucoma), MRS and ACC decreased by six words per minute and 0.1, respectively under mesopic conditions; CPS and RA increased by 0.25 and 0.18 logMAR, respectively. Moreover, under both photopic and mesopic conditions, reading vision of glaucoma patients was significantly worse than that of healthy controls, but the difference was greater under mesopic conditions (P < 0.05) even after controlling for age and visual acuity. Conclusions Mesopic conditions make reading more challenging for both healthy controls and glaucoma patients. However, reading in dim light appears to be more burdensome for glaucoma patients. Mesopic reading tests mediated by both cone and rod photoreceptor systems likely provide a more sensitive and comprehensive assessment of a patient's reading impairment than testing under photopic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci-Lin Goddin
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Haojue Yu
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David S. Friedman
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - MiYoung Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Alfaifi AA, Almalki H, Guo Y, Gao Z. Pausing behavior of late bilingual and monolingual English speakers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21322. [PMID: 37954378 PMCID: PMC10637960 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the differences in the pausing behavior between native and non-native English speakers. Specifically, it examined the location and duration of pauses in relation to the syntactic and lexical complexity of the clauses in which these pauses occur and the nature of the prosodic phrasing of the utterances containing pauses. Speech samples from 10 native (L1) English and 10 Mandarin non-native English speakers from the Archive of L1 and L2 Scripted and Spontaneous Transcripts and Recordings (ALLSSTAR) were included in the analysis. The results showed that lower-level prosodic boundaries and syntactically complex phrases were associated with significantly longer pause duration in the L2 speech. Additionally, phrases with less frequent words tended to induce longer pauses. These findings suggest that insufficient knowledge of the L2 syntax, lexicon, and prosody might determine the location and duration of pauses and ultimately affect the speech fluency of L2 speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Alfaifi
- King Abdulaziz University, College of Science and Arts, Department of English, POB 344, Rabigh, 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Almalki
- King Abdulaziz University, College of Science and Arts, Department of English, POB 344, Rabigh, 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Zhiyan Gao
- Jiangsu Shipping College, English Department, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226009, China
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Yu H, Kwon M. Altered Eye Movements During Reading With Simulated Central and Peripheral Visual Field Defects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:21. [PMID: 37843494 PMCID: PMC10584020 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although foveal vision provides fine spatial information, parafoveal and peripheral vision are also known to be important for efficient reading behaviors. Here we systematically investigate how different types and sizes of visual field defects affect the way visual information is acquired via eye movements during reading. Methods Using gaze-contingent displays, simulated scotomas were induced in 24 adults with normal or corrected-to-normal vision during a reading task. The study design included peripheral and central scotomas of varying sizes (aperture or scotoma size of 2°, 4°, 6°, 8°, and 10°) and no-scotoma conditions. Eye movements (e.g., forward/backward saccades, fixations, microsaccades) were plotted as a function of either the aperture or scotoma size, and their relationships were characterized by the best fitting model. Results When the aperture size of the peripheral scotoma decreased below 6° (11 visible letters), there were significant decreases in saccade amplitude and velocity, as well as substantial increases in fixation duration and the number of fixations. Its dependency on the aperture size is best characterized by an exponential decay or growth function in log-linear coordinates. However, saccade amplitude and velocity, fixation duration, and forward/regressive saccades increased more or less linearly with increasing central scotoma size in log-linear coordinates. Conclusions Our results showed differential impacts of central and peripheral vision loss on reading behaviors while lending further support for the importance of foveal and parafoveal vision in reading. These apparently deviated oculomotor behaviors may in part reflect optimal reading strategies to compensate for the loss of visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojue Yu
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - MiYoung Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Vernet M, Bellocchi S, Danna J, Massendari D, Jover M, Chaix Y, Ducrot S. The determinants of saccade targeting strategy in neurodevelopmental disorders: The influence of suboptimal reading experience. Vision Res 2023; 204:108162. [PMID: 36565661 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Whether eye-movements deficits are causal in reading disorders (RD) or rather a consequence of linguistic processing difficulty experienced by disabled readers has been extensively debated.Since RD are frequently comorbid with the Neurofibromatosis type1 (NF1), children with NF1 were used as a comparison group for children with dyslexia in this study.Eye movements were recorded while 21 dyslexic, 20 NF1, and 20 typically developing children performed an oculomotor lateralized bisection task. In this experiment, we manipulated the type of stimulus - discrete (words and strings of hashes) versus continuous (solid lines) - and the visual field where the stimulus was displayed (left vs right). The results showed that (1) only proficient readers (TD and NF1 without RD) showed fully developed oculomotor mechanisms for efficient reading, with a clear preferred viewing location located to the left of the word's centre in both visual fields, and fine-tuned saccade targeting guided by the between-character space information and (2) NF1 poor readers mirrored the dyslexic eye movement behaviour, with less accuracy and more variability in saccadic programming, no sensitivity to the discreteness of the stimuli, particularly in the left visual field. We concluded that disruption to oculomotor behaviour reflectsthe fact that many of the processes involved in reading are not yet automatized for children with RD, independently of NF1. This suggests that the differences in saccade targeting strategy between children with and without RD would be secondary consequences of their reduced reading experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vernet
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France; CLLE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Stéphanie Bellocchi
- Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPSYLON UR 4556, F34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Danna
- CLLE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Yves Chaix
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Children's Hospital, Toulouse-Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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Hautala J, Hawelka S, Loberg O, Leppänen PH. A dynamic adjustment model of saccade lengths in reading for word-spaced orthographies: evidence from simulations and invisible boundary experiments. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.2011895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Hautala
- Niilo Mäki Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Stefan Hawelka
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience & Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Otto Loberg
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Paavo H.T. Leppänen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Cade A, Jones K, Holt K, Penkar AM, Haavik H. The Effects of Spinal Manipulation on Oculomotor Control in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Pilot and Feasibility Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081047. [PMID: 34439666 PMCID: PMC8394036 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent, chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that affects oculomotor (eye movement) control. Dysfunctional oculomotor control may result in reading or educational difficulties. This randomized controlled crossover study sought to investigate the feasibility of a larger scale trial and effects of a single session of spinal manipulation on oculomotor control in children with ADHD. Thirty children participated in the study and were randomized into either control-first or spinal manipulation first groups. The results indicate that the trial was feasible. Secondary outcomes showed that there was a significant decrease in reading time after the spinal manipulation intervention compared to the control intervention. Future studies of the effects of spinal manipulation on oculomotor control in children with ADHD are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cade
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand; (K.H.); (A.M.P.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kelly Jones
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Kelly Holt
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand; (K.H.); (A.M.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Abdul Moiz Penkar
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand; (K.H.); (A.M.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Heidi Haavik
- Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand; (K.H.); (A.M.P.); (H.H.)
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Letter processing in Russian: Does orthography matter? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 218:103355. [PMID: 34144491 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has suggested that the identification and encoding of letter positions within letter strings might be influenced by orthography. Letters in transparent languages (e.g., Greek) with regular grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences are processed sequentially, whereas letters in deep languages (e.g., English) are processed in parallel. In three experiments, we used a visual search paradigm to test this hypothesis on Russian-a relatively transparent language. In Experiment 1, we measured the identification speed of Cyrillic letters at each position in the five-element real words or pronounceable pseudowords. In Experiment 2, the performance was compared to random letter strings, and in Experiment 3, to non-linguistic symbol strings. Our results reveal a search pattern similar to English, excluding strictly serial letter computation, which is inconsistent with the orthography hypothesis. Moreover, we showed that the lexical status and the nature of the string (linguistic/non-linguistic) affect response times for Russian and therefore must be accounted for in models of visual word recognition.
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The effect of contextual plausibility on word skipping during reading. Cognition 2020; 197:104184. [PMID: 31954289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent eye-movement evidence suggests readers are more likely to skip a high-frequency word than a low-frequency word independently of the semantic or syntactic acceptability of the word in the sentence. This has been interpreted as strong support for a serial processing mechanism in which the decision to skip a word is based on the completion of a preliminary stage of lexical processing prior to any assessment of contextual fit. The present large-scale study was designed to reconcile these findings with the plausibility preview effect: higher skipping and reduced first-pass reading times for words that are previewed by contextually plausible, compared to implausible, sentence continuations that are unrelated to the target word. Participants' eye movements were recorded as they read sentences containing a short (3-4 letters) or long (6 letters) target word. The boundary paradigm was used to present parafoveal previews which were either higher or lower frequency than the target, and either plausible or implausible in the sentence context. The results revealed strong, independent effects of all three factors on target skipping and early measures of target fixation duration, while frequency and plausibility interacted on later measures of target fixation duration. Simulations using the E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading demonstrated that plausibility effects on skipping are potentially consistent with the assumption that higher-level contextual information only affects post-lexical integration processes. However, no current model of eye movements in reading provides an explicit account of the information or processes that allow readers to rapidly detect an integration failure.
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Mirault J, Snell J, Grainger J. Reading without spaces revisited: The role of word identification and sentence-level constraints. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 195:22-29. [PMID: 30861421 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the relative contribution of bottom-up word identification and top-down sentence-level constraints in facilitating the reading of text printed without between-word spacing. We compared reading of grammatically correct sentences and shuffled versions of the same words presented both with normal spacing and without spaces. We found that reading was hampered by removing sentence structure as well as by removing spaces. A significantly greater impact of sentence structure when reading unspaced text was found in probe word identification accuracies and total viewing times per word, whereas the impact of sentence structure on the probability of making a regressive eye movement was greater when reading normally spaced text. Crucially, we also found that the length of the currently fixated word determined the amplitude of forward saccades leaving that word during the reading of unspaced text. We conclude that the relative ease with which skilled readers can read unspaced text is due to a combination of an increased use of bottom-up word identification in guiding the timing and targeting of eye movements, plus an increased interactivity between word identification and sentence-level processing.
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Abstract
Prior research points to efficient identification of embedded words as a key factor in facilitating the reading of text printed without spacing between words. Here we further tested the primary role of bottom-up word identification by altering this process with a letter transposition manipulation. In two experiments, we examined silent reading and reading aloud of normal sentences and sentences containing words with letter transpositions, in both normally spaced and unspaced conditions. We predicted that letter transpositions should be particularly harmful for reading unspaced text. In line with our prediction, the majority of our measures of reading fluency showed that unspaced text with letter transpositions was disproportionately difficult to read. These findings provide further support for the claim that reading text without between-word spacing relies principally on efficient bottom-up processing, enabling accurate word identification in the absence of visual cues to identify word boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mirault
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille University, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, France.
| | - Joshua Snell
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille University, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan Grainger
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille University, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, France
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Slattery TJ, Yates M. Word skipping: Effects of word length, predictability, spelling and reading skill. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 71:250-259. [PMID: 28856970 PMCID: PMC6159777 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1310264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Readers’ eyes often skip over words as they read. Skipping rates are largely
determined by word length; short words are skipped more than long words.
However, the predictability of a word in context also impacts skipping rates.
Rayner, Slattery, Drieghe and Liversedge reported an effect of predictability on
word skipping for even long words (10-13 characters) that extend beyond the word
identification span. Recent research suggests that better readers and spellers
have an enhanced perceptual span. We explored that whether reading and spelling
skill interact with word length and predictability to impact word skipping rates
in a large sample (N = 92) of average and poor adult readers.
Participants read the items from Rayner et al., while their eye movements were
recorded. Spelling skill (zSpell) was assessed using the dictation and
recognition tasks developed by Sally Andrews and colleagues. Reading skill
(zRead) was assessed from reading speed (words per minute) and comprehension
accuracy of three 120 word passages each with 10 comprehension questions. We fit
linear mixed models to the target gaze duration data and generalized linear
mixed models to the target word skipping data. Target word gaze durations were
significantly predicted by zRead, while the skipping likelihoods were
significantly predicted by zSpell. Additionally, for gaze durations, zRead
significantly interacted with word predictability as better readers relied less
on context to support word processing. These effects are discussed in relation
to the lexical quality hypothesis and eye movement models of reading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Yates
- Psychology Department, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Cop U, Drieghe D, Duyck W. Eye Movement Patterns in Natural Reading: A Comparison of Monolingual and Bilingual Reading of a Novel. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134008. [PMID: 26287379 PMCID: PMC4545791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND METHOD This paper presents a corpus of sentence level eye movement parameters for unbalanced bilingual first language (L1) and second-language (L2) reading and monolingual reading of a complete novel (56 000 words). We present important sentence-level basic eye movement parameters of both bilingual and monolingual natural reading extracted from this large data corpus. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Bilingual L2 reading patterns show longer sentence reading times (20%), more fixations (21%), shorter saccades (12%) and less word skipping (4.6%), than L1 reading patterns. Regression rates are the same for L1 and L2 reading. These results could indicate, analogous to a previous simulation with the E-Z reader model in the literature, that it is primarily the speeding up of lexical access that drives both L1 and L2 reading development. Bilingual L1 reading does not differ in any major way from monolingual reading. This contrasts with predictions made by the weaker links account, which predicts a bilingual disadvantage in language processing caused by divided exposure between languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uschi Cop
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Denis Drieghe
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Wouter Duyck
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Farmer TA, Yan S, Bicknell K, Tanenhaus MK. Form-to-expectation matching effects on first-pass eye movement measures during reading. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2015; 41:958-76. [PMID: 25915072 PMCID: PMC4516711 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) studies suggest that when contextual information is highly predictive of some property of a linguistic signal, expectations generated from context can be translated into surprisingly low-level estimates of the physical form-based properties likely to occur in subsequent portions of the unfolding signal. Whether form-based expectations are generated and assessed during natural reading, however, remains unclear. We monitored eye movements while participants read phonologically typical and atypical nouns in noun-predictive contexts (Experiment 1), demonstrating that when a noun is strongly expected, fixation durations on first-pass eye movement measures, including first fixation duration, gaze duration, and go-past times, are shorter for nouns with category typical form-based features. In Experiments 2 and 3, typical and atypical nouns were placed in sentential contexts normed to create expectations of variable strength for a noun. Context and typicality interacted significantly at gaze duration. These results suggest that during reading, form-based expectations that are translated from higher-level category-based expectancies can facilitate the processing of a word in context, and that their effect on lexical processing is graded based on the strength of category expectancy.
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Liversedge SP, Zang C, Zhang M, Bai X, Yan G, Drieghe D. The effect of visual complexity and word frequency on eye movements during Chinese reading. VISUAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2014.889260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Neglect dyslexia: a matter of "good looking". Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2109-19. [PMID: 23850599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain-damaged patients with right-sided unilateral spatial neglect (USN) often make left-sided errors in reading single words or pseudowords (neglect dyslexia, ND). We propose that both left neglect and low fixation accuracy account for reading errors in neglect dyslexia. Eye movements were recorded in USN patients with (ND+) and without (ND-) neglect dyslexia and in a matched control group of right brain-damaged patients without neglect (USN-). Unlike ND- and controls, ND+ patients showed left lateralized omission errors and a distorted eye movement pattern in both a reading aloud task and a non-verbal saccadic task. During reading, the total number of fixations was larger in these patients independent of visual hemispace, and most fixations were inaccurate. Similarly, in the saccadic task only ND+ patients were unable to reach the moving dot. A third experiment addressed the nature of the left lateralization in reading error distribution by simulating neglect dyslexia in ND- patients. ND- and USN- patients had to perform a speeded reading-at-threshold task that did not allow for eye movements. When stimulus exploration was prevented, ND- patients, but not controls, produced a pattern of errors similar to that of ND+ with unlimited exposure time (e.g., left-sided errors). We conclude that neglect dyslexia reading errors may arise in USN patients as a consequence of an additional and independent deficit unrelated to the orthographic material. In particular, the presence of an altered oculo-motor pattern, preventing the automatic execution of the fine saccadic eye movements involved in reading, uncovers, in USN patients, the attentional bias also in reading single centrally presented words.
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Schorer J, Rienhoff R, Fischer L, Baker J. Foveal and Peripheral Fields of Vision Influences Perceptual Skill in Anticipating Opponents’ Attacking Position in Volleyball. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2013; 38:185-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10484-013-9224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The study of eye movements has proven to be one of the most successful approaches in research on reading. In this overview, it is argued that a major reason for this success is that eye movement measurement is not just a methodology--the control of eye movements is actually part and parcel of the dynamics of information processing within the task of reading itself. Some major developments over the last decade are discussed with a focus on the issue of spatially distributed word processing and its relation to the development of reading models. The survey ends with a description of two newly emerging trends in the field: the study of continuous reading in non-Roman writing systems and the broadening of the scope of research to encompass individual differences and developmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Radach
- General and Biological Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Effects of parafoveal word length and orthographic features on initial fixation landing positions in reading. Atten Percept Psychophys 2012; 74:950-63. [PMID: 22391893 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-012-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that readers use word length and word boundary information in targeting saccades into upcoming words while reading. Previous studies have also revealed that the initial landing positions for fixations on words are affected by parafoveal processing. In the present study, we examined the effects of word length and orthographic legality on targeting saccades into parafoveal words. Long (8-9 letters) and short (4-5 letters) target words, which were matched on lexical frequency and initial letter trigram, were paired and embedded into identical sentence frames. The gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used to manipulate the parafoveal information available to the reader before direct fixation on the target word. The parafoveal preview was either identical to the target word or was a visually similar nonword. The nonword previews contained orthographically legal or orthographically illegal initial letters. The results showed that orthographic preprocessing of the word to the right of fixation affected eye movement targeting, regardless of word length. Additionally, the lexical status of an upcoming saccade target in the parafovea generally did not influence preprocessing.
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Huestegge L, Radach R. Visual and memory search in complex environments: determinants of eye movements and search performance. ERGONOMICS 2012; 55:1009-1027. [PMID: 22725621 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2012.689372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous research on visual and memory search revealed various top down and bottom up factors influencing performance. However, utilising abstract stimuli (e.g. geometrical shapes or letters) and focussing on individual factors has often limited the applicability of research findings. Two experiments were designed to analyse which attributes of a product facilitate search in an applied environment. Participants scanned displays containing juice packages while their eye movements were recorded. The familiarity, saliency, and position of search targets were systematically varied. Experiment 1 involved a visual search task, whereas Experiment 2 focussed on memory search. The results showed that bottom up (target saliency) and top down (target familiarity) factors strongly interacted. Overt visual attention was influenced by cultural habits, purposes, and current task demands. The results provide a solid database for assessing the impact and interplay of fundamental top down and bottom up determinants of search processes in applied fields of psychology. Practitioner Summary: Our study demonstrates how a product (or a visual item in general) needs to be designed and placed to ensure that it can be found effectively and efficiently within complex environments. Corresponding product design should result in faster and more accurate visual and memory based search processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Huestegge
- Institute for Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Yang J, Wang S, Tong X, Rayner K. Semantic and plausibility effects on preview benefit during eye fixations in Chinese reading. READING AND WRITING 2012; 25:1031-1052. [PMID: 22593624 PMCID: PMC3337412 DOI: 10.1007/s11145-010-9281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used to examine whether high level information affects preview benefit during Chinese reading. In two experiments, readers read sentences with a 1-character target word while their eye movements were monitored. In Experiment 1, the semantic relatedness between the target word and the preview word was manipulated so that there were semantically related and unrelated preview words, both of which were not plausible in the sentence context. No significant differences between these two preview conditions were found, indicating no effect of semantic preview. In Experiment 2, we further examined semantic preview effects with plausible preview words. There were four types of previews: identical, related & plausible, unrelated & plausible, and unrelated & implausible. The results revealed a significant effect of plausibility as single fixation and gaze duration on the target region were shorter in the two plausible conditions than in the implausible condition. Moreover, there was some evidence for a semantic preview benefit as single fixation duration on the target region was shorter in the related & plausible condition than the unrelated & plausible condition. Implications of these results for processing of high level information during Chinese reading are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmian Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92092 USA
| | - Suiping Wang
- Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Tong
- Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keith Rayner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92092 USA
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Rayner K, Slattery TJ, Drieghe D, Liversedge SP. Eye movements and word skipping during reading: effects of word length and predictability. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2011; 37:514-28. [PMID: 21463086 DOI: 10.1037/a0020990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eye movements were monitored as subjects read sentences containing high- or low-predictable target words. The extent to which target words were predictable from prior context was varied: Half of the target words were predictable, and the other half were unpredictable. In addition, the length of the target word varied: The target words were short (4-6 letters), medium (7-9 letters), or long (10-12 letters). Length and predictability both yielded strong effects on the probability of skipping the target words and on the amount of time readers fixated the target words (when they were not skipped). However, there was no interaction in any of the measures examined for either skipping or fixation time. The results demonstrate that word predictability (due to contextual constraint) and word length have strong and independent influences on word skipping and fixation durations. Furthermore, because the long words extended beyond the word identification span, the data indicate that skipping can occur on the basis of partial information in relation to word identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Rayner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Dissociating spatial and letter-based word length effects observed in readers’ eye movement patterns. Vision Res 2011; 51:1719-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schattka KI, Radach R, Huber W. Eye movement correlates of acquired central dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2959-73. [PMID: 20547168 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on recent progress in theory and measurement techniques, the analysis of eye movements has become one of the major methodological tools in experimental reading research. Our work uses this approach to advance the understanding of impaired information processing in acquired central dyslexia of stroke patients with aphasia. Up to now there has been no research attempting to analyze both word-based viewing time measures and local fixation patterns in dyslexic readers. The goal of the study was to find out whether specific eye movement parameters reflect pathologically preferred segmental reading in contrast to lexical reading. We compared oral reading of single words of normal controls (n=11) with six aphasic participants (two cases of deep, surface and residual dyslexia each). Participants were asked to read aloud lines of target words differing in length and frequency. Segmental reading was characterized by deviant spatial distribution of saccadic landing positions with initial fixations located mainly at the beginning of the word, while lexical readers showed the normative 'preferred landing positions' left to the center of the words. Contrary to expectation, word length did not distinguish between segmental and lexical readers, while word frequency showed the expected effect for lexical readers only. Their mean fixation duration was already prolonged during first pass reading reflecting their attempts of immediate access to lexical information. After first pass reading, re-reading time was significantly increased in all participants with acquired central dyslexia due to their exceedingly higher monitoring demands for oral reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin I Schattka
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Section Neurolinguistics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Long-term effects of cannabis on eye movement control in reading. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 209:77-84. [PMID: 20091152 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis is known to produce substantial acute effects on human cognition and visuomotor skills. Many recent studies additionally revealed rather long-lasting effects on basic oculomotor control, especially after chronic use. However, it is still unknown to what extent these deficits play a role in everyday tasks that strongly rely on an efficient saccade system, such as reading. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, eye movements during sentence reading of 20 healthy long-term cannabis users (without acute tetrahydrocannabinol-intoxication) and 20 control participants were compared. Analyses focused on both spatial and temporal parameters of oculomotor control during reading. RESULTS Long-term cannabis users exhibited increased fixation durations, more revisiting of previously inspected text, and a substantial prolongation of word viewing times, which were highly inflated for longer and less frequent words. DISCUSSION The results indicate that relatively subtle performance deficits on the level of basic oculomotor control scale up as task complexity and cognitive demands increase.
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Rayner K. The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2009; 62:1457-506. [PMID: 19449261 DOI: 10.1080/17470210902816461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 975] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eye movements are now widely used to investigate cognitive processes during reading, scene perception, and visual search. In this article, research on the following topics is reviewed with respect to reading: (a) the perceptual span (or span of effective vision), (b) preview benefit, (c) eye movement control, and (d) models of eye movements. Related issues with respect to eye movements during scene perception and visual search are also reviewed. It is argued that research on eye movements during reading has been somewhat advanced over research on eye movements in scene perception and visual search and that some of the paradigms developed to study reading should be more widely adopted in the study of scene perception and visual search. Research dealing with “real-world” tasks and research utilizing the visual-world paradigm are also briefly discussed.
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Juhasz BJ, Pollatsek A, Hyönä J, Drieghe D, Rayner K. Parafoveal processing within and between words. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2009; 62:1356-76. [DOI: 10.1080/17470210802400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parafoveal preview was examined within and between words in two eye movement experiments. In Experiment 1, unspaced and spaced English compound words were used (e.g., basketball, tennis ball). Prior to fixating the second lexeme, either a correct or a partial parafoveal preview (e.g., ball or badk) was provided using the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975). There was a larger effect of parafoveal preview on unspaced compound words than on spaced compound words. However, the parafoveal preview effect on spaced compound words was larger than would be predicted on the basis of prior research. Experiment 2 examined whether this large effect was due to spaced compounds forming a larger linguistic unit by pairing spaced compounds with nonlexicalized adjective–noun pairs. There were no significant interactions between item type and parafoveal preview, suggesting that it is the syntactic predictability of the noun that is driving the large preview effect.
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Juhasz BJ, White SJ, Liversedge SP, Rayner K. Eye movements and the use of parafoveal word length information in reading. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2009; 34:1560-79. [PMID: 19045993 DOI: 10.1037/a0012319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eye movements were monitored in 4 experiments that explored the role of parafoveal word length in reading. The experiments employed a type of compound word where the deletion of a letter results in 2 short words (e.g., backhand, back and). The boundary technique (K. Rayner, 1975) was employed to manipulate word length information in the parafovea. Accuracy of the parafoveal word length preview significantly affected landing positions and fixation durations. This disruption was larger for 2-word targets, but the results demonstrated that this interaction was not due to the morphological status of the target words. Manipulation of sentence context also demonstrated that parafoveal word length information can be used in combination with sentence context to narrow down lexical candidates. The 4 experiments converge in demonstrating that an important role of parafoveal word length information is to direct the eyes to the center of the parafoveal word.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Juhasz
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06424, USA.
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Schuett S, Heywood CA, Kentridge RW, Zihl J. Rehabilitation of hemianopic dyslexia: are words necessary for re-learning oculomotor control? Brain 2008; 131:3156-68. [PMID: 18984602 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schuett
- Department of Psychology, Science Laboratories, University of Durham, Durham, UK.
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The significance of visual information processing in reading: Insights from hemianopic dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:2445-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Grainger J, Granier JP, Farioli F, Van Assche E, van Heuven WJB. Letter position information and printed word perception: the relative-position priming constraint. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2006; 32:865-84. [PMID: 16846285 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.32.4.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Six experiments apply the masked priming paradigm to investigate how letter position information is computed during printed word perception. Primes formed by a subset of the target's letters facilitated target recognition as long as the relative position of letters was respected across prime and target (e.g., "arict" vs. "acirt" as primes for the target "apricot"). Priming effects were not influenced by whether or not absolute, length-dependent position was respected (e.g., "a-ric-t" vs. "arict"/"ar-i-ct"). Position of overlap of relative-position primes (e.g., apric-apricot; ricot-apricot; arict-apricot) was found to have little influence on the size of priming effects, particularly in conditions (i.e., 33 ms prime durations) where there was no evidence for phonological priming. The results constrain possible schemes for letter position coding.
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Inhoff AW, Eiter BM, Radach R. Time course of linguistic information extraction from consecutive words during eye fixations in reading. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2006; 31:979-95. [PMID: 16262493 PMCID: PMC2710455 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.31.5.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sequential attention shift models of reading predict that an attended (typically fixated) word must be recognized before useful linguistic information can be obtained from the following (parafoveal) word. These models also predict that linguistic information is obtained from a parafoveal word immediately prior to a saccade toward it. To test these assumptions, sentences were constructed with a critical pretarget-target word sequence, and the temporal availability of the (parafoveal) target preview was manipulated while the pretarget word was fixated. Target viewing effects, examined as a function of prior target visibility, revealed that extraction of linguistic target information began 70-140 ms after the onset of pretarget viewing. Critically, acquisition of useful linguistic information from a target was not confined to the ending period of pretarget viewing. These results favor theoretical conceptions in which there is some temporal overlap in the linguistic processing of a fixated and parafoveally visible word during reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht W Inhoff
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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Reichle ED, Pollatsek A, Rayner K. E–Z Reader: A cognitive-control, serial-attention model of eye-movement behavior during reading. COGN SYST RES 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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White SJ, Rayner K, Liversedge SP. The influence of parafoveal word length and contextual constraint on fixation durations and word skipping in reading. Psychon Bull Rev 2005; 12:466-71. [PMID: 16235630 DOI: 10.3758/bf03193789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between the predictability of words within a sentence and the availability of parafoveal word length information, on when and where the eyes move in reading. Predictability influenced first-pass reading times when parafoveal word length preview information was correct, but not when it was incorrect. Similarly, for saccades launched from near the target word (word n), predictability influenced the probability with which it was skipped only when the word length preview was correct. By contrast, for saccades launched farther away from word n, predictability influenced word skipping regardless of the parafoveal word length preview. Taken together, the data suggest that parafoveal word length preview and predictability can act as a joint constraint on the decision of when and where to move the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J White
- Centre for Vision and Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, England.
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McDonald SA, Shillcock RC. The implications of foveal splitting for saccade planning in reading. Vision Res 2005; 45:801-20. [PMID: 15639506 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human fovea and visual pathways are precisely split: information in one hemifield is initially projected to the contralateral visual cortex. This fundamental anatomical constraint on word recognition in reading has been largely ignored in eye movement research. We explore the consequences of this constraint through analyses of a large corpus of eye movement data, and demonstrate that aspects of saccade planning (target selection, initial landing position) are sensitive to both hemispheres, estimated uncertainty about the identity of the currently fixated word. We interpret these findings in terms of a hemispheric division of labour. We suggest that anatomical, visual and lexical factors all contribute to the decision of where to send the eyes next in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A McDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK.
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