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El Omari N, Bakrim S, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Almalki WH, Lee LH, Ardianto C, Ming LC, Bouyahya A. Molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical efficacy of panobinostat involve Stochasticity of epigenetic signaling, sensitization to anticancer drugs, and induction of cellular cell death related to cellular stresses. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114886. [PMID: 37224752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Panobinostat, also known as Farydak®, LBH589, PNB, or panobinostat lactate, is a hydroxamic acid that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its anti-cancer properties. This orally bioavailable drug is classified as a non-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor (pan-HDACi) that inhibits class I, II, and IV HDACs at nanomolar levels due to its significant histone modifications and epigenetic mechanisms. A mismatch between histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and HDACs can negatively affect the regulation of the genes concerned, which in turn can contribute to tumorigenesis. Indeed, panobinostat inhibits HDACs, potentially leading to acetylated histone accumulation, re-establishing normal gene expression in cancer cells, and helping to drive multiple signaling pathways. These pathways include induction of histone acetylation and cytotoxicity for the majority of tested cancer cell lines, increased levels of p21 cell cycle proteins, enhanced amounts of pro-apoptotic factors (such as caspase-3/7 activity and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)) associated with decreased levels of anti-apoptotic factors [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-XL)], as well as regulation of immune response [upregulated programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) expression] and other events. The therapeutic outcome of panobinostat is therefore mediated by sub-pathways involving proteasome and/or aggresome degradation, endoplasmic reticulum, cell cycle arrest, promotion of extrinsic and intrinsic processes of apoptosis, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and angiogenesis inhibition. In this investigation, we aimed to pinpoint the precise molecular mechanism underlying panobinostat's HDAC inhibitory effect. A more thorough understanding of these mechanisms will greatly advance our knowledge of cancer cell aberrations and, as a result, provide an opportunity for the discovery of significant new therapeutic perspectives through cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P. O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia.
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
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Chen X, Wang Q, Pan Y, Wang S, Li Y, Zhang H, Xu M, Zhou H, Liu X. Comparative efficacy of second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors for treating prostate cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1134719. [PMID: 36967752 PMCID: PMC10034066 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1134719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors (SGARIs), namely enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide, are good for improving survival outcomes in prostate cancer patients, but some researchers have shown that using SGARIs increases side effects, which complicates clinicians' choice of. Therefore, we performed this network meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and toxicity of several SGARIs in the treatment of patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases from January 2000 to December 2022 to identify randomized controlled studies associated with SGARIs. We use Stata 16.0 and R 4.4.2 for data analysis, hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the results. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 7 studies with a total of 9488 patients. In mHSPC, enzalutamide and darolutamide had a positive effect on overall survival (OS) (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.59-0.82), but we did not find a difference in their efficacy to improve OS (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.75-1.89). Also in nmCRPC, enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide were beneficial for metastasis-free survival (MFS) (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.25-0.41). Compared to darolutamide, enzalutamide (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and apalutamide (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.91) prolonged MFS, but there was no difference in efficacy between enzalutamide and apalutamide (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.73-1.28). Finally in mCRPC, there was no significant difference in indirect effects on OS between pre- and post-chemotherapy enzalutamide (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.70-1.13). However, using enzalutamide before chemotherapy to improve radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) was a better option (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.62-2.73). CONCLUSION The SGARIs used in each trial were beneficial for the primary endpoint in the study. Firstly there was no significant difference in the effect of enzalutamide and darolutamide in improving OS in patients with mHSPC. Secondly improving MFS in patients with nmCRPC was best achieved with enzalutamide and apalutamide. In addition both pre- and post-chemotherapy use of enzalutamide was beneficial for OS in mCRPC patients, but for improving rPFS pre-chemotherapy use of enzalutamide should be preferred.The INPLASY registration number of this systematic review is INPLASY202310084.
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Abstract
Due to late onset hypogonadism (LOH), there is an increased usage of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in the aging male population. Since prostate is a target organ for androgens and anti-androgenic strategies are used to treat and palliate benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PC), the prevalence of both increases with age, the possible influence of TRT on prostate health becomes highly relevant. The present review summarizes existing data on the associations between endogenous hormone concentrations and prostate growth and concludes that circulating concentrations of androgens do not appear to be associated with the risks of development of BPH or initiation or progression of PC. The explanation for these findings relates to an apparent insensitivity of prostatic tissue to changes of testosterone concentrations within the physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Welén
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Erik Damber
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Insights into Aptamer-Drug Delivery Systems against Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113446. [PMID: 35684384 PMCID: PMC9182114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common cancer in elderly males. Significant progress has been made in the drug therapies for prostate cancer in recent years. However, side effects are still problems that have not been overcome by the currently used anti-prostate cancer drugs. Novel technologies can be applied to reduce or even eliminate the side effects of drugs. An aptamer may be a sequence of nucleic acids or peptides that can specifically recognize proteins or cells. Taking advantage of this feature, scientists have designed aptamer-drug delivery systems for the development of anti-prostate cancer agents. Theoretically, these aptamer-drug delivery systems can specifically recognize prostate cancer cells and then induce cell death without attacking normal cells. We collected the relevant literature in this field and found that at least nine compounds have been prepared as aptamer-drug delivery systems to evaluate their precise anti-prostate cancer effects. However, the currently studied aptamer-drug delivery systems have not yet entered the market due to defects. Here, we analyze the published data, summarize the characteristics of these delivery systems, and propose ways to promote their application, thus promoting the development of the aptamer-drug delivery systems against prostate cancer.
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Association between schizophrenia and prostate cancer risk: Results from a pool of cohort studies and Mendelian randomization analysis. Compr Psychiatry 2022; 115:152308. [PMID: 35303584 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies analyzing the risk of prostate cancer in schizophrenia patients have generated mixed results. We performed a meta-analysis and a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the relationship and causality between schizophrenia and the risk of prostate cancer. METHODS A comprehensive and systematic search of cohort studies was conducted, and a random-effects model meta-analysis was performed to calculate the standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for prostate cancer incidence among schizophrenia patients versus the general population. To investigate the correlation between genetically-predicted schizophrenia and prostate cancer risk, we used summary statistics from the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) consortium (61,106 controls and 79,148 cases), and 75 schizophrenia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from European descent as the instrumental variable. RESULTS In the meta-analysis of 13 cohort studies with 218,076 men involved, a decreased risk of prostate cancer was observed among schizophrenia patients [SIR 0.610; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.500-0.740; p < 0.001] with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 83.3%; p < 0.001). However, MR analysis did not sustain the link between genetically-predicted schizophrenia and prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR) 1.033; 95% CI 0.998-1.069; p = 0.065]. The result was robust against extensive sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated a decreased risk of prostate cancer in schizophrenia patients through meta-analysis, while MR analysis did not support the connection between schizophrenia and prostate cancer. Due to the interaction of genetic variants between binary exposures, we need to be cautious in interpreting and presenting causal associations. Moreover, further research is needed to investigate underlying factors that might link schizophrenia to the risk of prostate cancer.
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Silencing of LINC01963 enhances the chemosensitivity of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel by targeting the miR-216b-5p/TrkB axis. J Transl Med 2022; 102:602-612. [PMID: 35152275 PMCID: PMC9162921 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Docetaxel (DTX) treatment effectively prolongs the overall survival of patients with prostate cancer. However, most patients eventually develop resistance to chemotherapy and experience tumor progression or even death. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect docetaxel chemosensitivity. However, the biological role and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer remain unclear. Differences in lncRNAs were evaluated by lncRNA sequencing and evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and TrkB expression was measured through western blot analysis. Proliferation was measured using the MTS, while apoptosis and cell cycle were measured using flow cytometry. In addition, migration and invasion were measured using transwell assays. Forty-eight female BALB/c nude mice were used for subcutaneous tumorigenicity and lung metastasis assays. We found that LINC01963 was overexpressed in the PC3-DR cells. LINC01963 silencing enhanced the chemosensitivity of PC3-DR to docetaxel and inhibited tumorigenicity and lung metastasis, while LINC01963 overexpression enhanced the chemoresistance of PC3 cells to docetaxel. It was found that LINC01963 bind to miR-216b-5p. The miR-216b-5p inhibitor reversed the suppressive effect of sh-LINC01963 on PC3-DR cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, miR-216b-5p can bind to the 3'-UTR of NTRK2 and inhibit TrkB protein levels. TrkB enhances docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer and reverses the effects of LINC01963 silencing and miR-216b-5p overexpression. In conclusion, silencing LINC01963 inhibited TrkB protein level to enhance the chemosensitivity of PC3-DR to docetaxel by means of competitively binding to miR-216b-5p. This study illustrates that LINC01963 is a novel therapeutic target for treating prostate cancer patients with DTX resistance.
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Pisano C, Tucci M, DI Stefano RF, Turco F, Samuelly A, Bungaro M, Vignani F, Tarenghi F, Scagliotti GV, DI Maio M, Buttigliero C. Prognostic role of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer treated with Abiraterone or Enzalutamide. Minerva Urol Nephrol 2021; 73:803-814. [PMID: 33781017 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6051.21.04186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are markers of systemic inflammation associated with poor outcome in several solid tumours. We retrospectively investigated the prognostic role of PLR and, secondly, NLR in mCRPC patients treated with Abiraterone Acetate (AA) or Enzalutamide (E), both in pre- and post-docetaxel setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS 225 mCRPC patients treated with AA or E with basal blood count were divided in three groups according to PLR (PLR1 <128; PLR2 128-190; PLR >190) and in two groups according to NLR (<3 vs ≥3). Outcome measures were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall-survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS 110 patients were in PLR1, 58 in PLR2 and 57 in PLR3. Median OS was 22.0, 20.6 and 21.2 months in PLR1, PLR2 and PLR3 (PLR2 vs PLR1: HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.62-1.52, p=0.90; PLR3 vs PLR1: HR 1.37, 95%CI 0.90-2.08, p=0.14). Median PFS was 9.2, 12.7 and 8.5 months in PLR1, PLR2 and PLR3 (PLR2 vs PLR1: HR 0.87, 95%CI 0.59-1.27, p=0.47; PLR3 vs PLR1: HR 1.15, 95%CI 0.80-1.66, p=0.45). 142 patients were in NLR<3 and 83 in NLR≥3. Median OS was 26.5 months in NLR<3 and 17.0 months in NLR≥3 (HR 1.75, 95%CI 1.22-2.51, p=0.02). Median PFS was 10.1 months in NLR<3 and 7.6 months in NLR≥3 (HR 1.37, 95%CI 1.00-1.88, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective analysis of mCRPC patients treated with AA or E we did not identify a prognostic role of baseline PLR, while we found a significant prognostic role of baseline NLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pisano
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Tucci
- Medical Oncology, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti, Italy -
| | - Rosario F DI Stefano
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Turco
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Samuelly
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Maristella Bungaro
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Vignani
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Tarenghi
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio V Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo DI Maio
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Consuelo Buttigliero
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Li S, Sheng J, Liu Z, Fan Y, Zhang C, Lv T, Hu S, Jin J, Yu W, Song Y. Potent antitumour of the mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor AZD2014 in docetaxel-sensitive and docetaxel-resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2436-2449. [PMID: 33507584 PMCID: PMC7933970 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) may play an important role in PCa progression and drug resistance. Here, we investigated the effects of a novel mTORC1/C2 dual inhibitor, AZD2014, on naive and docetaxel (Doc)‐pre‐treated castration‐resistant PCa (CRPC) cells and explored its therapeutic potential in CRPCs. In the current study, AZD2014 has a greater inhibitory effect against 4EBP1 and AKT phosphorylation than rapamycin in CRPC cells and prevented the feedback activation of AKT signalling. Importantly, AZD2014 suppressed CRPC cell growth in vitro by suppressing proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and autophagy to a greater extent than rapamycin. Moreover, AZD2014 was more efficacious than rapamycin in inhibiting migration, invasion and EMT progression in Doc‐sensitive and Doc‐resistant CRPC cells. Overall, AZD2014 showed significant antitumour effects. Thereby, the current study highlights a reliable theoretical basis for the clinical application of AZD2014 in both Doc‐sensitive and Doc‐resistant CRPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senmao Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jindong Sheng
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuijian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjing Lv
- Department of Urology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Urology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male), Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Roles of Splicing Factors in Hormone-Related Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051551. [PMID: 32106418 PMCID: PMC7084890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Splicing of mRNA precursor (pre-mRNA) is a mechanism to generate multiple mRNA isoforms from a single pre-mRNA, and it plays an essential role in a variety of biological phenomena and diseases such as cancers. Previous studies have demonstrated that cancer-specific splicing events are involved in various aspects of cancers such as proliferation, migration and response to hormones, suggesting that splicing-targeting therapy can be promising as a new strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on the splicing regulation by RNA-binding proteins including Drosophila behavior/human splicing (DBHS) family proteins, serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) in hormone-related cancers, such as breast and prostate cancers.
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Direct Intercellular Communications and Cancer: A Snapshot of the Biological Roles of Connexins in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091370. [PMID: 31540089 PMCID: PMC6770088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is the result of a complex intercellular network controlling the behavior of every cell for the survival of the whole organism. In mammalian tissues, cells do communicate via diverse long- and short-range communication mechanisms. While long-range communication involves hormones through blood circulation and neural transmission, short-range communication mechanisms include either paracrine diffusible factors or direct interactions (e.g., gap junctions, intercellular bridges and tunneling nanotubes) or a mixture of both (e.g., exosomes). Tumor growth represents an alteration of tissue homeostasis and could be the consequence of intercellular network disruption. In this network, direct short-range intercellular communication seems to be particularly involved. The first type of these intercellular communications thought to be involved in cancer progression were gap junctions and their protein subunits, the connexins. From these studies came the general assumption that global decreased connexin expression is correlated to tumor progression and increased cell proliferation. However, this assumption appeared more complicated by the fact that connexins may act also as pro-tumorigenic. Then, the concept that direct intercellular communication could be involved in cancer has been expanded to include new forms of intercellular communication such as tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) and exosomes. TNTs are intercellular bridges that allow free exchange of small molecules or even mitochondria depending on the presence of gap junctions. The majority of current research shows that such exchanges promote cancer progression by increasing resistance to hypoxia and chemotherapy. If exosomes are also involved in these mechanisms, more studies are needed to understand their precise role. Prostate cancer (PCa) represents a type of malignancy with one of the highest incidence rates worldwide. The precise role of these types of direct short-range intercellular communication has been considered in the progression of PCa. However, even though data are in favor of connexins playing a key role in PCa progression, a clear understanding of the role of TNTs and exosomes is needed to define their precise role in this malignancy. This review article summarizes the current view of the main mechanisms involved in short-range intercellular communication and their implications in cancer and delves into the biological, predictive and therapeutic role of connexins in PCa.
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Systemic immune-inflammation index, serum albumin, and fibrinogen impact prognosis in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with first-line docetaxel. Int Urol Nephrol 2019; 51:2189-2199. [PMID: 31456101 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prognostic value of pretreatment plasma systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), albumin, and fibrinogen levels in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients treated with first-line docetaxel and to screen out the patients with the greatest risk for poor prognosis. METHODS The plasma SII, albumin, and fibrinogen levels were examined before treatment and analyzed with patient clinicopathological parameters and overall survival (OS). The survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and prognostic factors were assessed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS The incidences of elevated SII level, hypoproteinemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia were 52.51%, 25.14%, and 27.93%, respectively. SII level was associated with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (P < 0.001). Albumin level was found closely correlated with ECOG PS (P = 0.006), PLR (P = 0.042), and hemoglobin (P = 0.009), but not other parameters. Elevated plasma fibrinogen level was significantly associated with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) (P = 0.009), visceral metastases (P < 0.001), and PLR (P = 0.001). In multivariate Cox regression model, visceral metastases SII (HR 2.133, 95% CI 1.163-3.913; P = 0.014), albumin (HR 0.540, 95% CI 0.307-0.949; P = 0.032), and fibrinogen (HR 1.888, 95% CI 1.069-3.335; P = 0.029) were further confirmed to be the independent prognostic factors for OS. Of the three target parameters, we found that patients with none abnormalities of the three parameters showed the best prognosis, and patients with at least any two abnormalities of them showed markedly worse prognosis than patients with any one abnormalities of the three parameters (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment SII, albumin, and fibrinogen are independent prognostic factors in mCRPC patients treated with first-line docetaxel. Moreover, the combined use of SII, albumin, and fibrinogen levels may help us to identify the high-risk populations for treatment decisions.
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Rizzo S, Galvano A, Pantano F, Iuliani M, Vincenzi B, Passiglia F, Spoto S, Tonini G, Bazan V, Russo A, Santini D. The effects of enzalutamide and abiraterone on skeletal related events and bone radiological progression free survival in castration resistant prostate cancer patients: An indirect comparison of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 120:227-233. [PMID: 29110971 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new drugs, the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate and the androgen receptor (AR) antagonist enzalutamide, have recently shown to prolong OS prior chemotherapy or in docetaxel treated mCRPC patients, using steroidal therapy or placebo as control group. Updated analyses underlined the role of these new agents on two prostate-specific endpoints as radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) and time to first skeletal-related event (tSRE). On the basis of these reports, we made an indirect comparison between abiraterone and enzalutamide. We obtained a clinically but not significant difference favouring enzalutamide over abiraterone in terms of rPFS (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.22-1.02). No significant difference was shown in term of tSRE (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.83-1.17). In conclusion, abiraterone and enzalutamide have both demonstrated to significantly delay the bone progression resulting in similar improvements in bone-related endpoints in patients with mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rizzo
- Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Galvano
- Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Bruno Vincenzi
- Medical Oncology, Campus Biomedico University, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Passiglia
- Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Spoto
- Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Bazan
- Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Buttigliero C, Pisano C, Tucci M, Vignani F, Bertaglia V, Iaconis D, Guglielmini P, Numico G, Scagliotti GV, Di Maio M. Prognostic impact of pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with first-line docetaxel. Acta Oncol 2017; 56:555-562. [PMID: 28068151 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2016.1260772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a measure of systemic inflammatory response, has been associated with poor outcome in several solid tumors, including prostate cancer. We retrospectively investigated the prognostic role of pretreatment NLR in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients treated with first-line docetaxel. METHODS All CRPC patients treated with first-line docetaxel at two Italian institutions, with available data about baseline neutrophil and lymphocyte values, were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients were divided in two groups according to NLR ratio (low NLR: ≤3; high NLR: >3). Outcome measures were progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS), measured from the start of docetaxel treatment. Univariate and multivariate analysis (adjusting for baseline prostate-specific antigen, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, albumin, performance status, use of opioids and presence of visceral disease) were performed. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-nine patients treated between 2004 and 2016 were analyzed and 110 had information about pretreatment NLR. Forty-six patients (42%) had low NLR and 64 (58%) had high NLR. Median PFS was 8.8 months in patients with low NLR versus 7.3 months in those with high NLR [hazard ratio (HR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-1.69, p = .58]. Median OS was 34.9 months in patients with low NLR versus 20.2 months in those with high NLR (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.07-3.19, p = .02). At multivariate analysis, NLR confirmed an independent impact on OS (HR 3.16, 95% CI 1.50-6.65, p = .002). CONCLUSION In this retrospective series, metastatic CRPC patients who started first-line docetaxel with a low pretreatment NLR had a significantly better survival. In addition to known prognostic factors, NLR can be useful to improve prognostic evaluation of patients in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Buttigliero
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Pisano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Tucci
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Vignani
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Bertaglia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Iaconis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Pamela Guglielmini
- Oncology Unit, SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Gianmauro Numico
- Oncology Unit, SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giorgio V. Scagliotti
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Li S, Wang C, Yu X, Wu H, Hu J, Wang S, Ye Z. miR-3619-5p inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by activating CDKN1A expression. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:241-248. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Rescigno P, Lorente D, Bianchini D, Ferraldeschi R, Kolinsky MP, Sideris S, Zafeiriou Z, Sumanasuriya S, Smith AD, Mehra N, Jayaram A, Perez-Lopez R, Mateo J, Parker C, Dearnaley DP, Tunariu N, Reid A, Attard G, de Bono JS. Prostate-specific Antigen Decline After 4 Weeks of Treatment with Abiraterone Acetate and Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2016; 70:724-731. [PMID: 26965561 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of multiple new treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) mandates earlier treatment switches in the absence of a response. A decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used to monitor treatment response, but is not validated as an intermediate endpoint for overall survival (OS). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between early PSA decline and OS following abiraterone acetate (AA) treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We identified mCRPC patients treated with AA before or after docetaxel at the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust between 2006 and 2014. Early PSA decline was defined as a 30% decrease in PSA at 4 wk relative to baseline, and early PSA rise as a 25% increase. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Association with OS was analyzed using multivariate Cox regression and log-rank analyses. Spearman's rho correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to evaluate the association between PSA changes at 4 wk and 12 wk. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS There were 274 patients eligible for this analysis. A 30% PSA decline at 4 wk was associated with longer OS (25.8 vs 15.1 mo; hazard ratio [HR] 0.47, p<0.001), and a 25% PSA rise at 4 wk with shorter OS (15.1 vs 23.8 mo; HR 1.7, p=0.001) in both univariate and multivariable models. The percentage PSA decline at 4 wk was significantly correlated with the percentage PSA change at 12 wk (r=0.82; p<0.001). Patients achieving a 30% PSA decline at 4 wk were 11.7 times more likely to achieve a 50% PSA decrease at 12 wk (sensitivity 90.9%, specificity 79.4%). Limitations include the retrospective design of this analysis. CONCLUSIONS Patients not achieving 30% PSA decline after 4 wk of AA have a lower likelihood of achieving PSA response at 12 wk and significantly inferior OS. Prospective multicentre validation studies are needed to confirm these findings. PATIENT SUMMARY Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is commonly used to evaluate response to treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert recommendations discourage reliance on PSA changes earlier than 12 wk after treatment initiation. Our data suggest that early PSA changes are associated with survival in patients receiving abiraterone acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Rescigno
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - David Lorente
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Diletta Bianchini
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Roberta Ferraldeschi
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Michael P Kolinsky
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Spyridon Sideris
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Zafeiris Zafeiriou
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Semini Sumanasuriya
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Alan D Smith
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Niven Mehra
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Anuradha Jayaram
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Raquel Perez-Lopez
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Joaquin Mateo
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Chris Parker
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - David P Dearnaley
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Nina Tunariu
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Alison Reid
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Gerhardt Attard
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK.
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16
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Tucci M, Scagliotti GV, Vignani F. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: time for innovation. Future Oncol 2015; 11:91-106. [PMID: 25572785 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation is the mainstay of advanced prostate cancer treatment. Despite initial responses, almost all patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The understanding of the biology of CRPC and the evidence that CRPC still remains driven by androgen receptor signaling led to the discovery of new therapeutic targets. In the last few years, large Phase III trials showed improvements in survival and outcomes and led to the approval of a CYP17 inhibitor (abiraterone), an androgen receptor antagonist (enzalutamide), the taxane cabazitaxel, an α-emitter (radium-223), the bone resorption-targeting drug denosumab and an immunotherapy (sipuleucel-T). This article describes the molecular mechanisms underlying castration resistance, discusses recent and ongoing trials and offers some insights into identifying the best sequence of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Tucci
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, S Luigi Hospital, Division of Medical Oncology, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 - Orbassano (Torino), Italy
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17
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Cathcart P, Lucchesi W, Ottaviani S, De Giorgio A, Krell J, Stebbing J, Castellano L. Noncoding RNAs and the control of signalling via nuclear receptor regulation in health and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 29:529-43. [PMID: 26303081 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins that play central roles in human biology, orchestrating a large variety of biological functions in both health and disease. Understanding the interactions and regulatory pathways of NRs will allow development of potential therapeutic interventions for a multitude of disease processes. Non-coding RNAs have recently been discovered to have significant interactions with NR signalling pathways via a variety of biological connections. This review summarises the known interactions between ncRNAs and the NR superfamily in health, embryogenesis and a plethora of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cathcart
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Walter Lucchesi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Reading Berks RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Silvia Ottaviani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alex De Giorgio
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jonathan Krell
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Leandro Castellano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK.
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18
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Brooke GN, Gamble SC, Hough MA, Begum S, Dart DA, Odontiadis M, Powell SM, Fioretti FM, Bryan RA, Waxman J, Wait R, Bevan CL. Antiandrogens act as selective androgen receptor modulators at the proteome level in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1201-16. [PMID: 25693800 PMCID: PMC4424393 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.036764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for prostate cancer include antiandrogens, inhibitory ligands of the androgen receptor, which repress androgen-stimulated growth. These include the selective androgen receptor modulators cyproterone acetate and hydroxyflutamide and the complete antagonist bicalutamide. Their activity is partly dictated by the presence of androgen receptor mutations, which are commonly detected in patients who relapse while receiving antiandrogens, i.e. in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. To characterize the early proteomic response to these antiandrogens we used the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line, which harbors the androgen receptor mutation most commonly detected in castrate-resistant tumors (T877A), analyzing alterations in the proteome, and comparing these to the effect of these therapeutics upon androgen receptor activity and cell proliferation. The majority are regulated post-transcriptionally, possibly via nongenomic androgen receptor signaling. Differences detected between the exposure groups demonstrate subtle changes in the biological response to each specific ligand, suggesting a spectrum of agonistic and antagonistic effects dependent on the ligand used. Analysis of the crystal structures of the AR in the presence of cyproterone acetate, hydroxyflutamide, and DHT identified important differences in the orientation of key residues located in the AF-2 and BF-3 protein interaction surfaces. This further implies that although there is commonality in the growth responses between androgens and those antiandrogens that stimulate growth in the presence of a mutation, there may also be influential differences in the growth pathways stimulated by the different ligands. This therefore has implications for prostate cancer treatment because tumors may respond differently dependent upon which mutation is present and which ligand is activating growth, also for the design of selective androgen receptor modulators, which aim to elicit differential proteomic responses dependent upon cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg N Brooke
- From the ‡Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; §Molecular Oncology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Simon C Gamble
- From the ‡Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael A Hough
- §Molecular Oncology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Shajna Begum
- ¶Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London W6 8LH, UK
| | - D Alwyn Dart
- From the ‡Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; ‖Cardiff University Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Michael Odontiadis
- From the ‡Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sue M Powell
- From the ‡Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Flavia M Fioretti
- From the ‡Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rosie A Bryan
- §Molecular Oncology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Waxman
- From the ‡Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Robin Wait
- ¶Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London W6 8LH, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- From the ‡Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
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Yoshida GJ, Saya H. EpCAM expression in the prostate cancer makes the difference in the response to growth factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:239-45. [PMID: 24309103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is expressed in tumors with an epithelial cell of origin, in a heterogeneous manner. Prostate cancer stem-like cells highly express EpCAM. However, little is known about how EpCAM is involved in the ability of cells to adapt to micro-environmental changes in available growth factors, which is one of the essential biological phenotypes of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). METHODS EpCAM-high and EpCAM-low subpopulations of cells were established from the prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Signal transductions in response to serum starvation, and on the exposure to EGF ligand or the specific inhibitor were analyzed in terms. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression level of amino acid transporters which contribute to the activation of mTOR signal between the two subgroups. RESULTS EpCAM-high and EpCAM-low PC-3 subpopulations showed markedly different responses to serum starvation. EpCAM expression was positively correlated with activation of the mTOR and epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways. Furthermore, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was gradually de-activated in EpCAM-low PC-3 cells in the absence of serum. CONCLUSIONS EpCAM regulates the AMPK signaling pathway, essential for the response to growth factors characterized by EGF. LAT1, the amino acid transporter stabilized at the cellular membrane by EpCAM, is likely to be responsible for the difference in the susceptibility to EGF between EpCAM-high and EpCAM-low PC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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20
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Kwak BK, Lee SH. Intratesticular injection of hypertonic saline : non-invasive alternative method for animal castration model. Dev Reprod 2013; 17:435-40. [PMID: 25949160 PMCID: PMC4382956 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.4.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies, including our own, have demonstrated that the intratesticular injection of hypertonic saline (20%) decreased serum testosterone level which was similar to the surgical castration in the rat, showing the state of chemical castration. In the present study, we further verify the efficacy of this less invasive method as an alternative of surgical orchidectomy in the andevrepological field. Sterilized 20% saline was directly injected into the adult male rats (750 μl per testis). The tested rats were divided into 3 groups including intact group (intact), orchidectomy group (ORX) and saline injection group (SAL) after bilateral orchidectomy was performed at the same day of injection. All rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks after injection. The reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostates) were collected and used for DNA and protein pattern analyses. Also, patho-histological studies on the testes were performed. In contrast to the intact group, similar DNA damages of testis and seminal vesicle were appeared in ORX group and SAL group. The DNA degradations seemed to be the results of necrosis rather than apoptosis. In the protein pattern analysis, all the testing tissues exerted similar patterns in the ORX group and the SAL group compared to the those of intact group. Patho-histological studies revealed that severe degenerative changes in testicular seminiferous tubules and massive infiltration of immune cells in SAL group. The present study confirmed that direct injection of hypertonic saline into the testis caused the equivalent biochemical changes in the accessory sex organs as shown in the orchidectomized animals. These results suggest that hypertonic saline injection model could be a useful castration model which can substitute for surgical castration when its safety is secured through further study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kuk Kwak
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
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21
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New considerations for ADT in advanced prostate cancer and the emerging role of GnRH antagonists. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2012; 16:7-15. [PMID: 22751146 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2012.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is first-line treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are the most commonly used ADT but have several theoretical physiologic disadvantages (e.g. initial testosterone surge, potential microsurges upon repeat administration). Testosterone surge delays the intended serologic endpoint of testosterone suppression and may exacerbate clinical symptoms. GnRH antagonists were developed with a view toward overcoming these potential adverse physiologic events. This review evaluates GnRH agonists and antagonists, assessing the potential future role of antagonists in PCa and strategies to minimize ADT adverse events (AEs). Evidence was identified via PubMed search (by GnRH agent and other ADT-related terms), from review article bibliographies, and authors' therapy area knowledge, with articles included by author consensus. Degarelix shows similar efficacy to a GnRH agonist in achieving and maintaining castration, with faster onset and without testosterone surge/microsurges. Phase III data showed that, in the first treatment year, degarelix displayed a lower risk of PSA failure or death (composite endpoint), lower levels of the bone marker serum alkaline phosphatase (in baseline metastatic disease), and fewer musculoskeletal AEs than the agonist leuprolide. Also, crossing over from leuprolide to degarelix after 1 year reduced the risk of PSA failure or death. ADT displays an AE spectrum which can impact quality of life as well as causing significant morbidities. Strategies to improve ADT tolerability have become increasingly important including: a holistic management approach, improved diet and exercise, more specific monitoring to detect and prevent testosterone depletion toxicities, and intermittent ADT allowing hormonal recovery between treatment periods. Clinical studies suggest possible benefits of GnRH antagonists over agonists based on different mechanisms of action. GnRH antagonists should now be considered as an alternative first-line ADT option in advanced PCa. Intermittent ADT and a holistic treatment approach are promising strategies to improve ADT tolerability.
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22
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Goh CL, Schumacher FR, Easton D, Muir K, Henderson B, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Genetic variants associated with predisposition to prostate cancer and potential clinical implications. J Intern Med 2012; 271:353-65. [PMID: 22308973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer in the developed world. There is an inherited component to this disease as shown in familial and twin studies. However, the discovery of these variants has been difficult. The emergence of genome-wide association studies has led to the identification of over 46 susceptibility loci. Their clinical utility to predict risk, response to treatment, or treatment toxicity, remains undefined. Large consortia are needed to achieve adequate statistical power to answer these genetic-clinical and genetic-epidemiological questions. International collaborations are currently underway to link genetic with clinical/epidemiological data to develop risk prediction models, which could direct screening and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Goh
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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23
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Pappa EV, Zompra AA, Spyranti Z, Diamantopoulou Z, Pairas G, Lamari FN, Katsoris P, Spyroulias GA, Cordopatis P. Enzymatic stability, solution structure, and antiproliferative effect on prostate cancer cells of leuprolide and new gonadotropin-releasing hormone peptide analogs. Biopolymers 2011; 96:260-72. [PMID: 20632397 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of GnRH, including [DLeu6, desGly1o]-GnRH-NHEt (leuprolide, commercial product), have been widely used in oncology to induce reversible chemical castration. Several studies have provided evidence that, besides their pituitary effects, GnRH analogs may exert direct antiproliferative effects on tumor cells. To study the effect of modifications in positions 4 and 6 of leuprolide on prostate cancer cell proliferation, we synthesized 12 new leuprolide analogs. All GnRH analogs lacked the carboxy-terminal Gly10-amide of GnRH, and an ethylamide residue was added to Pro9. Gly6 was substituted by DLys, Nepsilon-modified DLys, Glu, and DGlu. To improve the enzymatic stability, NMeSer was incorporated in position 4, and the rate of hydrolysis by alpha-chymotrypsin and subtilisin was investigated. Our results demonstrate that this incorporation increases enzymatic stability in all analogs of GnRH, whereas the antiproliferative effect on PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells is similar to that of leuprolide. Conformational studies were performed to elucidate structural changes occurring on substitution of native residues and to study structure-activity relationship for these analogs. The solution models of [DLeu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt (leuprolide), [NMeSer4, DGlu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt, [Glu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt, and [DGIu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt peptides were determined through two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dimethylsulfoxide. Nuclear magnetic resonance data provide experimental evidence for the U-turn-like structure appeared in all four analogs, which could be characterized as beta-hairpin conformation. The most stable analog [NMeSer4, DGlu6, desGly10]-GnRH-NHEt against proteolytic cleavage forms a second extra backbone turn observed for residues 1-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni V Pappa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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Grau C, Høyer M, Lindegaard J, Overgaard J. The emerging evidence for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. Acta Oncol 2009; 45:771-4. [PMID: 16982538 DOI: 10.1080/02841860600943290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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L'eplattenier HF, Klem B, Teske E, van Sluijs FJ, van Nimwegen SA, Kirpensteijn J. Preliminary results of intraoperative photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid in dogs with prostate carcinoma. Vet J 2008; 178:202-7. [PMID: 17904397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six client-owned dogs with prostate carcinoma were treated with a combination of (1) partial subcapsular prostatectomy using an Nd:YAG laser, (2) intraoperative photodynamic therapy using a halogen broad band lamp after local administration of a photosensitiser, and (3) systemic treatment with meloxicam. Median survival time was 41days (range 10-68days), which compared negatively with previous reports of subtotal laser prostatectomy combined with topical interleukin-2 administration, and photodynamic therapy alone. Despite treatment, the disease progressed locally, causing signs of stranguria to recur, and in the form of distant metastases. The recurrence of clinical signs due to the primary tumour despite photodynamic therapy is probably largely explained by insufficient penetration of light into the tissue. Better results may be obtained using other light sources (e.g. laser) and alternative techniques of light delivery, such as fibres or catheters allowing interstitial diffusion of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F L'eplattenier
- Utrecht University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Tucci M, Mosca A, Lamanna G, Porpiglia F, Terzolo M, Vana F, Cracco C, Russo L, Gorzegno G, Tampellini M, Torta M, Reimondo G, Poggio M, Scarpa RM, Angeli A, Dogliotti L, Berruti A. Prognostic significance of disordered calcium metabolism in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients with metastatic bone disease. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2008; 12:94-9. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2008.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Boger-Megiddo I, Weiss NS, Barnett MJ, Goodman GE, Chen C. V89L Polymorphism of the 5α-Reductase Type II Gene (SRD5A2), Endogenous Sex Hormones, and Prostate Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:286-91. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Msaouel P, Diamanti E, Tzanela M, Koutsilieris M. Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists in prostate cancer therapy. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2007; 12:285-99. [PMID: 17604502 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.12.2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of androgen blockade therapy using luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)/gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues alone or in combination with non-steroidal antiandrogens has a major impact in both survival and quality of life of patients with locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. The effect of LHRH agonists is based on the continuous binding to the LHRH receptor (LHRH-R) on the gonadotrope cells of the pituitary, which although initially stimulate LH release, consequently downregulates the LHRH-R, thereby suppressing serum LH, testosterone levels and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone levels. Because this initial surge of LH and testosterone can cause adverse consequences in these patients (the so-called flare-up symptoms), immediate inhibition of LH release and testosterone production is desirable and this can be achieved with the use of the LHRH antagonists. In addition, there exist data to support a direct anticancer effect of LHRH antagonists on prostate cancer cells. This review summarises the potential clinical use of the LHRH antagonists in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Msaouel
- University of Athens, Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi-Athens, Greece.
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Harvey PW, Everett DJ, Springall CJ. Hyperprolactinaemia as an adverse effect in regulatory and clinical toxicology: role in breast and prostate cancer. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 25:395-404. [PMID: 16898168 DOI: 10.1191/0960327106ht643oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Historically, hyperprolactinaemia has been considered of low toxicological relevance when detected in toxicity studies, and even mammary carcinogenesis induced in the rat by prolactin excess has been considered of no relevance to humans. However, recent findings from human epidemiology and molecular biology suggests that prolactin is a risk factor for human breast cancer, and probably prostate cancer. Therefore, this new evidence should be considered in the various decisions to develop and license a new drug or chemical if the compound causes hyperprolactinaemia. This emerging evidence suggests that prolactin can also be produced locally from human breast cancer cells, and that, regardless of source (ie, pituitary or autocrine/paracrine production from cancer cells), prolactin is mitogenic, stimulates proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in breast and prostate cancer cells. This review outlines the evidence that hyperprolactinaemia should be considered a toxicological adverse effect and concludes that prolactin-induced rodent mammary carcinogenesis is relevant to humans and is not species-specific. The effects of prolactin on the prostate gland are also discussed; hyperprolactinaemia may be an additional risk factor for prostate cancer and this also requires consideration in toxicological risk assessments. The implications of increased prolactin secretion as an adverse effect for regulatory toxicology of drugs and chemicals, and in high risk patients receiving therapeutic drugs with hyperprolactinaemic side effects, is discussed. Alteration of prolactin level is also a novel mechanism that requires consideration in endocrine disruption research, since both endogenous oestrogens and also xenoestrogens stimulate prolactin secretion or affect prolactin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Harvey
- Department of Toxicology, Covance Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK.
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Abstract
Prostatic disease continues to present clinicians with challenges. Although giant strides have been made in the medical and surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia, many fundamental questions about its pathogenesis, progression, and treatment efficacy remain unanswered. Prostate cancer also continues to be an area in which progress is needed despite major recent advancements. Numerous debates that include the value of prostate-specific antigen screening and appropriate roles for each of the numerous therapeutic modalities await resolution. For millions of patients who suffer from prostatitis, a major breakthrough is yet to come. Current treatment regimens for prostatitis remain ineffective at best. Contemporary approaches to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and prostatitis are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kutikov
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 9 Penn Tower, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Johansson B, Ridderheim M, Glimelius B. The potential of proton beam radiation therapy in prostate cancer, other urological cancers and gynaecological cancers. Acta Oncol 2006; 44:890-5. [PMID: 16332598 DOI: 10.1080/02841860500355942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A group of Swedish oncologists and hospital physicists have estimated the number of patients in Sweden suitable for proton beam therapy. The estimations have been based on current statistics of tumour incidence, number of patients potentially eligible for radiation treatment, scientific support from clinical trials and model dose planning studies and knowledge of the dose-response relations of different tumours and normal tissues. In prostate cancer it is estimated that annually about 300 patients and in gynaecological cancer about 50 patients, are candidates for proton beam therapy. Owing to major uncertainties, it has not been possible to give an estimate of the number of potential patients with urinary bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Johansson
- Department of General Oncology, Orebro University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden.
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