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Welsh H, Brickley MB. Investigating femoral growth disruption in subadults from the 10th-13th century St. Étienne cemetery of Toulouse, France. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 185:e24984. [PMID: 38899835 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The skeleton embodies an individual's environment and lived experiences. Studying childhood growth disruption can, therefore, aid in understanding the experiences of children in the past. This study evaluates growth disruption in a medieval Toulousian subadult sample to explore factors that may have influenced childhood growth and mortality at this site and to assess the utility of Harris line (HL) interpretations in bioarchaeology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Femoral growth disruption was assessed in n = 71 subadults (0.125-12.42 years) from the 10th-13th century St. Étienne cemetery of Toulouse, France, using femoral length, total area, cortical area, and relative cortical area. Femoral radiographs were assessed for HLs. To determine the prevalence of growth disruption, z-scores were calculated using data from the Denver growth study. RESULTS The majority of subadults in this sample suffered from femoral growth disruption. Young children (1.0-3.99 years) were the most affected, with >65% experiencing reduced appositional growth and linear growth stunting at time-of-death. Additionally, while many individuals presented with observable HLs, linear and appositional growth did not significantly differ between individuals with and without HLs. DISCUSSION Maternal malnutrition and inadequate complementary feeding practices likely contributed to the high prevalence of growth disruption among the youngest individuals in the study. The older children and adolescents buried at St. Étienne experienced an amelioration in growth deficits, indicating an improvement in nutrition and/or disease load. The results of this study suggest that more consideration is required when interpreting the presence/absence of HLs, and that studies assessing HLs may benefit from using a more individualistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Welsh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M B Brickley
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Snoddy AME, Shaw H, Newman S, Miszkiewicz JJ, Stewart NA, Jakob T, Buckley H, Caffell A, Gowland R. Vitamin D status in post-medieval Northern England: Insights from dental histology and enamel peptide analysis at Coach Lane, North Shields (AD 1711-1857). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296203. [PMID: 38295005 PMCID: PMC10830048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The post-medieval period in Europe saw a dramatic increase in metabolic bone disease related to vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Recent paleopathological work has utilized interglobular dentin (IGD) as a proxy for poor vitamin D status during development, while enamel peptide analysis allows the identification of chromosomal sex in non-adult remains. Here we explore the relationship between sex, the presence of IGD, and macroscopic markers of VDD in an industrial era assemblage from Northeast England. MATERIALS AND METHODS 25 individuals (9 females, 9 males, 9 unknown sex) from the cemetery site at Coach Lane, North Shields (1711-1857) were selected for paleopathological analysis, histological assessment of IGD, and enamel peptide determination of chromosomal sex. RESULTS Ground tooth sections from 21 individuals were of suitable quality for detection of IGD, and enamel peptide analysis confirmed the chromosomal sex of ten individuals. Sixteen individuals (76.1%) exhibited ≥1 episode of IGD. Nine of these (42.8%) exhibited >1 episode and four (19%) exhibited ≥4 episodes in regular intervals. Male sex was significantly associated with the presence of IGD (p = 0.0351; 100% males vs. 54.5% females). Females were more likely to exhibit macroscopic evidence of VDD (45.5% females vs 30% males) but this was not statistically significant. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Periods of poor mineral metabolism during childhood appear much more prevalent at Coach Lane than macroscopic evidence suggests. Evidence of seasonal IGD episodes indicates that northern latitude played a major role in poor VD status in the Northeast of England. The significant association of IGD with male sex may be due to sex-related differences in dentinal mineralization or a higher risk of poor VD status in males aged <5 years. More work is needed to establish an evidence-based threshold for pathological levels of IGD before the presence of this feature can confidently be used as a biomarker for poor VD status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Shaw
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Newman
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolas A. Stewart
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Jakob
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Hallie Buckley
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Anwen Caffell
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Gowland
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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3
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Yim AD, Cowgill L, Katz DC, Roseman CC. Variation in ontogenetic trajectories of limb dimensions in humans is attributable to both climatic effects and neutral evolution. J Hum Evol 2023; 179:103369. [PMID: 37104893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that there is variation in ontogenetic trajectories of human limb dimensions and proportions. However, little is known about the evolutionary significance of this variation. This study used a global sample of modern human immature long bone measurements and a multivariate linear mixed-effects model to study 1) whether the variation in ontogenetic trajectories of limb dimensions is consistent with ecogeographic predictions and 2) the effects of different evolutionary forces on the variation in ontogenetic trajectories. We found that genetic relatedness arising from neutral (nonselective) evolution, allometric variation associated with the change in size, and directional effects from climate all contributed to the variation in ontogenetic trajectories of all major long bone dimensions in modern humans. After accounting for the effects of neutral evolution and holding other effects considered in the current study constant, extreme temperatures have weak, positive associations with diaphyseal length and breadth measurements, while mean temperature shows negative associations with diaphyseal dimensions. The association with extreme temperatures fits the expectations of ecogeographic rules, while the association with mean temperature may explain the observed among-group variation in intralimb indices. The association with climate is present throughout ontogeny, suggesting an explanation of adaptation by natural selection as the most likely cause. On the other hand, genetic relatedness among groups, as structured by neutral evolutionary factors, is an important consideration when interpreting skeletal morphology, even for nonadult individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Di Yim
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Truman State University, 100 E Normal Ave, Kirksville, MO, USA; Department of Biology, Truman State University, 100 E Normal Ave, Kirksville, MO, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Libby Cowgill
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, 112 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David C Katz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada
| | - Charles C Roseman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, USA
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4
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Gowland RL, Caffell AC, Quade L, Levene A, Millard AR, Holst M, Yapp P, Delaney S, Brown C, Nowell G, McPherson C, Shaw HA, Stewart NA, Robinson S, Montgomery J, Alexander MM. The expendables: Bioarchaeological evidence for pauper apprentices in 19th century England and the health consequences of child labour. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284970. [PMID: 37195937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Child labour is the most common form of child abuse in the world today, with almost half of child workers employed in hazardous industries. The large-scale employment of children during the rapid industrialisation of the late 18th and early 19th centuries in England is well documented. During this period, the removal of pauper children from workhouses in cities to work as apprentices in rural mills in the North of England was commonplace. Whilst the experiences of some of these children have been recorded historically, this study provides the first direct evidence of their lives through bioarchaeological analysis. The excavation of a rural churchyard cemetery in the village of Fewston, North Yorkshire, yielded the skeletal remains of 154 individuals, including an unusually large proportion of children aged between 8 to 20 years. A multi-method approach was undertaken, including osteological and palaeopathological examination, stable isotope and amelogenin peptide analysis. The bioarchaeological results were integrated with historical data regarding a local textile mill in operation during the 18th-19th centuries. The results for the children were compared to those obtained from contemporaneous individuals of known identity (from coffin plates) of comparable date. Most of the children exhibited distinctive 'non-local' isotope signatures and a diet low in animal protein when compared to the named local individuals. These children also showed severe growth delays and pathological lesions indicative of early life adversity, as well as respiratory disease, which is a known occupational hazard of mill work. This study has provided unique insights into the harrowing lives of these children; born into poverty and forced to work long hours in dangerous conditions. This analysis provides a stark testimony of the impacts of industrial labour on the health, growth and mortality risk of children, with implications for the present as well as our understanding of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gowland
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Anwen C Caffell
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Quade
- Department of Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alysa Levene
- School of History, Philosophy and Culture, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Millard
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Malin Holst
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Poppy Yapp
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - S Delaney
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- BAAC, Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Chloe Brown
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Nowell
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Colin McPherson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi A Shaw
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas A Stewart
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Robinson
- Washburn Heritage Centre, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Montgomery
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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5
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Pietrobelli A, Marchi D, Belcastro MG. The relationship between bipedalism and growth: A metric assessment in a documented modern skeletal collection (Certosa Collection, Bologna, Italy). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:669-689. [PMID: 36787708 PMCID: PMC9299160 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long bone variations during growth are susceptible to the combined action of nutritional, hormonal, and genetic factors that may modulate the mechanical forces acting upon growing individuals as they progressively acquire a mature gait. In this work, we explore diaphyseal length and breadth variations of tibia and fibula during ontogeny (a) to test the presence of changes in relation to early toddling, and (b) to further our understanding of developmental patterns in relation to sex. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lengths, breadths, and indices were analyzed on right and left leg bones of 68 subadult individuals (Human Identified Skeletal Collection of the University of Bologna, Italy). Analyses included intersex and age classes (1, 0-1 year; 2, 1.1-3 years; 3, 3.1-6 years) comparisons, linear regressions with age and assessment of correlation among tibial and fibular measurements, as well as principal component analysis. RESULTS A significant difference emerged among age class 1 and the others. Age class 1 and 3 differ between them, while age class 2 overlaps with the others. No sex dimorphism was detected. All measurements were strongly correlated with age. Tibial and fibular measurements correlated with each other. CONCLUSIONS Our results relate the progressive emergence of toddling attempts in growing individuals at the end of the first year of age. No significant sex differences were found, suggesting that tibial and fibula growth might diverge between sexes in later childhood. We provide quantitative data regarding tibial and fibular linear growth and its timing in a modern documented osteological sample from Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pietrobelli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum‐University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Damiano Marchi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PisaPisaItaly,Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa,Natural History Museum of the University of PisaCalciItaly
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum‐University of BolognaBolognaItaly
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Decrausaz SL, Cameron ME. A growth area: A review of the value of clinical studies of child growth for palaeopathology. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:108-122. [PMID: 35273803 PMCID: PMC8903130 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of living children demonstrate that early life stress impacts linear growth outcomes. Stresses affecting linear growth may also impact later life health outcomes, including increased cardiometabolic disease risk. Palaeopathologists also assess the growth of children recovered from bioarchaeological contexts. Early life stresses are inferred to affect linear growth outcomes, and measurements of skeletal linear dimensions alongside other bioarchaeological information may indicate the types of challenges faced by past groups. In clinical settings, the impacts of stress on growing children are typically measured by examining height. Palaeopathologists are limited to examining bone dimensions directly and must grapple with incomplete pictures of childhood experiences that may affect growth. Palaeopathologists may use clinical growth studies to inform observations among past children; however, there may be issues with this approach. Here, we review the relationship between contemporary and palaeopathological studies of child and adolescent growth. We identify approaches to help bridge the gap between palaeopathological and biomedical growth studies. We advocate for: the creation of bone-specific growth reference information using medical imaging and greater examination of limb proportions; the inclusion of children from different global regions and life circumstances in contemporary bone growth studies; and greater collaboration and dialogue between palaeopathologists and clinicians as new studies are designed to assess linear growth past and present. We advocate for building stronger bridges between these fields to improve interpretations of growth patterns across human history and to potentially improve interventions for children living and growing today. Studies of living children demonstrate that early life stress impacts linear growth. Stresses affecting linear growth may also impact later life health, including cardiometabolic disease risk. Palaeopathologists also investigate if children and adolescents recovered from bioarchaeological contexts experienced growth disruptions due to early life challenges. In clinical settings, the impacts of stress on growing children are typically measured by examining height. Palaeopathologists are limited to examining bone dimensions directly and must grapple with incomplete pictures of childhood experiences that may affect growth. Here, we review the relationship between contemporary and palaeopathological studies of child and adolescent growth. We advocate for: the creation of bone-specific growth reference information using medical imaging and greater examination of limb proportions; the inclusion of children from different global regions and life circumstances in contemporary bone growth studies; and greater collaboration and dialogue between palaeopathologists and clinicians as new studies are designed to assess linear growth past and present. These steps may improve interpretations of growth patterns across human history and interventions for children living and growing today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Louise Decrausaz
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Cornett Building, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Michelle E Cameron
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada
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7
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Nakayama N. Secular trend in skeletal growth among urban Japanese during the Edo period (1603-1867). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 35:29-39. [PMID: 34536912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate whether any secular change in growth occurred among the urban populations during the Edo period (1603-1867). During this time, the preconditions for industrialization were established through rapid urbanization, population increase, and economic development. MATERIALS Ninety subadult and 189 adult skeletal remains were recovered from eight Edo-period burial sites in Tokyo were examined. METHODS Maximum femoral lengths were measured and compared between the early and late Edo periods. RESULTS While subadults of the late Edo period-especially of higher status-tended to have longer femoral lengths, the adult males tended to have slightly shorter femoral lengths. No clear difference was found among adult females. CONCLUSIONS There was no clear or consistent secular change in growth patterns or in adult stature. The impact of social and economic transformations in 17th-century Japan on growth and on general health status remains unclear. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to examine the impact of social changes on growth immediately before the industrialization of Japan. It will be helpfull to understand the complex relationship between human growth and social changes. LIMITATIONS Changes in growth patterns may have been obscured by the small sample size, errors in estimating age and femoral lengths, temporary changes in growth in the late Edo period, or catch-up growth. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Re-examining with a larger sample, introducing more precise dating of burials and more precise age estimation methods, and examining multiple physiological stress indicators are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Nakayama
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan.
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Wilson K, Usami Y, Hogarth D, Scheiber AL, Tian H, Oichi T, Wei Y, Qin L, Otsuru S, Toyosawa S, Iwamoto M, Abzug JM, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Analysis of Association between Morphometric Parameters of Growth Plate and Bone Growth of Tibia in Mice and Humans. Cartilage 2021; 13:315S-325S. [PMID: 31997656 PMCID: PMC8804827 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519900800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study are to evaluate which growth plate parameters are associated with bone growth in mice and to compare the mouse results with those in humans. DESIGN The sagittal sections of the proximal growth plate of the mouse tibia from neonate to young adult stages were subjected to histomorphometric and functional analyses. The radiographic images of tibias of human patients until puberty were analyzed to obtain the tibia length and the proximal growth plate height. It was found that a linear correlation best modeled the relationship between the growth plate variables with the tibia growth rate and length. RESULTS In mice, total height, resting zone height, combined height of the proliferation and prehypertrophic zones, proliferation activity, and the total width of tibia growth plate showed high linear correlation with tibia bone length and bone growth rate, but the hypertrophic zone height and the growth plate area did not. In both mice and humans, the total growth plate width of tibia was found to have the strongest correlation with tibia length and growth rate. CONCLUSIONS The results validated that growth plate total height, the height of the resting zone and cell proliferation activity are appropriate parameters to evaluate the balance between growth plate activity and bone growth in mice, consistent with previous reports. The study also provided a new growth plate parameter candidate, growth plate width for growth plate activity evaluation in both mouse and human tibia bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Wilson
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of
Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka
University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Danielle Hogarth
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of
Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda L. Scheiber
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of
Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongying Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of
Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of
Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yulong Wei
- Mckay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Mckay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of
Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka
University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of
Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua M. Abzug
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of
Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of
Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA,Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto, Department of
Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn
Street, HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA.
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Coqueugniot H, Colombo A, Dutour O. Are the identified collections of immature skeletons dating from the Industrial Revolution good references for paleoauxological studies? Cases studies from England & France. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 34:142-146. [PMID: 34265668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal collections of immature individuals identified by age and sex serve as reference material for studying development in past populations. Several of these collections were established during the Industrial Revolution (IR), a period known for its difficult living conditions in industrial cities. We question if these collections represent useful comparisons from which to explore the natural history of human growth. MATERIALS Immature individuals from two skeletal collections contemporaneous to the IR period were studied: 71 children from the Spitalfields (UK) and 108 from the Strasbourg (F) collections. Among them we selected mandibles of individuals aged from 0 to 30 months, representing 32 and 52 individuals, respectively. METHODS We scored the dental development of first and second left deciduous molars according to (Moorrees et al., 1963) stages, from X-rays (Spitalfields) or CT-scans (Strasbourg) data and compared it with the modern reference pattern from the Lewis Growth Records by covariance analysis (ANCOVA). RESULTS Statistical differences exist in the dental development timeline between the 3 samples. This mainly concerns a delay in the root formation in IR samples that related to post-natal living conditions. CONCLUSIONS The delay in dental development timeline suggests that growth processes were impacted during IR in England and France, probably due to stressful living conditions. SIGNIFICANCE keletal collections dating from the IR period in Europe might be not the most appropriate referencesl for studying the natural history of human growth. LIMITATIONS This study focus on dental development only. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Exploring the skeletal growth pattern in other skeletal collections, pre or post-dating the IR, is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Coqueugniot
- UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS/University of Bordeaux/Ministry of Culture, Pessac, France; Chaire d'Anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, EPHE-PSL University, Paris, France; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Antony Colombo
- UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS/University of Bordeaux/Ministry of Culture, Pessac, France; Chaire d'Anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, EPHE-PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Dutour
- UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS/University of Bordeaux/Ministry of Culture, Pessac, France; Chaire d'Anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, EPHE-PSL University, Paris, France; Department of Anthropology, Canada Social Science Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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10
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Davenport RJ. Mortality, migration and epidemiological change in English cities, 1600-1870. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 34:37-49. [PMID: 34146819 PMCID: PMC7611108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tests the argument that industrialisation was accompanied by a dramatic worsening of urban health in England. MATERIALS Family reconstitutions derived from baptism, marriage and burial records for the period before 1837, and from civil registration of deaths and census populations between 1837 and 1900. METHODS Age-specific mortality rates are used as indicators of population health. RESULTS The available evidence indicates a decline in urban mortality in the period c.1750-1820, especially amongst infants and (probably) rural-urban migrants. Mortality at ages 1-4 years demonstrated a more complex pattern, falling between 1750 and 1830 before rising abruptly in the mid-nineteenth century. CONCLUSIONS These patterns are better explained by changes in breastfeeding practices and the prevalence or virulence of particular pathogens than by changes in sanitary conditions or poverty. Mortality patterns amongst young adult migrants were affected by a shift from acute to chronic infectious diseases over the period. SIGNIFICANCE Pathogen evolution, infant care and migration exerted major influences on mortality trends and should be given greater attention in studies of the health impacts of British industrialisation. LIMITATIONS Evidence of urban mortality rates is very limited before 1837 and may not be fully representative of industrialising populations. Mortality also provides only a partial picture of the health of urban populations and may be distorted by migration patterns. FURTHER RESEARCH There is enormous scope for collaboration between archaeologists and historians to investigate the health of industrial populations, through the triangulation and contextualisation of diverse sources of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romola J Davenport
- Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EN, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Bleasdale M, Ponce P, Radini A, Wilson AS, Doherty S, Daley P, Brown C, Spindler L, Sibun L, Speller C, Alexander MM. Multidisciplinary investigations of the diets of two post-medieval populations from London using stable isotopes and microdebris analysis. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 11:6161-6181. [PMID: 31814854 PMCID: PMC6874522 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-019-00910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the first multi-tissue study of diet in post-medieval London using both the stable light isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen and analysis of microdebris in dental calculus. Dietary intake was explored over short and long timescales. Bulk bone collagen was analysed from humans from the Queen's Chapel of the Savoy (QCS) (n = 66) and the St Barnabas/St Mary Abbots (SB) (n = 25). Incremental dentine analysis was performed on the second molar of individual QCS1123 to explore childhood dietary intake. Bulk hair samples (n = 4) were sampled from adults from QCS, and dental calculus was analysed from four other individuals using microscopy. In addition, bone collagen from a total of 46 animals from QCS (n = 11) and the additional site of Prescot Street (n = 35) was analysed, providing the first animal dietary baseline for post-medieval London. Overall, isotopic results suggest a largely C3-based terrestrial diet for both populations, with the exception of QCS1123 who exhibited values consistent with the consumption of C4 food sources throughout childhood and adulthood. The differences exhibited in δ15Ncoll across both populations likely reflect variations in diet due to social class and occupation, with individuals from SB likely representing wealthier individuals consuming larger quantities of animal and marine fish protein. Microdebris analysis results were limited but indicate the consumption of domestic cereals. This paper demonstrates the utility of a multidisciplinary approach to investigate diet across long and short timescales to further our understanding of variations in social status and mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Bleasdale
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Paola Ponce
- PalaeoHub, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Anita Radini
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Andrew S. Wilson
- School of Archaeological & Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Sean Doherty
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Patrick Daley
- School of Archaeological & Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Chloe Brown
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Luke Spindler
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Sibun
- Archaeology South-East, Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Camilla Speller
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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12
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Towle I, Irish JD. A probable genetic origin for pitting enamel hypoplasia on the molars of Paranthropus robustus. J Hum Evol 2019; 129:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Newman SL, Gowland RL, Caffell AC. North and south: A comprehensive analysis of non‐adult growth and health in the industrial revolution (AD 18th–19th C), England. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:104-121. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Newman
- Department of ArchaeologyDurham University Durham United Kingdom
- Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | | | - Anwen C. Caffell
- Department of ArchaeologyDurham University Durham United Kingdom
- York Osteoarchaeology Ltd York United Kingdom
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14
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Mays S, Brickley MB. Vitamin D deficiency in bioarchaeology and beyond: The study of rickets and osteomalacia in the past. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 23:1-5. [PMID: 30061000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Mays
- Research Department, Historic England, UK; Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, UK; School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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15
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Watts R, Valme SR. Osteological evidence for juvenile vitamin D deficiency in a 19th century suburban population from Surrey, England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 23:60-68. [PMID: 30573167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency rickets was considered endemic in the industrialized cities of 19th century England, but was rarely reported in more rural and suburban areas. The commercial excavation of St. John's Church, Redhill, Surrey, UK provided an opportunity to examine to what extent suburban children were affected by rickets and the factors responsible for its development. Seventy-nine non-adults (0-17 years) from St. John's Church were subjected to macroscopic and radiographic analysis to identify skeletal manifestations of vitamin D deficiency. Rachitic lesions were identified in 14/79 individuals (17.7%) aged from six months to six years. Active cases occurred from six months to two years of age with healed cases observed from three to six years. One seven month old infant also displayed healed lesions. The age-specific pattern of active and healed rickets suggests the population was vulnerable to the seasonal restriction of sunlight hours, with the considerably low vitamin D content of the infant diet unable to provide sufficient amounts to maintain metabolic functions. This research demonstrates that rickets was not simply a disease of industrialization but that a variety of factors contributed to its development in groups previously considered to be low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Watts
- AOC Archaeology Group, Twickenham, TW1 1JS, United Kingdom.
| | - Sascha-Ray Valme
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6UR, United Kingdom.
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16
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Veselka B, van der Merwe AE, Hoogland MLP, Waters-Rist AL. Gender-related vitamin D deficiency in a Dutch 19th century farming community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 23:69-75. [PMID: 30573168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The most common cause of vitamin D deficiency is inadequate dermal exposure to sunlight. Residual rickets is nonadult vitamin D deficiency still evident in an adult individual, whereas osteomalacia occurs in adulthood. Previous research on the Beemster population, a 19th century rural community in the Netherlands, identified rickets in 30.4% of the nonadults between the ages of two and four years (n=7/23). Because the sex of these nonadults was not known it was not possible to determine if there were differences between boys and girls. To overcome this gap in our knowledge, the aim of this paper is to determine if there are gender related differences in vitamin D deficiency in the Beemster skeletal collection, based on adults with residual rickets and osteomalacia. Out of 200 adults (100 females; 100 males) no cases of osteomalacia were detected. However, there were 29 cases of residual rickets (14.5%), with 21 of those cases in females (21.0%; 21/100). A complex interplay of multiple factors is proposed to have affected vitamin D levels in nonadults, including sociocultural variables such as gender-based labour norms. This research highlights the importance of continuing to explore gender-based health differences in past populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Veselka
- Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology, Human Osteoarchaeology Laboratory, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Menno L P Hoogland
- Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology, Human Osteoarchaeology Laboratory, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea L Waters-Rist
- Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology, Human Osteoarchaeology Laboratory, the Netherlands
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17
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Ives R, Humphrey L. Endochondral growth disruption during vitamin D deficiency rickets in a mid-19th century series from Bethnal Green, London, UK. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:585-601. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ives
- Department of Earth Sciences; Natural History Museum; London The United Kingdom
- AOC Archaeology Group; Twickenham The United Kingdom
| | - Louise Humphrey
- Department of Earth Sciences; Natural History Museum; London The United Kingdom
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18
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Rosas A, Ríos L, Estalrrich A, Liversidge H, García-Tabernero A, Huguet R, Cardoso H, Bastir M, Lalueza-Fox C, de la Rasilla M, Dean C. The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain). Science 2018; 357:1282-1287. [PMID: 28935804 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ontogenetic studies help us understand the processes of evolutionary change. Previous studies on Neandertals have focused mainly on dental development and inferred an accelerated pace of general growth. We report on a juvenile partial skeleton (El Sidrón J1) preserving cranio-dental and postcranial remains. We used dental histology to estimate the age at death to be 7.7 years. Maturation of most elements fell within the expected range of modern humans at this age. The exceptions were the atlas and mid-thoracic vertebrae, which remained at the 5- to 6-year stage of development. Furthermore, endocranial features suggest that brain growth was not yet completed. The vertebral maturation pattern and extended brain growth most likely reflect Neandertal physiology and ontogenetic energy constraints rather than any fundamental difference in the overall pace of growth in this extinct human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rosas
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Ríos
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physical Anthropology, Aranzadi Society of Sciences, Zorroagagaina 11, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Almudena Estalrrich
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Franckfurta, Germany
| | - Helen Liversidge
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Dentistry, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Antonio García-Tabernero
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Huguet
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social-Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Campus Sescelades (Edifici W3), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Hugo Cardoso
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco de la Rasilla
- Área de Prehistoria Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Oviedo, Calle Teniente Alfonso Martínez s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Christopher Dean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Craniofacial and dental characteristics of patients with vitamin-D-dependent rickets type 1A compared to controls and patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:745-755. [PMID: 28608052 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ᅟOBJECTIVES: Vitamin-D-dependent rickets type 1A (VDDR1A) is a rare inherited disease caused by defective activation of vitamin D. The aim of the study was to describe the craniofacial characteristics and the dental phenotype of patients with genetically confirmed VDDR1A. The VDDR1A findings were compared to findings in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten patients with VDDR1A were identified. The reference group for the comparison of cephalometric findings was 49 adults without chronic disease. The reference group for the comparison of dental findings was 30 adults with XLH. Clinical examination, clinical photos, and radiographs were obtained. Cephalometric analysis was performed. Photos and radiographs were visually evaluated. RESULTS The depth of the posterior cranial fossa (d-p and d-s-iop) in VDDR1A adults was reduced compared to the reference group (p < 0.05). Five (83%) of six adults with VDDR1A and one (4%) of 25 adults with XLH had enamel hypoplasia on several incisors and/or canines (p < 0.001). Three (75%) of four adults with VDDR1A and none of 16 adults with XLH had several first molars with enamel hypoplasia (p = 0.004). Five of 7 (71%) adults with VDDR1A and 24 of 30 (80%) adults with XLH had endodontically affected teeth. CONCLUSIONS The dental aberration of VDDR1A is more in line with the dental aberration of nutritional rickets than with the dental aberrations in XLH, suggesting the combination of low availability of both calcium and phosphate to be critical in periods of enamel formation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge on craniofacial and dental aberration in patients with rare diseases, e.g., inherited rickets, is of importance to the dental practitioner, especially during diagnostics and treatment in special care units.
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20
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Krenz-Niedbała M. Growth and health status of children and adolescents in medieval Central Europe. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/anre-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Subadult growth and health have been analyzed in three cemetery samples from medieval Poland, including two early-urban sites: Cedynia dated to the 10t-14th centuries AD, and Ostrów Lednicki dated to the 13th-15th centuries AD, and a rural site Słaboszewo dated to the 14th-17th centuries AD. The nutritional status was not expected to have substantially differed among the settlements, due to the culturally induced undiversified diet of children, and predominant share of medium-to-low status individuals. However, city life and village life were supposed to differ in factors correlated with the spread of infections, and as such it was expected to find significant differences in respiratory health among early-urban and rural dwellers.The prevalences of diet-dependent diseases, scurvy and rickets, were found to be statistically indistinguishable among the three studied populations, while higher frequency of skeletal signs of poor respiratory health was observed in early-urban Cedynia than rural Słaboszewo. Slightly lower prevalences of skeletal stress indicators were found for the rural than the early-urban site. Skeletal growth profiles and the dynamics of long bone growth were found to be remarkably similar for the early-urban samples (Cedynia and Ostrów Lednicki), with the rural subadults having the shortest diaphyseal lengths, and lower growth dynamics.It can be concluded that adverse factors associated with the urban settlement were more detrimental to respiratory health than those in the village. A variety of factors are potentially responsible for this pattern, including population density, building structure, quality of air and water, sanitation, and occupation. Perhaps, the key factor in response to environmental and socio-cultural constraints was the stability of living conditions in the village, which allowed the inhabitants to develop sufficient adaptive mechanisms. In contrast, the history of strongholds such as Cedynia was changeable due to political situation, military threats and migrations of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Krenz-Niedbała
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
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21
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Ives R, Humphrey L. Patterns of long bone growth in a mid-19th century documented sample of the urban poor from Bethnal Green, London, UK. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:173-186. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ives
- Department of Earth Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
- AOC Archaeology Group; Twickenham TW1 1JS United Kingdom
| | - Louise Humphrey
- Department of Earth Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
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22
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Newman SL, Gowland RL. Dedicated Followers of Fashion? Bioarchaeological Perspectives on Socio-Economic Status, Inequality, and Health in Urban Children from the Industrial Revolution (18th-19th C), England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY 2017; 27:217-229. [PMID: 28553062 PMCID: PMC5428467 DOI: 10.1002/oa.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The 18th and 19th centuries in England were characterised by a period of increasing industrialisation of its urban centres. It was also one of widening social and health inequalities between the rich and the poor. Childhood is well-documented as being a stage in the life course during which the body is particularly sensitive to adverse socio-economic environments. This study therefore aims to examine the relationship between health and wealth through a comprehensive skeletal analysis of a sample of 403 children (0-17 years), of varying socio-economic status, from four cemetery sites in London (c.1712-1854). Measurements of long bone diaphyseal length, cortical thickness, vertebral neural canal size, and the prevalence of a range of pathological indicators of health stress were recorded from the Chelsea Old Church (high status), St Benet Sherehog (middle status), Bow Baptist (middle status), and Cross Bones (low status) skeletal collections. Children from the low status Cross Bones site demonstrated deficient growth values, as expected. However, those from the high status site of Chelsea Old Church also demonstrated poor growth values during infancy. Fashionable child-care practices (e.g. the use of artificial infant feeds and keeping children indoors) may have contributed to poor infant health amongst high status groups. However, differing health risks in the lower status group revealed the existence of substantial health inequality in London at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Newman
- Department of ArchaeologyDurham UniversityDurhamUK
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23
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Bleuze MM, Wheeler SM, Williams LJ, Dupras TL. Growth of the pectoral girdle in a sample of juveniles from the kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 28:636-45. [PMID: 26914741 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates growth patterns in the scapula and clavicle in a cross-sectional juvenile skeletal sample ranging from 20 weeks gestation to 8.5 years of age from the Kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. The primary goal is to quantify growth patterns and growth velocities in the scapula and clavicle to better understand the development of the pectoral girdle. METHODS A series of low-order polynomial regression models was used to examine growth curves in clavicle diaphyseal length, scapular height, and scapular width. Incremental growth and relative percent increase were examined among successive age groups as a proxy measure of growth velocity. Scapular body proportions were assessed with the scapular index and compared across age groups using a Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc tests. RESULTS A third-order polynomial best describes growth in clavicle diaphyseal length and scapular height, and a second-order polynomial best describes growth in scapular width. Growth velocity patterns are similar among clavicle diaphyseal length, scapular height, and scapular width particularly from birth until the end of early childhood. Clavicle diaphyseal length decelerates during middle childhood while scapular height and width accelerate during this time. With increasing age, the scapular body proportionately increases more in height than in width. The relatively narrow scapular body characteristic of adult scapulae is first evident during early childhood. CONCLUSIONS Changes in scapular body shape during ontogeny may be a reflection of the greater alterations taking place in the integrated morphology of the pectoral girdle during the biomechanical shift from crawling to bipedalism. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:636-645, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Bleuze
- Department of Anthropology, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222.
| | - Sandra M Wheeler
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
| | - Lana J Williams
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
| | - Tosha L Dupras
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
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Infant lower extremity long bone growth rates: comparison of contemporary with early 20th century data using mixed effect models. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Ioannou S, Sassani S, Henneberg M, Henneberg RJ. Diagnosing congenital syphilis using Hutchinson's method: Differentiating between syphilitic, mercurial, and syphilitic-mercurial dental defects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:617-29. [PMID: 26696588 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focuses on the dental abnormalities observed by Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, Henry Moon and Alfred Fournier in patients with congenital syphilis and in those treated with mercury, in order to define alterations in dental morphology attributable to each of these causes. These definitions are applied to reported paleopathological cases, exploring various etiologies behind the defects, in order to aid in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis. METHODS Original works were examined for descriptions of dental abnormalities in congenital syphilis and in mercurial treatments. These descriptions were compared with dentitions of paleopathological cases (n = 4) demonstrating abnormalities attributed to congenital syphilis. RESULTS Distinct morphological differences were recognized between congenital syphilitic teeth and teeth affected by mercury. Mercury produces a pronounced deficiency in enamel of incisors, canines and first permanent molars that become rugged and pitted, and of dirty grey honeycombed appearance. Mercury-induced dental changes are evident in three out of four cases studied here. In one case, only syphilitic changes were present. DISCUSSION Dental changes in congenital syphilis range from no visible signs to those beyond the classical models of Hutchinson, Moon and Fournier. Treatment of neonates and infants with mercury produces additional changes. Signs of disease and treatment with mercury on teeth may occur together; permanent incisors, first molars and canines, are typically affected, premolars and second/third molars are usually spared. Signs of treatment with mercury might be the only evidence of the occurrence of the disease as mercury was rarely used to treat other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Ioannou
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Sadaf Sassani
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Renata J Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Newman SL, Gowland RL. The use of non-adult vertebral dimensions as indicators of growth disruption and non-specific health stress in skeletal populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:155-64. [PMID: 26118898 PMCID: PMC4755145 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traditional methods of detecting growth disruption have focused on deficiencies in the diaphyseal length of the long bones. This study proposes the implementation of vertebral measurements (body height and transverse diameter of the neural canal) from non-adults (0-17 years) as a new methodology for the identification of growth disruption. METHODS Measurements of vertebral body height and transverse diameter were taken from 96 non-adult skeletons and 40 adult skeletons from two post-medieval sites in England (Bow Baptist, London and Coronation Street, South Shields). Non-adult measurements were plotted against dental age to construct vertebral growth profiles through which inter-population comparisons could be made. RESULTS Results demonstrated that both sites experienced some growth retardation in infancy, evident as deficiencies in transverse diameter. However, analysis of vertebral body height revealed different chronologies of growth disruption between the sites, with a later age of attainment of skeletal maturity recorded in the Bow Baptist sample. DISCUSSION These vertebral dimensions undergo cessation of growth at different ages, with transverse diameter being "locked-in" by ∼1-2 years of age, while vertebral body height may continue to grow into early adulthood. These measurements can therefore provide complementary information regarding the timing of growth disruption within archaeological populations. Non-adult vertebral measurements can increase our osteobiographical understanding of the timings of episodes of health stress, and allow for the analysis of growth when other skeletal elements are fragmentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Newman
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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27
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Mays S. A Discussion of Some Recent Methodological Developments in the Osteoarchaeology of Childhood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1758571613z.0000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Temple DH, Bazaliiskii VI, Goriunova OI, Weber AW. Skeletal growth in early and late Neolithic foragers from the Cis-Baikal region of Eastern Siberia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:377-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Temple
- Department of Anthropology; University of North Carolina Wilmington; Wilmington NC 28403-5907
| | | | - Olga I. Goriunova
- Department of Geoarchaeology; Irkutsk State University; Irkutsk 664003 Russia
| | - Andrzej W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H4 Canada
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Pinhasi R, Timpson A, Thomas M, Šlaus M. Bone growth, limb proportions and non-specific stress in archaeological populations from Croatia. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 41:127-37. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.835443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ruff CB, Garofalo E, Holmes MA. Interpreting skeletal growth in the past from a functional and physiological perspective. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:29-37. [PMID: 23283662 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of juvenile skeletal remains can yield important insights into the health, behavior, and biological relationships of past populations. However, most studies of past skeletal growth have been limited to relatively simple metrics. Considering additional skeletal parameters and taking a broader physiological perspective can provide a more complete assessment of growth patterns and environmental and genetic effects on those patterns. We review here some alternative approaches to ontogenetic studies of archaeological and paleontological skeletal material, including analyses of body size (stature and body mass) and cortical bone structure of long bone diaphyses and the mandibular corpus. Together such analyses can shed new light on both systemic and localized influences on bone growth, and the metabolic and mechanical factors underlying variation in growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Holmes MA, Ruff CB. Dietary effects on development of the human mandibular corpus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:615-28. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Temple DH, Okazaki K, Cowgill LW. Ontogeny of limb proportions in late through final Jomon period foragers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:415-25. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mays S, Ives R, Brickley M. The effects of socioeconomic status on endochondral and appositional bone growth, and acquisition of cortical bone in children from 19th century Birmingham, England. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 140:410-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ogden AR, Pinhasi R, White WJ. Nothing new under the heavens: MIH in the past? Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2009; 9:166-71. [PMID: 19054469 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This was to study an archaeological population of subadult teeth in 17th and 18th century skeletal material from a London (England) cemetery for enamel defects including molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH). METHODS Dentitions of 45 sub-adults were examined using standard macroscopic methods and systematically recorded. A total of 557 teeth were examined with a *5 lens and photographed. Ages of the individuals were estimated from their dental crown and root development stages and not from charts that combine tooth eruption with development stages. The dental age of the individual and the approximate age of onset of enamel defects was then calculated on the basis of the chronological sequence of incremental deposition and calcification of the enamel matrix. Affected enamel was graded macroscopically as: - Mild: <30% of the tooth's enamel surface area visibly disrupted (this encompasses the entire range reported in most other studies), Moderate: 31-49% of the tooth's enamel surface area visibly disrupted and Severe: >50% of the tooth's enamel surface area visibly disrupted. RESULTS Of the total number of individuals 41 (93.2%) showed signs of enamel developmental dysplasia or MIH, 28 of them showing moderate or severe lesions of molars, primary or permanent (63.6% of the sample). Incisors and canines, though surviving much less often, showed episodes of linear hypoplasia. CONCLUSION The extensive lesions seen on many of the molars displayed cuspal enamel hypoplasia (CEH). Many of these teeth also exhibited Molar Incisal Hypomineralisation (MIH).
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ogden
- Biological Anthropology Research Centre, Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford; West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, England.
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Cardoso HFV, Garcia S. The Not-so-Dark Ages: ecology for human growth in medieval and early twentieth century Portugal as inferred from skeletal growth profiles. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 138:136-47. [PMID: 18785651 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study attempts to address the issue of relative living standards in Portuguese medieval and early 20th century periods. Since the growth of children provides a good measure of environmental quality for the overall population, the skeletal growth profiles of medieval Leiria and early 20th century Lisbon were compared. Results show that growth in femur length of medieval children did not differ significantly from that of early 20th century children, but after puberty medieval adolescents seem to have recovered, as they have significantly longer femora as adults. This is suggestive of greater potential for catch-up growth in medieval adolescents. We suggest that this results from distinct child labor practices, which impact differentially on the growth of Leiria and Lisbon adolescents. Work for medieval children and adolescents were related to family activities, and care and attention were provided by family members. Conversely, in early 20th century Lisbon children were more often sent to factories at around 12 years of age as an extra source of family income, where they were exploited for their labor. Since medieval and early 20th century children were stunted at an early age, greater potential for catch-up growth in medieval adolescents results from exhausting work being added to modern adolescent's burdens of disease and poor diet, when they entered the labor market. Although early 20th century Lisbon did not differ in overall unfavorable living conditions from medieval Leiria, after puberty different child labor practices may have placed modern adolescents at greater risk of undernutrition and poor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo F V Cardoso
- Departamento de Antropologia & Centro de Investigação em Antropologia e Saúde, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-056 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Mays S, Brickley M, Ives R. Growth in an English population from the Industrial Revolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2008; 136:85-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ogden AR, Pinhasi R, White WJ. Gross enamel hypoplasia in molars from subadults in a 16th-18th century London graveyard. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 133:957-66. [PMID: 17492667 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia has long been used as a common nonspecific stress indicator in teeth from archaeological samples. Most researchers report relatively minor linear and pitted hypoplastic defects on tooth crown surfaces. In this work we report a high prevalence and early age of onset of extensive enamel defects in deciduous and permanent molars in the subadults from the post-medieval cemetery of Broadgate, east central London. Analysis of the dentition of all 45 subadults from the cemetery, using both macroscopic and microscopic methods, reveals disturbed cusp patterns and pitted, abnormal and arrested enamel formation. Forty-one individuals from this group (93.2%) showed some evidence of enamel hypoplasia, 28 of them showing moderate or extensive lesions of molars, deciduous or permanent (63.6% of the sample). Scanning Electron Microscope images reveal many molars with grossly deformed cuspal architecture, multiple extra cusps and large areas of exposed Tomes' process pits, where the ameloblasts have abruptly ceased matrix production, well before normal completion. This indented, rough and poorly mineralized surface facilitates both bacterial adhesion and tooth wear, and when such teeth erupt fully into the mouth they are likely to wear and decay rapidly. We suggest that this complex combination of pitted and plane-form lesions, combined with disruption of cusp pattern and the formation of multiple small cusps, should henceforth be identified as "Cuspal Enamel Hypoplasia."
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ogden
- Biological Anthropology Research Centre, Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK.
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