1
|
Cooke R, Sayol F, Andermann T, Blackburn TM, Steinbauer MJ, Antonelli A, Faurby S. Undiscovered bird extinctions obscure the true magnitude of human-driven extinction waves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8116. [PMID: 38114469 PMCID: PMC10730700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds are among the best-studied animal groups, but their prehistoric diversity is poorly known due to low fossilization potential. Hence, while many human-driven bird extinctions (i.e., extinctions caused directly by human activities such as hunting, as well as indirectly through human-associated impacts such as land use change, fire, and the introduction of invasive species) have been recorded, the true number is likely much larger. Here, by combining recorded extinctions with model estimates based on the completeness of the fossil record, we suggest that at least ~1300-1500 bird species (~12% of the total) have gone extinct since the Late Pleistocene, with 55% of these extinctions undiscovered (not yet discovered or left no trace). We estimate that the Pacific accounts for 61% of total bird extinctions. Bird extinction rate varied through time with an intense episode ~1300 CE, which likely represents the largest human-driven vertebrate extinction wave ever, and a rate 80 (60-95) times the background extinction rate. Thus, humans have already driven more than one in nine bird species to extinction, with likely severe, and potentially irreversible, ecological and evolutionary consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Cooke
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ferran Sayol
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tobias Andermann
- Department of Organismal Biology, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tim M Blackburn
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) & Bayreuth Center of Sport Science (BaySpo), University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martini D, Dussex N, Robertson BC, Gemmell NJ, Knapp M. Evolution of the "world's only alpine parrot": Genomic adaptation or phenotypic plasticity, behaviour and ecology? Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6370-6386. [PMID: 33973288 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming, in particular in island environments, where opportunities for species to disperse are limited, may become a serious threat to cold adapted alpine species. In order to understand how alpine species may respond to a warming world, we need to understand the drivers that have shaped their habitat specialisation and the evolutionary adaptations that allow them to utilize alpine habitats. The endemic, endangered New Zealand kea (Nestor notabilis) is considered the only alpine parrot in the world. As a species commonly found in the alpine zone it may be highly susceptible to climate warming. But is it a true alpine specialist? Is its evolution driven by adaptation to the alpine zone, or is the kea an open habitat generalist that simply uses the alpine zone to, for example, avoid lower lying anthropogenic landscapes? We use whole genome data of the kea and its close, forest adapted sister species, the kākā (Nestor meridionalis) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of both species and identify the functional genomic differences that underlie their habitat specialisations. Our analyses do not identify major functional genomic differences between kea and kākā in pathways associated with high-altitude. Rather, we found evidence that selective pressures on adaptations commonly found in alpine species are present in both Nestor species, suggesting that selection for alpine adaptations has not driven their divergence. Strongly divergent demographic responses to past climate warming between the species nevertheless highlight potential future threats to kea survival in a warming world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Martini
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Dussex
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Neil J Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Knapp
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Musser GM, Cracraft J. A New Morphological Dataset Reveals a Novel Relationship for the Adzebills of New Zealand (Aptornis) and Provides a Foundation for Total Evidence Neoavian Phylogenetics. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1206/3927.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace M. Musser
- The University of Texas at Austin, the Jackson School of Geosciences
| | - Joel Cracraft
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Full Mitogenomes in the Critically Endangered Kākāpō Reveal Major Post-Glacial and Anthropogenic Effects on Neutral Genetic Diversity. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040220. [PMID: 29671759 PMCID: PMC5924562 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how species respond to population declines is a central question in conservation and evolutionary biology. Population declines are often associated with loss of genetic diversity, inbreeding and accumulation of deleterious mutations, which can lead to a reduction in fitness and subsequently contribute to extinction. Using temporal approaches can help us understand the effects of population declines on genetic diversity in real time. Sequencing pre-decline as well as post-decline mitogenomes representing all the remaining mitochondrial diversity, we estimated the loss of genetic diversity in the critically endangered kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus). We detected a signal of population expansion coinciding with the end of the Pleistocene last glacial maximum (LGM). Also, we found some evidence for northern and southern lineages, supporting the hypothesis that the species may have been restricted to isolated northern and southern refugia during the LGM. We observed an important loss of neutral genetic diversity associated with European settlement in New Zealand but we could not exclude a population decline associated with Polynesian settlement in New Zealand. However, we did not find evidence for fixation of deleterious mutations. We argue that despite high pre-decline genetic diversity, a rapid and range-wide decline combined with the lek mating system, and life-history traits of kākāpō contributed to a rapid loss of genetic diversity following severe population declines.
Collapse
|
5
|
Easton LJ, Rawlence NJ, Worthy TH, Tennyson AJD, Scofield RP, Easton CJ, Bell BD, Whigham PA, Dickinson KJM, Bishop PJ. Testing species limits of New Zealand’s leiopelmatid frogs through morphometric analyses. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Easton
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Trevor H Worthy
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ben D Bell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter A Whigham
- Department of Information Science, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scofield RP, Mitchell KJ, Wood JR, De Pietri VL, Jarvie S, Llamas B, Cooper A. The origin and phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand ravens. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 106:136-143. [PMID: 27677399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationships of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Corvus spp.) are poorly understood. We sequenced the mitogenomes of the two currently recognised species and found they were sister-taxa to a clade comprising the Australian raven, little raven, and forest raven (C.coronoides, C. mellori and C. tasmanicus respectively). The divergence between the New Zealand ravens and Australian raven clade occurred in the latest Pliocene, which coincides with the onset of glacial deforestation. We also found that the divergence between the two putative New Zealand species C. antipodum and C. moriorum probably occurred in the late Pleistocene making their separation as species untenable. Consequently, we consider Corax antipodum (Forbes, 1893) to be a subspecies of Corvus moriorum Forbes, 1892. We re-examine the osteological evidence that led 19th century researchers to assign the New Zealand taxa to a separate genus, and re-assess these features in light of our new phylogenetic hypotheses. Like previous researchers, we conclude that the morphology of the palate of C. moriorum is unique among the genus Corvus, and suggest this may be an adaptation for a specialist diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Paul Scofield
- Canterbury Museum, Rolleston Avenue, Christchurch 8013, New Zealand.
| | - Kieren J Mitchell
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jamie R Wood
- Long-term Ecology Laboratory, Landcare Research, Post Office Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | | | - Scott Jarvie
- Department of Zoology, Otago University, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Alan Cooper
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, South Australia 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ancient and contemporary DNA reveal a pre-human decline but no population bottleneck associated with recent human persecution in the kea (Nestor notabilis). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118522. [PMID: 25719752 PMCID: PMC4342260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of population bottlenecks is an important factor to consider when assessing species survival. Population declines can considerably limit the evolutionary potential of species and make them more susceptible to stochastic events. New Zealand has a well documented history of decline of endemic avifauna related to human colonization. Here, we investigate the genetic effects of a recent population decline in the endangered kea (Nestor notabilis). Kea have undergone a long-lasting persecution between the late 1800s to 1970s where an estimated 150,000 kea were culled under a governmental bounty scheme. Kea now number 1,000–5,000 individuals in the wild and it is likely that the recent population decline may have reduced the genetic diversity of the species. Comparison of contemporary (n = 410), historical (n = 15) and fossil samples (n = 4) showed a loss of mitochondrial diversity since the end of the last glaciation (Otiran Glacial) but no loss of overall genetic diversity associated with the cull. Microsatellite data indicated a recent bottleneck for only one population and a range-wide decline in Ne dating back some 300 – 6,000 years ago, a period predating European arrival in NZ. These results suggest that despite a recent human persecution, kea might have experienced a large population decline before stabilizing in numbers prior to human settlement of New Zealand in response to Holocene changes in habitat distribution. Our study therefore highlights the need to understand the respective effects of climate change and human activities on endangered species dynamics when proposing conservation guidelines.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dussex N, Wegmann D, Robertson BC. Postglacial expansion and not human influence best explains the population structure in the endangered kea (Nestor notabilis). Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2193-209. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Dussex
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - D. Wegmann
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 10 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - B. C. Robertson
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4922-7. [PMID: 24639531 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314972111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The extinction of New Zealand's moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) followed the arrival of humans in the late 13th century and was the final event of the prehistoric Late Quaternary megafauna extinctions. Determining the state of the moa populations in the pre-extinction period is fundamental to understanding the causes of the event. We sampled 281 moa individuals and combined radiocarbon dating with ancient DNA analyses to help resolve the extinction debate and gain insights into moa biology. The samples, which were predominantly from the last 4,000 years preceding the extinction, represent four sympatric moa species excavated from five adjacent fossil deposits. We characterized the moa assemblage using mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite markers developed specifically for moa. Although genetic diversity differed significantly among the four species, we found that the millennia preceding the extinction were characterized by a remarkable degree of genetic stability in all species, with no loss of heterozygosity and no shifts in allele frequencies over time. The extinction event itself was too rapid to be manifested in the moa gene pools. Contradicting previous claims of a decline in moa before Polynesian settlement in New Zealand, our findings indicate that the populations were large and stable before suddenly disappearing. This interpretation is supported by approximate Bayesian computation analyses. Our analyses consolidate the disappearance of moa as the most rapid, human-facilitated megafauna extinction documented to date.
Collapse
|
10
|
Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and palaeofaunal reconstruction in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
Clark GR, Petchey P, McGlone MS, Bristow P. Faunal and floral remains from Earnscleugh Cave, Central Otago, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1996.9517515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
BARKER GARYM. Phylogenetic diversity: a quantitative framework for measurement of priority and achievement in biodiversity conservation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb02081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Haile J, Holdaway R, Oliver K, Bunce M, Gilbert MTP, Nielsen R, Munch K, Ho SYW, Shapiro B, Willerslev E. Ancient DNA Chronology within Sediment Deposits: Are Paleobiological Reconstructions Possible and Is DNA Leaching a Factor? Mol Biol Evol 2007; 24:982-9. [PMID: 17255121 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msm016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have reported the successful extraction of ancient DNA (aDNA) from both frozen and nonfrozen sediments (even in the absence of macrofossils) in order to obtain genetic "profiles" from past environments. One of the hazards associated with this approach, particularly in nonfrozen environments, is the potential for vertical migration of aDNA across strata. To assess the extent of this problem, we extracted aDNA from sediments up to 3300 years old at 2 cave sites in the North Island of New Zealand. These sites are ideal for this purpose as the presence or absence of DNA from nonindigenous fauna (such as sheep) in sediments deposited prior to European settlement can serve as an indicator of DNA movement. Additionally, these strata are well defined and dated. DNA from sheep was found in strata that also contained moa DNA, indicating that genetic material had migrated downwards. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that the amount of sheep DNA decreased as the age of sediments increased. Our results suggest that sedimentary aDNA is unlikely to be deposited from wind-borne DNA and that physical remains of organisms or their ejecta need to have been incorporated in the sediments for their DNA to be detected. Our study indicates that DNA from sediments can still offer a rich source of information on past environments, provided that the risk from vertical migration can be controlled for.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Haile
- Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomolecules Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Avian assimilation and dispersal of carbon and nitrogen brought ashore by breeding Westland petrels (Procellaria westlandica): a stable isotope study. J Zool (1987) 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836905007065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
15
|
Hawke DJ. Maximum possible age of a petrel breeding colony near Punakaiki (South Island, New Zealand) from radiocarbon and stable isotope analysis of soil. J R Soc N Z 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2004.9517760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Worthy TH, Grant‐Mackie JA. Late‐Pleistocene avifaunas from Cape Wanbrow, Otago, South Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2003.9517738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Holdaway RN, Jones MD, Athfield NRB. Late Holocene extinction of Finsch's duck(Chenonetta finschi),an endemic, possibly flightless, New Zealand duck. J R Soc N Z 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2002.9517713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Holdaway RN, Jones MD, Athfield NRB. Late Holocene extinction of the New Zealand owlet‐nightjarAegotheles novaezealandiae. J R Soc N Z 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2002.9517714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Holdaway RN, Roberts RG, Beavan‐Athfield NR, Olley JM, Worthy TH. Optical dating of quartz sediments and accelerator mass spectrometry14C dating of bone gelatin and moa eggshell: A comparison of age estimates for non‐archaeological deposits in New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2002.9517705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
20
|
Worthy TH, Swabey SE. Avifaunal changes revealed in Quaternary deposits near Waitomo Caves, North Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2002.9517696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Worthy TH, Miskelly CM, Ching B(RA. Taxonomy of North and South Island snipe (Aves: Scolopacidae:Coenocorypha), with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from Greymouth, New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2002.9518307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
|
24
|
Holdaway RN, Worthy TH, Tennyson AJD. A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2001.9518262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
25
|
Worthy TH. Two late‐Glacial avifaunas from eastern North Island, New Zealand ‐ Te Aute Swamp and Wheturau Quarry. J R Soc N Z 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2000.9517607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
26
|
Holdaway RN, Beavan NR. Reliable14C AMS dates on bird and Pacific ratRattus exulansbone gelatin, from a CaCO3‐rich deposit. J R Soc N Z 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1999.9517592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
|
29
|
Worthy TH, Holdaway RN, Sorenson MD, Cooper AC. Description of the first complete skeleton of the extinct New Zealand gooseCnemiornis calcitrans(Aves: Anatidae), and a reassessment of the relationships ofCnemiornis. J Zool (1987) 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Holdaway RN, Worthy TH. A reappraisal of the late Quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury, New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1997.9518107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
32
|
Holdaway RN, Worthy TH. Diet and biology of the laughing owlSceloglaux albifacies(Aves: Strigidae) on Takaka Hill, Nelson, New Zealand. J Zool (1987) 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Worthy TH, Holdaway RN. Quaternary fossil faunas from caves on Mt Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
35
|
Steadman DW. Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets Zooarchaeology. Science 1995; 267:1123-31. [PMID: 17789194 DOI: 10.1126/science.267.5201.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
On tropical Pacific islands, a human-caused "biodiversity crisis" began thousands of years ago and has nearly run its course. Bones identified from archaeological sites show that most species of land birds and populations of seabirds on those islands were exterminated by prehistoric human activities. The loss of birdlife in the tropical Pacific may exceed 2000 species (a majority of which were species of flightless rails) and thus represents a 20 percent worldwide reduction in the number of species of birds. The current global extinction crisis therefore has historic precedent.
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Worthy TH, Holdaway R. Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in Takaka Valley and on Takaka Hill, northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1994.9517474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|