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Liu J, Benowitz NL, Hatsukami DK, Havel CM, Lazcano-Ponce E, Strasser AA, Jacob P. 3-Ethenylpyridine Measured in Urine of Active and Passive Smokers: A Promising Biomarker and Toxicological Implications. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1630-1639. [PMID: 33998799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In studies of tobacco toxicology, including comparisons of different tobacco products and exposure to secondhand or thirdhand smoke, exposure assessment using biomarkers is often useful. Some studies have indicated that most of the toxicity of tobacco smoke is due to gas-phase compounds. 3-Ethenylpyridine (3-EP) is a major nicotine pyrolysis product occurring in the gas phase of tobacco smoke. It has been used extensively as an environmental tracer for tobacco smoke. 3-EP would be expected to be a useful tobacco smoke biomarker as well, but nothing has been published about its metabolism and excretion in humans. In this Article we describe a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) GC-MS/MS method for determination of 3-EP in human urine and its application to the determination of 3-EP in the urine of smokers and people exposed to secondhand smoke. We conclude that 3-EP is a promising biomarker that could be useful in studies of tobacco smoke exposure and toxicology. We also point out the paucity of data on 3-EP toxicity and suggest that additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher M Havel
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce
- School of Public Health of Mexico, National Institute of Public Health, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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López Dávila E, Houbraken M, De Rop J, Wumbei A, Du Laing G, Romero Romero O, Spanoghe P. Pesticides residues in tobacco smoke: risk assessment study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:615. [PMID: 32876774 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are not only used on food but also on non-food crops, such as tobacco, to control a range of unwanted animal, plant, and microbial, fungal pests. The residue levels in tobacco leaves are expected to decline up to harvest, during drying, and when the leaves are further processed. Additional pesticides may also be applied to the finished product and residue levels may remain present even when the tobacco is burned. Human exposure to pesticide residues on tobacco occurs when residues remaining in cigarette smoke are inhaled. Based on this assumption, the objectives of this research were (i) to determine the level of pesticides residues in harvested tobacco leaves and (ii) to assess the risk of human exposure to these residues in tobacco smoke. Pesticide residues were detected in all analysed tobacco samples. These detected residues represent ten different active ingredients (AI), three of these AIs (thiodicarb, alachlor, and endosulfan) are no longer allowed in Europe. A 54.7% of these residues were quantifiable. Furthermore, it was found that with the use of solid-phase extraction sorbent (SPE) as adsorbent and n-hexane as solvent, higher recoveries of the pesticide residues in the tobacco smoke from the amount spiked can be obtained. It was also found that cigarette filters help to reduce the intake of residues of pesticides that may be present in cigarettes. Finally, the study concluded that both active smoking and passive smoking populations are exposed to pesticide residues in the tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edelbis López Dávila
- Study Centre of Energy and Industrial Process, Sancti Spíritus University, Avenida de los Mártires #360, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba.
- Department of Crop and Plants, Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Michael Houbraken
- Department of Crop and Plants, Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasmine De Rop
- Department of Crop and Plants, Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Abukari Wumbei
- Department of Crop and Plants, Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gijs Du Laing
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Osvaldo Romero Romero
- Study Centre of Energy and Industrial Process, Sancti Spíritus University, Avenida de los Mártires #360, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
- School of Technology , SRH - Hochschule Berlin Ernts Reuter Platz 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Department of Crop and Plants, Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
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Cheng CY, Huang SS, Yang CM, Tang KT, Yao DJ. Detection of Cigarette Smoke Using a Surface-Acoustic-Wave Gas Sensor with Non-Polymer-Based Oxidized Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10040276. [PMID: 31022928 PMCID: PMC6523189 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to develop a surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) sensor of cigarette smoke to prevent tobacco hazards and to detect cigarette smoke in real time through the adsorption of an ambient tobacco marker. The SAW sensor was coated with oxidized hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres (O-HMC) as a sensing material of a new type, which replaced a polymer. O-HMC were fabricated using nitric acid to form carboxyl groups on carbon frameworks. The modified conditions of O-HMC were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The appropriately modified O-HMC are more sensitive than polyacrylic acid and hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres (PAA-HMC), which is proven by normalization. This increases the sensitivity of a standard tobacco marker (3-ethenylpyridine, 3-EP) from 37.8 to 51.2 Hz/ppm and prevents the drawbacks of a polymer-based sensing material. On filtering particles above 1 μm and using tar to prevent tar adhesion, the SAW sensor detects cigarette smoke with sufficient sensitivity and satisfactory repeatability. Tests, showing satisfactory selectivity to the cigarette smoke marker (3-EP) with interfering gases CH4, CO, and CO2, show that CO and CO2 have a negligible role during the detection of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yung Cheng
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Shien Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Kea-Tiong Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Da-Jeng Yao
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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Cheng CY, Huang SS, Yang CM, Tang KT, Yao DJ. Detection of third-hand smoke on clothing fibers with a surface acoustic wave gas sensor. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011907. [PMID: 26909119 PMCID: PMC4752521 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Third-hand smoke (THS) is a new cigarette-related issue defined as the residual contamination from cigarette smoke after a cigarette is extinguished. To detect THS on three commonly used clothing fibers-wool, cotton, and polyester, we applied two methods to measure the adsorption of THS: one was the gain of mass with an analytical balance after exposure to cigarette smoke; and the other was to detect the THS chemical compounds such as nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine with a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor composed of coated oxidized hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres. In the mass measurement, the gain of mass decreased in the order wool, cotton, and polyester; the latter gain was about one tenth that of wool. In the SAW detection, the frequency shift decreased in the same order-wool, cotton, and polyester. The residence period of THS on natural fiber (wool and cotton) is greater than on synthetic polyester fiber. These two tests provide quantitative results of THS on varied clothing fibers, to assess their risk after exposure to cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yung Cheng
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kea-Tiong Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Da-Jeng Yao
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Bratan A, Mincea MM, Lupşa IR, Pirtea MG, Ostafe V. Assessment of nicotine for second hand smoke exposure in some public places in Romania by UPLC-MS. Chem Cent J 2014; 8:29. [PMID: 24839459 PMCID: PMC4024117 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-8-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air nicotine monitoring is a well-known procedure for estimation of exposure to second hand smoke. Few research studies were realized in Romania to evaluate environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure of humans in different public places. The levels of airborne nicotine from environmental tobacco smoke and urinary cotinine and nicotine levels of some subjects were analyzed. In order to better implement/enforce the European legislation regarding the interdiction of smoking in the public places the national authorities need a rapid and reliable analytical method to quickly asses the state of the pollution with cigarette smoke of these populated areas. RESULTS The nicotine concentration in the air from different types of public buildings was determined. The median concentration of nicotine in the air from 32 pubs where the smoking was allowed was 590 ng · L(-1), comparing with the pubs where the smoking was not permitted (22 locations) where the median concentration of nicotine was only 32 ng · L(-1). Similarly, the median concentration of nicotine in restaurants where the smoking was allowed (23 locations) was 510 ng · L(-1), in comparison with the restaurants where the smoking was prohibited (11 places) where the median value was 19 ng · L(-1). The lowest concentrations of nicotine were found in high schools (8 locations, median concentration 7.4 ng · L(-1)), universities (5 locations, 23 ng · L(-1)) and hospitals (6 locations, 16 ng · L(-1)). CONCLUSIONS The method was validated and gave good linearity, precision, accuracy and limit of detection. The buildings included hospitals, high schools, universities, pubs and restaurants. The presence of air nicotine was recorded in all buildings studied. The highest median levels of air nicotine were found in pubs and restaurants. The presence of air nicotine in indoor public buildings indicates weak implementation of the smoke free law in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Bratan
- West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry – Biology –Geography, Advanced Research Environmental Laboratories, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
- National Institute of Public Health, Regional Center of Public Health, Timisoara, Victor Babes str. 16, Timisoara 300226, Romania
| | - Manuela Maria Mincea
- West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry – Biology –Geography, Advanced Research Environmental Laboratories, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
| | - Ioana-Rodica Lupşa
- National Institute of Public Health, Regional Center of Public Health, Timisoara, Victor Babes str. 16, Timisoara 300226, Romania
| | - Marilen-Gabriel Pirtea
- West University of Timisoara, Multidisciplinary Research Platform “Nicholas Georges - Roegen”, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
| | - Vasile Ostafe
- West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry – Biology –Geography, Advanced Research Environmental Laboratories, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
- West University of Timisoara, Multidisciplinary Research Platform “Nicholas Georges - Roegen”, Oituz str. 4, Timisoara 300086, Romania
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Jacob P, Goniewicz ML, Havel C, Schick SF, Benowitz NL. Nicotelline: a proposed biomarker and environmental tracer for particulate matter derived from tobacco smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1615-31. [PMID: 24125094 PMCID: PMC3929594 DOI: 10.1021/tx400094y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) derived from tobacco smoke contains numerous toxic substances. Since the PM and gas phase of tobacco smoke may distribute differently in the environment and substances in them may have different human bioavailability, multiple tracers and biomarkers for tobacco smoke constituents are desirable. Nicotelline is a relatively nonvolatile alkaloid present in tobacco smoke, and therefore, it has the potential to be a suitable tracer and biomarker for tobacco smoke-derived PM. We describe experiments demonstrating that nicotelline is present almost entirely in the PM, in both freshly generated cigarette smoke and aged cigarette smoke. An excellent correlation between the mass of nicotelline and the mass of the PM in aged cigarette smoke was found. We also describe experiments suggesting that the main source of nicotelline in tobacco smoke is dehydrogenation of another little-studied tobacco alkaloid, anatalline, during the burning process. We show that nicotelline metabolites can be measured in the urine of smokers and that nicotelline can be measured in house dust from homes of smokers and nonsmokers. We conclude that nicotelline should be useful as a tracer and biomarker for PM derived from tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Jacob
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Havel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Suzaynn F. Schick
- School of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
- School of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
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Goniewicz MŁ, Koszowski B, Czogała J, Kuma T, Gawron M, Kośmider L, Knysak J, Sobczak A. Variations in nicotine yields between single cigarettes. Cent Eur J Public Health 2012; 20:58-61. [PMID: 22571019 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS It is beyond any doubt that nicotine yield in cigarettes as determined using standard ISO method bears almost no relation to smokers' actual intake. However, the ISO method is still in use in many countries where the government is responsible for controlling and monitoring cigarette quality. The aim of the study was to measure the nicotine yield in single cigarettes and to evaluate their statistical distribution among the same brand. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nicotine yields were measured according to the ISO method in single cigarettes of the twenty most popular Polish brands of cigarettes. RESULTS Relative standard deviation of nicotine yields in single cigarettes of the same brands varied from 16% to 34%. Relative differences between nicotine yields in a single cigarette of a particular brand and the mean value varied from -65% to +76%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The results indicate high variation in nicotine yields between cigarettes of the same brand. Such variation might affect compensatory smoking. This provides another reason why yields estimated using the standard ISO method are potentially misleading to smokers. Further studies are needed to better understand the implications of within-brand variability in yields for tobacco product regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Ł Goniewicz
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Kardani F, Daneshfar A, Sahrai R. Determination of nicotine, anabasine, and cotinine in urine and saliva samples using single-drop microextraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2857-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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