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Shohana NN, Rony SA, Ali MH, Hossain MS, Labony SS, Dey AR, Farjana T, Alam MZ, Alim MA, Anisuzzaman. Ascaridia galli infection in chicken: Pathobiology and immunological orchestra. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1001. [PMID: 37773698 PMCID: PMC10540146 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascaridia galli is the largest gut-dwelling helminth of chickens, which confers adverse effects on meat and egg production; thus, on the animal protein supply and the economy. Both adult and immature parasites affect gut health, but larval stages play a major role in pathology. AIMS Here, we present immunology and pathology of A. galli in chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literatures were surveyed through online platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate. RESULTS The larvae cause excessive mucus production, damage to the intestinal gland, hemorrhage, anemia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The adult worms can cause death by intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Although both cellular and humoral immunity are involved in fighting against ascariasis, the role of naturally acquired immunity is poorly defined. In cellular immunity, Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13), goblet cells (mucin), gut-associated lymphoid tissues, CD8α+ intraepithelial cells, TCRγδ + T cells, and TGF-β4 form a protective band. Type 2 immunity provides protection by forming a network of endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns, chitin, and parasitic antigens. Among antibodies, IgY is the most prominent in chickens and provides temporary humoral protection. During parasitic infection, infiltration of various immune cells is evident, especially in the intestinal epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts of the duodenum and jejunum. In chickens older than 12 weeks, gradual reduction of worm burden is more successful than the younger birds. Female chickens exert a short-lived but higher level of protection by passing IgY to chicks in the form of egg yolk antibodies. In laying conditions, immunity differs between breeds. This review provides an overview of the silent but inevitable pathological changes induced by A. galli and the interaction of host immunity with the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharmin Aqter Rony
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Haydar Ali
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal ScienceHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU)DinajpurBangladesh
| | - Md. Shahadat Hossain
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | | | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Thahsin Farjana
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | | | - Md. Abdul Alim
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Anisuzzaman
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
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Lundregan SL, Mäkinen H, Buer A, Holand H, Jensen H, Husby A. Infection by a helminth parasite is associated with changes in
DNA
methylation in the house sparrow. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9539. [PMCID: PMC9702581 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Lundregan
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Hannu Mäkinen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Amberly Buer
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Håkon Holand
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Arild Husby
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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Shifaw A, Ruhnke I, Elliott T, Sharpe B, Feyera T, Walkden-Brown SW. Ascaridia galli eggs obtained from fresh excreta, worm uteri or worms cultured in artificial media differ in embryonation capacity and infectivity. Vet Parasitol 2022; 310:109792. [PMID: 36054967 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ascaridia galli infection models use eggs isolated from chicken excreta, worm uteri and worms cultured in artificial media. The aim of this study was to compare the infectivity of A. galli eggs isolated from these sources under two infection regimens. A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement was employed to test the infectivity of A. galli eggs from the three sources and two modes of infection (single or trickle infection). One hundred and fifty-six Isa-Brown one day-old cockerels randomly assigned to the six treatment groups (n = 26) were orally infected with embryonated A. galli eggs obtained from the three A. galli egg sources (worm uteri, excreta or eggs shed in vitro) administered either as single dose of 300 eggs at one day-old or trickle infected with 3 doses of 100 eggs over the first week of life. Twenty-two negative control birds remained uninfected. Eggs obtained from cultured worms or excreta exhibited a higher embryonation capacity (P = 0.003) than eggs obtained from worm uteri. There were higher worm establishment (infectivity) rates from embryonated eggs originating from cultured worms and worm uteri compared with eggs obtained from fresh excreta (P < 0.0001). Trickle infection resulted in a significantly higher total worm burden (P = 0.002), establishment rate (P = 0.002) and excreta egg counts (EEC, P = 0.025) than single infection. Worm length was greater in birds infected with embryonated eggs from excreta than from uteri or cultured worms (P < 0.0001). However, mode of infection did not affect worm length (P = 0.719) and weight (P = 0.945). A strong significant positive linear correlation was observed between EECs and female worm counts at 12 weeks of post infection sampling (r = 0.75; P < 0.0001). Body weight of birds was negatively correlated with both worm burden (r = - 0.21; P < 0.01) and EEC (r = - 0.20; P < 0.05) at 12 weeks post infection. In conclusion, our results show that eggs shed by cultured worms or isolated from worm uteri had greater infective capacity than eggs harvested from excreta and that trickle rather than bolus infection resulted in higher worm establishment. These factors should be taken into account when considering artificial infection protocols for A. galli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Shifaw
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Timothy Elliott
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | | | - Teka Feyera
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P. O. Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Madlala T, Adeleke VT, Fatoba AJ, Okpeku M, Adeniyi AA, Adeleke MA. Designing multiepitope-based vaccine against Eimeria from immune mapped protein 1 (IMP-1) antigen using immunoinformatic approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18295. [PMID: 34521964 PMCID: PMC8440781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance against coccidiosis has posed a significant threat to chicken welfare and productivity worldwide, putting daunting pressure on the poultry industry to reduce the use of chemoprophylactic drugs and live vaccines in poultry to treat intestinal diseases. Chicken coccidiosis, caused by an apicomplexan parasite of Eimeria spp., is a significant challenge worldwide. Due to the experience of economic loss in production and prevention of the disease, development of cost-effective vaccines or drugs that can stimulate defence against multiple Eimeria species is imperative to control coccidiosis. This study explored Eimeria immune mapped protein-1 (IMP-1) to develop a multiepitope-based vaccine against coccidiosis by identifying antigenic T-cell and B-cell epitope candidates through immunoinformatic techniques. This resulted in the design of 7 CD8+, 21 CD4+ T-cell epitopes and 6 B-cell epitopes, connected using AAY, GPGPG and KK linkers to form a vaccine construct. A Cholera Toxin B (CTB) adjuvant was attached to the N-terminal of the multiepitope construct to improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine. The designed vaccine was assessed for immunogenicity (8.59968), allergenicity and physiochemical parameters, which revealed the construct molecular weight of 73.25 kDa, theoretical pI of 8.23 and instability index of 33.40. Molecular docking simulation of vaccine with TLR-5 with binding affinity of - 151.893 kcal/mol revealed good structural interaction and stability of protein structure of vaccine construct. The designed vaccine predicts the induction of immunity and boosted host's immune system through production of antibodies and cytokines, vital in hindering surface entry of parasites into host. This is a very important step in vaccine development though further experimental study is still required to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabile Madlala
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Victoria T. Adeleke
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban, 4041 South Africa
| | - Abiodun J. Fatoba
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Adebayo A. Adeniyi
- grid.412219.d0000 0001 2284 638XDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa ,grid.448729.40000 0004 6023 8256Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Matthew A. Adeleke
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, 4000 South Africa
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Sharma N, Hunt PW, Hine BC, Ruhnke I. The impacts of Ascaridia galli on performance, health, and immune responses of laying hens: new insights into an old problem. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6517-6526. [PMID: 31504894 PMCID: PMC8914002 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are re-emerging in countries where the popularity of free-range poultry production systems is increasing. Amongst all gastrointestinal nematodes, Ascaridia galli is of significant concern due to the parasite's direct life cycle and ability to survive extreme environmental conditions. In laying hens, A. galli parasites have been associated with reduced health, welfare, immunity, and egg production. Direct losses are caused by obstruction and damage of the intestinal tract in hens when high worm burdens are present. These result in reduction in egg production and body weight of infected laying hens, consequently leading to significant economic losses for farmers. Furthermore, heavy infections with A. galli may lead to increased mortality within the flock. Indirect losses are due to suppression of immune system function which can increase susceptibility to secondary infections. Infection with A. galli can also alter nutrient utilization and absorption. Levels of anti- A. galli serum and egg yolk antibodies increase following A. galli infection. Elevated antibodies can be used as an indicator of current or previous infections and therefore can be used as a diagnostic tool. The impact of A. galli on hen health and welfare manifests through the depletion of liver lipid reserves and increased use of energy reserves to mount immune responses against the parasite. This review highlights the variable effects of A. galli infection on the performance, health, egg quality, and emphasizes especially on immune responses of free-range laying hens as well as it evaluates various potential detection methods and preventive and control measures of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sharma
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia.,F. D. McMaster laboratory, Chiswick, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale 2350, Australia
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia.,F. D. McMaster laboratory, Chiswick, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale 2350, Australia
| | - Brad C Hine
- F. D. McMaster laboratory, Chiswick, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale 2350, Australia
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
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Co-expulsion of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum by chickens. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:1003-1016. [PMID: 30240707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Worm expulsion is known to occur in mammalian hosts exposed to mono-species helminth infections, whilst this phenomenon is poorly described in avian hosts. Mono-species infections, however, are rather rare under natural circumstances. Therefore, we quantified the extent and duration of worm expulsion by chickens experimentally infected with both Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum, and investigated the accompanying humoral and cell-mediated host immune responses in association with population dynamics of the worms. Results demonstrated the strong co-expulsion of the two ascarid species in three phases. The expulsion patterns were characterized by non-linear alterations separated by species-specific time thresholds. Ascaridia galli burden decreased at a daily expulsion rate (e) of 4.3 worms up to a threshold of 30.5 days p.i., followed by a much lower second expulsion rate (e = 0.46), which resulted in almost, but not entirely, complete expulsion. Heterakis gallinarum was able to induce reinfection within the experimental period (9 weeks). First generation H. gallinarum worms were expelled at a daily rate of e = 0.8 worms until 36.4 days p.i., and thereafter almost no expulsion occurred. Data on both humoral and tissue-specific cellular immune responses collectively indicated that antibody production in chickens with multispecies ascarid infections is triggered by Th2 polarisation. Local Th2 immune responses and mucin-regulating genes are associated with the regulation of worm expulsion. In conclusion, the chicken host is able to eliminate the vast majority of both A. galli and H. gallinarum in three distinct phases. Worm expulsion was strongly associated with the developmental stages of the worms, where the elimination of juvenile stages was specifically targeted. A very small percentage of worms was nevertheless able to survive, reach maturity and induce reinfection if given sufficient time to complete their life cycle. Both humoral and local immune responses were associated with worm expulsion.
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Daş G, Hennies M, Tuchscherer A, Gauly M. Time- and dose-dependent development of humoral immune responses to Ascaridia galli in experimentally and naturally infected chickens. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:10-19. [PMID: 29773128 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Factors affecting the development of Ascaridia galli-specific humoral responses and their protective roles are largely unknown. We investigated the effects of time and infection dose on A. galli-specific IgY antibody levels following experimental infection. The acquisition and development of new infections and reinfections were also monitored by using tracer birds. Relationships between the retrospective IgY and the final worm burden of the birds were investigated to determine whether humoral immune responses generated during infection provide protection to the host animal. Young chickens were infected (+) with either 100 or 1000 embryonated eggs of A. galli (100+: n = 45; 1000+: n = 45) or kept as uninfected controls (CON: n = 10). Uninfected birds were also added to each infection group as tracer (T) birds (T100+; n = 5 and T1000+; n = 5). Faecal egg counts and IgY antibody concentrations in plasma and egg yolk were determined at selected intervals. Final worm burdens were quantified at 28 weeks post infection (wpi). The plasma antibody (PAB) and egg yolk antibody (EAB) levels of experimentally infected birds were compared to those of control and tracer birds throughout the study period, and PAB levels were found to depend initially on the infection dose but thereafter mainly on reinfections. Starting at wpi 2, 1000+ had consistently higher PAB levels than CON did (P < 0.05). With exceptions at wpi 0, 2 and 12, PAB levels were also higher (P < 0.05) or tended to be higher (P < 0.10) in 100+ than in CON. An earlier and higher increase was observed in the PAB levels of T1000+ than in those of T100+, implying that (re-)infection occurrence depended on the infection dose. Although 1000+ showed higher (P < 0.05) EAB levels than CON did at both wpi 14 and 18, EAB levels were higher in 100+ than in CON only at wpi 28 (P < 0.05). The total worm burdens in the initial experimentally infected birds were similar (P = 0.257); they were also highly comparable between experimentally and naturally infected birds, indicating that final worm burden was mainly determined by the naturally occurring infections resulting from continuous exposure. When all available information on the retrospective plasma and egg yolk IgY levels was collectively evaluated to estimate the larval or total worm burdens of the experimentally infected birds, both PAB and EAB levels at particular wpi were significantly associated with worm burden, especially with larval count. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that the number of larvae, rather than the number of mature worms, affects the antibody levels in both plasma and egg yolk. Despite the increased levels of A. galli-specific antibodies in plasma and egg yolk throughout the study period, only a weak indication was found that antibodies might be directly associated with protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürbüz Daş
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Mark Hennies
- TECOdevelopment GmbH, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Free University of Bozen - Bolzano, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitätsplatz 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
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Daş G, Hennies M, Sohnrey B, Rahimian S, Wongrak K, Stehr M, Gauly M. A comprehensive evaluation of an ELISA for the diagnosis of the two most common ascarids in chickens using plasma or egg yolks. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:187. [PMID: 28420423 PMCID: PMC5395908 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical faecal egg counts (FEC) provide less reliable diagnostic information for nematode infections in chickens. We developed an ELISA based on Ascaridia galli antigens and tested two hypotheses, as follows: (i) IgY antibodies developed against A. galli will also be useful to identify Heterakis gallinarum infections, and (ii) circulating antibodies stored in egg yolks are as good as plasma samples, so a non-invasive diagnosis is possible. The aim of this study, therefore, was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the ELISA system with FEC, using both plasma and egg yolks from experimentally infected hens. In addition, naturally infected animals were evaluated to validate the assay. RESULTS The assay quantified large differences (P < 0.001) in plasma or in egg-yolk IgY concentrations between infected and uninfected animals in two experiments, each performed with either of the nematode species. The assay performed with high accuracy as quantified with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of > 0.90 for both nematodes using either plasma or egg yolks. Sensitivity of the assay was 94 and 93% with plasma and egg yolk samples, respectively, whereas FEC yielded in a sensitivity of 84% in A. galli experiment. Total test accuracy of the assay with plasma samples (AUC = 0.99) tended to be higher (P = 0.0630) than FEC (AUC = 0.92) for A. galli, while the assay with either sample matrix performed similar to FEC (AUC ≥ 0.91) for H. gallinarum. Among the three tests, the FECs correlated better with A. galli burden than the ELISA. Although 90% of naturally infected hens were correctly identified by the ELISA, 45% of the infected hens tested negative with FEC, indicating the validity of the higher test accuracy of the ELISA. CONCLUSIONS Antigens of A. galli can be used successfully to identify H. gallinarum-infected animals, indicating that chickens develop cross-reactive antibodies against the two closely related species. Egg yolks are as informative as plasma samples, so that animal welfare-friendly sampling is possible. Although the assay with plasma samples reveals qualitative information of higher quality than FECs on the infection status of naturally infected birds, the latter is still a better tool to assess the intensity of A. galli but not of H. gallinarum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürbüz Daş
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Mark Hennies
- TECOdevelopment GmbH, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Birgit Sohnrey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shayan Rahimian
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kalyakorn Wongrak
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, 39/1 Ratchadaphisek Road, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manuel Stehr
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Free University of Bozen - Bolzano, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitätsplatz 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
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Rahimian S, Daş G, Gauly M. Maternal protection against Ascaridia galli? Vet Parasitol 2017; 233:43-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tarbiat B, Jansson D, Tydén E, Höglund J. Comparison between anthelmintic treatment strategies against Ascaridia galli in commercial laying hens. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Daş G, Gauly M. Response to Ascaridia galli infection in growing chickens in relation to their body weight. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1985-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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