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Kursa O, Tomczyk G, Sieczkowska A, Sawicka-Durkalec A. Antibiotic resistance of Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica isolates from chickens. J Vet Res 2024; 68:93-100. [PMID: 38525234 PMCID: PMC10960332 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gallibacterium anatis is an opportunistic bacteria inducing a range of clinical signs in poultry. Gallibacterium anatis strains show multidrug resistance to antibacterial substances. The purpose of this study was to examine the susceptibility of G. anatis biovar haemolytica isolates collected from the respiratory, reproduction and gastrointestinal tracts of chickens to different antibiotics from various classes. Material and Methods Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica was identified in tracheal swab and gastrointestinal and reproductive tract tissue samples from Polish layer and broiler chicken flocks. Twenty six isolates with β-haemolysis capability, each from a different flock, obtained from the respiratory (n = 8), reproductive (n = 10) and gastrointestinal (n = 8) tracts were selected and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry after culturing. A PCR method targeting the 16S genes was used for verification of isolates. The isolates' susceptibility to 20 antimicrobials was evaluated using the disc diffusion method for 8 drugs and the dilution method for the other 12. In addition, they were tested for the presence of the GtxA, gyrB and flfA virulence genes and blaROB, aphA, tetB and tetH antibiotic resistance genes by PCR. Results The most prevalent antibiotic resistance was to tilmicosin, tylosin and quinupristin/dalfopristin (all 100%), erythromycin (96.2%), tetracycline (96.2%), linezolid (92.3%) and teicoplanin (92.3%). Universal susceptibility was to only one antibiotic, chloramphenicol. Statistically significant differences were found between the resistance of gastrointestinal tract strains and that of strains from other tracts to daptomycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and colistin. The GtxA and gyrB genes were detected in 100% of isolates and flfA in 19.2%. The isolates most frequently contained tetB and less frequently tetH and aphA, and did not contain blaROB. Conclusion Most G. anatis biovar haemolytica isolates were resistant to many classes of antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary and important to be vigilant for the occurrence of these bacteria and thorough in their diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Kursa
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tomczyk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Agata Sieczkowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Sawicka-Durkalec
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Abd El-Ghany WA, Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elbestawy AR. Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a comprehensive review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:383. [PMID: 37889324 PMCID: PMC10611880 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, normally inhabits the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of poultry. However, under certain circumstances of immunosuppression, co-infection (especially with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma), or various stressors, G. anatis caused respiratory, reproductive, and systemic diseases. Infection with G. anatis has emerged in different countries worldwide. The bacterium affects mainly chickens; however, other species of domestic and wild birds may get infected. Horizontal, vertical, and venereal routes of G. anatis infection have been reported. The pathogenicity of G. anatis is principally related to the presence of some essential virulence factors such as Gallibacterium toxin A, fimbriae, haemagglutinin, outer membrane vesicles, capsule, biofilms, and protease. The clinical picture of G. anatis infection is mainly represented as tracheitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, while other lesions may be noted in cases of concomitant infection. Control of such infection depends mainly on applying biosecurity measures and vaccination. The antimicrobial sensitivity test is necessary for the correct treatment of G. anatis. However, the development of multiple drug resistance is common. This review article sheds light on G. anatis regarding history, susceptibility, dissemination, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa A Abd El-Ghany
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, 22511, Egypt
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Algammal AM, Abo Hashem ME, Alfifi KJ, Al-Otaibi AS, Alatawy M, ElTarabili RM, Abd El-Ghany WA, Hetta HF, Hamouda AM, Elewa AA, Azab MM. Sequence Analysis, Antibiogram Profile, Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of XDR and MDR Gallibacterium anatis Isolated from Layer Chickens in Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:4321-4334. [PMID: 35971557 PMCID: PMC9375569 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s377797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gallibacterium anatis is incriminated frequently in severe economic losses and mortalities in the poultry industry. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of G. anatis in layer chickens, sequence analysis, the antibiogram profiles, and PCR screening of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance genes. Methods Accordingly, 300 samples (tracheal swabs, ovary and oviduct, and lung) were randomly collected from 100 diseased layer chickens from private commercial layer farms at Elsharkia Governorate, Egypt. The bacteriological examination was carried out. The retrieved isolates were tested for 16S rRNA-23S rRNA gene sequencing, antibiogram profiling, PCR screening of virulence (gtxA, fifA, and gyrB), and antibiotic resistance genes (blaROB, aphA1, tetB, and tetH). Results The prevalence of G. anatis was 25% in the examined diseased layer chickens. The sequence analyses emphasized that the tested strains derived from a common ancestor and exhibited a notable genetic similarity with other G. anatis strains from USA, China, and Denmark. The isolated G. anatis strains were highly resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, penicillin, ampicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, and erythromycin. The PCR revealed that the retrieved G. anatis strains carried gtxA, gyrB, and fifA virulence genes with a prevalence of 100%, 100%, and 38.3%, respectively. Approximately 30.1% of the retrieved G. anatis isolates were XDR to six antimicrobial classes and harbored blaROB, aphA1, and tetB resistance genes. Moreover, 20.5% of the isolated G. anatis strains were MDR to three different classes and carried blaROB and tetH resistance genes. Conclusion Briefly, this study emphasized the existence of XDR and MDR G. anatis strains in poultry. Florfenicol and norfloxacin displayed a promising antimicrobial effect against the emerging XDR and MDR G. anatis in poultry. The emergence of XDR and MDR G. anatis is considered a public health alarm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Marwa E Abo Hashem
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Khyreyah J Alfifi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amenah S Al-Otaibi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marfat Alatawy
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham M ElTarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Abd El-Ghany
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Hamouda
- Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Branch, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira A Elewa
- Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Branch, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Azab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Elbestawy AR, Abd-Ellatieff HA, Ellakany HF, Abd El-Hamid HS, Abou Rawash AA, Gado AR, Abd El-Aziz AH, Eid AAM, El-Shall NA. Respiratory and Reproductive Impairment of Commercial Layer Chickens After Experimental Infection with Gallibacterium anatis Biovar haemolytica. Avian Dis 2021; 64:536-541. [PMID: 33570106 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d20-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Gallibacterium anatis in poultry production has increased over the last two decades. However, only a few studies have explored the pathogenicity of this bacterium in commercial layer chickens. This trial studied the aspects of the pathogenicity of a Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica local Egyptian isolate (previously registered as strain B14 with GenBank accession no. KJ026147). We used 500 base pairs of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the 16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer, partial sequence in an experimental infection trial in commercial White Shaver layer chickens aged 19 wk. The hens were divided into three groups of 40 birds each. The hens in Groups 1 and 2 were experimentally infected through the intranasal (IN) and intravenous (IV) routes, respectively, with a dose of 0.2 ml/bird containing 1.2 × 109 colony-forming units/ml. In contrast, Group 3 was kept as a noninfected control group. Both IN and IV infections resulted in a delayed egg laying for 1 wk and a significant (P ≤ 0.05) drop in egg production by 7.81% and 10.28% compared with the control group over 7 wk. Severe lesions in the form of hemorrhagic pneumonia, catarrhal tracheitis, ovarian follicle and oviductal regression, and septicemia were evident on necropsy, demonstrating the pathogenicity of G. anatis as a primary pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
| | - Hoda A Abd-Ellatieff
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
| | - Hany F Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
| | - Hatem S Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman A Abou Rawash
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Gado
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
| | - Ayman H Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
| | - Amal A M Eid
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511 Egypt
| | - Nahed A El-Shall
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758 Egypt
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Lozica L, Kazazić SP, Gottstein Ž. High phylogenetic diversity of Gallibacterium anatis is correlated with low biosecurity measures and management practices on poultry farms. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:467-475. [PMID: 32375499 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1765970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis is considered one of the most common bacterial causative agents of reproductive tract disorders in poultry. In this study, phylogenetic analysis of partial rpoB sequences and biotyping using MALDI-TOF MS was done in order to investigate the genetic diversity of Gallibacterium isolates from 13 farms with different biosecurity measures and management practices. Sampling was done as a part of regular monitoring, except for Farms 9-13 that were included in the study to represent extensive production systems with lowest biosecurity levels. Pharyngeal and cloacal swabs were taken from live birds, while swabs from trachea, liver, peritoneum and oviduct were taken during necropsies. After cultivation and identification, strains from each farm were randomly selected for sequencing and biotyping. Both results showed high level of heterogeneity among the isolates originating from farms with low biosecurity levels, unlike isolates from farms with higher biosecurity levels and proper management that were more closely related and clustered together. Such correlation was statistically significant. Low biosecurity levels enable horizontal transmission of the pathogens, as well as gene transfer. The results confirm the importance of adequate biosecurity measures and management on poultry farms as they greatly affect the genetic diversity of the pathogens. Therefore, implementation of basic biosecurity measures could help control the heterogeneity of Gallibacterium strains, which would alleviate control of the infection prevalence on farms through immunoprophylaxis, and consequently improve poultry production. Also, the genetic diversity of G. anatis on poultry farms could be a good bioindicator of management practices and biosecurity measures used. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS High correlation between low biosecurity and high diversity of Gallibacterium anatis. Diversity of Gallibacterium is a good bioindicator of management practices on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liča Lozica
- Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana P Kazazić
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Functional Proteomics, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Gottstein
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Functional Proteomics, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Nassik S, Tallouzt S, Karbach N, Touzani C, Bidoudan Y, Aamarine N, Hess C. First Report of Isolation of Gallibacterium anatis from Layer Chickens in Morocco with Decrease in Laying Performance. Avian Dis 2020; 63:727-730. [PMID: 31865689 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gallibacterium is a genus of the family of Pasteurellaceae. It is well known as a commensal inhabitant of the respiratory and reproductive tract of healthy chickens. But in the last years, Gallibacterium anatis is increasingly reported in field cases with a decrease in laying performance due to infections of the reproductive tract. The aim of the present study was to investigate the implication of G. anatis infection in layer flocks facing a decrease in laying performance in Morocco. Birds were received from five different laying hen farms in two regions in Morocco showing a drop of egg production. Necropsy revealed 46.1 % (24/52) of sampled birds showed variable lesions in ovaries, salpinx, and trachea. In fact, 24 birds were affected by salpingitis, 18 by oophoritis, and 11 birds by atrophy of ovaries. Furthermore, tracheitis was observed in 24 birds. Bacteriological investigation was done from different organs, and G. anatis was found in ovaries (n = 20), trachea (n = 17), and cloaca (n = 3). Identification was based on growth morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical properties. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction test using specific primers for the genus identification was carried out. All isolates showed bands of 925 bp specific for G. anatis expressing the virulent toxin GtxA. Antibiotic resistance testing was performed and revealed that isolates were sensitive to enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and gentamycin but resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The present study is the first report of G. anatis in Morocco, demonstrating the need for further epidemiologic investigations as well as in regard to antibiotic resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saâdia Nassik
- Avian Pathology Unit, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP: 1010, Rabat, 6202 Morocco, .,Contributed equally to this work
| | - Siham Tallouzt
- Avian Pathology Unit, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP: 1010, Rabat, 6202 Morocco.,Contributed equally to this work
| | - Nsrine Karbach
- Industrial Layer Farm Integration of Rhamna 43402, Morocco
| | - Charifa Touzani
- Avian Pathology Unit, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP: 1010, Rabat, 6202 Morocco
| | - Yassmina Bidoudan
- Avian Pathology Unit, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP: 1010, Rabat, 6202 Morocco
| | - Nadim Aamarine
- MENA, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein 55216, Germany
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
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Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda D, Dhama K, Kumar Mariappan A, Munuswamy P, Iqbal Yatoo M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Bhatt P, Reddy MR. Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment of Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a review. Vet Q 2020; 40:16-34. [PMID: 31902298 PMCID: PMC7006735 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1712495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Pasteurellaceae family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and mortality in hens thereby severely affecting animal welfare and overall productivity by poultry industries across Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. In addition, it has the ability to infect wider host range including domesticated and free-ranging avian hosts as well as mammalian hosts such as cattle, pigs and human. Evaluating the common virulence factors including outer membrane vesicles, fimbriae, capsule, metalloproteases, biofilm formation, hemagglutinin, and determining novel factors such as the RTX–like toxin GtxA, elongation factor-Tu, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has pathobiological, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic significance. Treating this bacterial pathogen with traditional antimicrobial drugs is discouraged owing to the emergence of widespread multidrug resistance, whereas the efficacy of preventing this disease by classical vaccines is limited due to its antigenic diversity. It will be necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge on important virulence factors, pathogenesis and, concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, improvised treatment regimes, and novel vaccine candidates to effectively tackle this pathogen. This review substantially describes the etio-epidemiological aspects of G. anatis infection in poultry, and updates the recent development in understanding the pathogenesis, organism evolution and therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to counter G. anatis infection for safeguarding the welfare and health of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prakash Bhatt
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GovindBallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
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Tang B, Pors SE, Kristensen BM, Skjerning RBJ, Olsen RH, Bojesen AM. GtxA is a virulence factor that promotes a Th2-like response during Gallibacterium anatis infection in laying hens. Vet Res 2020; 51:40. [PMID: 32156313 PMCID: PMC7065373 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GtxA, a leukotoxic RTX-toxin, has been proposed a main virulence factor of Gallibacterium anatis. To evaluate the impact of GtxA during infection, we experimentally infected laying hens with a G. anatis wild-type (WT) strain and its isogenic gtxA deletion mutant (ΔgtxA), respectively, and monitored the birds during a 6 day period. Birds inoculated with ΔgtxA had significantly reduced gross lesions and microscopic changes compared to the birds inoculated with the WT strain. To assess the host response further, we quantified the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis genes by RT-qPCR. In the ovarian tissue, the expression levels of IL-4 and TNF-α were significantly lower in the ΔgtxA group compared to the WT group, while IL-6 and IL-10 levels appeared similar in the two groups. In the spleen tissue of ΔgtxA infected chickens, IL-4 expression was also lower compared to the WT infected chickens. The results indicated that GtxA plays a key role in an acute cytokine-mediated Th2-like response against G. anatis infection in the ovary tissue. The pro-inflammatory response in the ovary tissue of birds inoculated with ΔgtxA mutant was thus significantly lower than the wild-type response. This was, at least partly, supported by the apoptosis gene expression levels, which were significantly higher in the ΔgtxA mutant compared to the wild-type infected chickens. In conclusion, GtxA clearly plays an important role in the pathogenesis of G. anatis infections in laying hens. Further investigations into the specific factors regulating the host response is however needed to provide a more complete understanding of the bacteria-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susanne E. Pors
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bodil M. Kristensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ragnhild Bager J. Skjerning
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rikke H. Olsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders M. Bojesen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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9
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Eid S, Marouf S, Hefny HY, Al-Atfeehy NM. Pasteurellaceae members with similar morphological patterns associated with respiratory manifestations in ducks. Vet World 2019; 12:2061-2069. [PMID: 32095060 PMCID: PMC6989323 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.2061-2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A total of 112 freshly dead ducks aged from 2 to 20 weeks old with a history of respiratory manifestations were investigated for the implication of Pasteurellaceae family members. Materials and Methods: Isolation and identification to the family level were conducted by conventional bacteriological methods, including microscopic examination and biochemical characterization. Identification to the species level was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analytical profile index (API) 20E kits. Results: Conventional bacteriological isolation and biochemical characterization revealed the infection of 16/112 examined birds with a prevalence rate of 14.3%. PCR confirmed the detection of Pasteurellaceae family conserved genes RpoB and Bootz in 16/16 (100%) isolates. PCR was also used for genus and species identification of the isolated Pasteurellaceae members; the results revealed that 5/16 (31.3%) of isolates were Gallibacterium anatis and 2/16 of isolates (12.5%) were Pasteurella multocida. Riemerella anatipestifer, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Avibacterium paragallinarum were not detected by PCR. Biotyping by API 20E successfully identified 5/16 (31.3%) isolates that could not be typed by PCR and confirmed their belonging to Pasteurella pneumotropica. Neither the available PCR primer sets nor API 20E succeeded for species identification of 4/16 (25%) isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling of isolates revealed that 16/16 (100%) of isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Moreover, 16/16 (100%) of isolates demonstrated a phenotypic resistance pattern to neomycin. Conclusion: Combined genotypic, phenotypic, biotyping, and virulence characterizations are required for laboratory identification of pathogenic Pasteurellaceae. Moreover, P. multocida was not the prevailed member implicated in respiratory problems in ducks as P. pneumotropica, G. anatis, and unidentified strains were involved with higher prevalence. Chloramphenicol and ampicillin demonstrated the highest in vitro effects on the studied Pasteurellaceae. Furthermore, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant isolates signified the demand to implement targeted surveillance in the ducks’ production sector, and MDR survey in poultry sectors in Egypt to apply effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Eid
- Department of Bacteriology, Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Nadi El-Seid St., P.O. Box 246, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sherif Marouf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hefny Y Hefny
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Zagazig Provincial Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Nayera M Al-Atfeehy
- Department of Bacteriology, Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Nadi El-Seid St., P.O. Box 246, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
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10
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Zhang JJ, Kang TY, Kwon T, Koh H, Chandimali N, Huynh DL, Wang XZ, Kim N, Jeong DK. Specific Chicken Egg Yolk Antibody Improves the Protective Response against Gallibacterium anatis Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00619-18. [PMID: 30559219 PMCID: PMC6386540 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00619-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis is a pathogen associated with peritonitis and salpingitis in chickens and other avian species. Novel safety prevention strategies are urgently needed because of widespread multidrug resistance and antigenic diversity. The objective of this study was to produce a specific chicken egg yolk antibody and evaluate its protective response against a G. anatis infection model in 4-week-old chicks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that hens immunized with the recombinant N terminus of Gallibacterium toxin A (GtxA-N) had significantly increased antibody titers against GtxA-N in serum and egg yolk IgY. Western blotting showed that IgY antibody had specificity against GtxA-N in the egg yolks of immunized hens. The growth of G. anatis in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and agar was significantly inhibited by the GtxA-N-specific IgY antibody. The protective effects of the specific IgY antibody were evaluated in G. anatis-infected chicks after intramuscular injection (10 mg/ml). The anti-GtxA-N antibody titers in the sera of G. anatis-challenged chicks following an injection of specific IgY antibody were significantly higher than those of the control and the nonspecific IgY groups, but lower lesion scores for the peritoneum, liver, and duodenum were found after specific IgY antibody treatment. The results from this study suggest that the GtxA-N-specific IgY antibody could potentially improve the protective response against G. anatis infection in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tae Yoon Kang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Koh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nisansala Chandimali
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Luong Huynh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xian Zhong Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nameun Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Yaman S, Sahan Yapicier O. Diagnosis of Gallibacterium Anatis in Layers: First Report in Turkey. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Yaman
- Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Turkey
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12
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Elbestawy AR, Ellakany HF, Abd El-Hamid HS, Bekheet AA, Mataried NE, Nasr SM, Amarin NM. Isolation, characterization, and antibiotic sensitivity assessment of Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica, from diseased Egyptian chicken flocks during the years 2013 and 2015. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1519-1525. [PMID: 29471426 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica constitutes a part of the normal microflora in the upper respiratory and genital tracts of healthy chickens, but it is also associated with different pathological conditions. In the current study, 102 commercial chicken flocks suffering from respiratory disease and/or drop in egg production were investigated for the presence of G. anatis during 2013 and 2015. These flocks comprised 8 breeder, 32 layer, and 62 broiler flocks. By culture method, 20 flocks were found positive: one isolate derived from broiler breeders, 6 isolates from layers, and 13 isolates from broilers. G. anatis biovar haemolytica was identified by phenotyping and PCR. Additionally, partial genome sequencing of 11 isolates (5 layer isolates of 2013 and 6 broiler isolates of 2015) based on 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA gene sequences was performed and revealed 96.5% to 100% genetic relatedness. Antibiotic sensitivity of these isolates revealed that the 2013 isolates were highly susceptible to florfenicol while the isolates of 2015 were highly susceptible to cefotaxime. Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica is a newly introduced bacteria in Egypt causing salpingitis, peritonitis, drop in egg production, and/or respiratory signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Hany F Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Hatem S Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Sherif M Nasr
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
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13
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Stepien-Pysniak D, Kosikowska U, Hauschild T, Burzynski A, Wilczynski J, Kolinska A, Nowaczek A, Marek A. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification procedure targeting the sodA gene for rapid and specific identification of Gallibacterium anatis. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1141-1147. [PMID: 29381805 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the development and validation of a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) for rapid and specific identification of Gallibacterium anatis. To design a set of 6 primers using the LAMP technique, the conserved region of the G. anatis sodA gene was selected as a target. To evaluate primer specificity we used 120 field strains, the reference strain G. anatis ATCC 43329, and 9 non-G. anatis bacteria. The results confirmed positive reactions for all G. anatis strains tested by LAMP at 63°C for 60 min, with no cross-reactivity observed for the negative control bacteria, i.e., Haemophilus parainfluenzae (ATCC 51505 and ATCC 33392), Aggregatibacter aphrophilus ATCC 7901, Avibacterium endocarditis, Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, and Escherichia coli. The lowest detectable amount of DNA for the LAMP reaction was 0.2561 pg, which was detected in about 34 min, while the highest available concentration of the G. anatis reference strain was detected in about 10 min. The lowest detectable amount of DNA for the real-time PCR reaction was 21.24 pg, which was detected in about 20 min, while the highest available concentration of the G. anatis reference strain was detected in about 7 min. Moreover, using the real-time LAMP assay the reaction could be effectively carried out in a volume of just 13 μL, about half the officially recommended reaction volume (25 μL). The aim of this study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific G. anatis real-time LAMP assay that is less time-consuming and less costly than quantitative PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stepien-Pysniak
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - U Kosikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology with Laboratory for Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - T Hauschild
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - A Burzynski
- Novazym Poland, Wielkopolska Centre of Advanced Technologies, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Wilczynski
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Lab - Vet, Tarnowo Podgórne, Poland
| | - A Kolinska
- Novazym Poland, Wielkopolska Centre of Advanced Technologies, Poznan, Poland
| | - A Nowaczek
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Marek
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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14
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Paudel S, Ruhnau D, Wernsdorf P, Liebhart D, Hess M, Hess C. Presence of Avibacterium paragallinarum and Histopathologic Lesions Corresponds with Clinical Signs in a Co-infection Model with Gallibacterium anatis. Avian Dis 2018; 61:335-340. [PMID: 28957004 DOI: 10.1637/11609-021317-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated that co-infection with Avibacterium paragallinarum and Gallibacterium anatis leads to increased severity of clinical signs of infectious coryza in birds. The present study examined the interaction of these two pathogens in chickens by evaluation of histologic lesions in sinus infraorbitalis and nasal turbinates, applying a defined scoring scheme ranging from 0 to 3. Furthermore, for the first time, an in situ hybridization (ISH) technique was applied to detect A. paragallinarum in tissues. The samples were received from vaccinated and nonvaccinated birds that were infected with A. paragallinarum and/or G. anatis. Vaccinated birds were mostly devoid of any histopathologic lesions except a few birds with lesion score 1 at 7 and 14 days postinfection (dpi). Likewise, nonvaccinated birds infected with G. anatis only did not present microscopic changes in the sinus infraorbitalis, except in a single bird at 7 dpi. Interestingly, median lesion scores caused by G. anatis infection were significantly higher in the nasal turbinates of infected birds than in negative control at 7 and 14 dpi. The most prominent histologic changes were recorded from sinus infraorbitalis and nasal turbinates of nonvaccinated birds that were infected either with A. paragallinarum only or together with G. anatis. ISH demonstrated positive signals for A. paragallinarum in exudates present in the lumen or attached to the epithelial layer of investigated tissues. Such signals were mainly detected in tissues from birds with the highest histopathologic lesion scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Paudel
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Ruhnau
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Wernsdorf
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Huangfu H, Xu W, Wang H, Dong Q, Guo H, Sun Y, Li Y, Gao W, Wang W, Zhang J, Shi J, Pan H, Li C, Wang L. Detection of Gallibacterium anatis by TaqMan fluorescent quantitative PCR. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:245-252. [PMID: 29243936 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1416590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the prevalence of Gallibacterium anatis in different poultry species, a rapid and accurate method was developed to detect G. anatis using a TaqMan fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Specific primers and a TaqMan probe were designed based on the reference gtxA gene sequence. The qPCR standard curve showed a good linear relationship, and the method showed good reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity, indicating its suitability for G. anatis identification and quantitative analysis. A comparison of the detection results in 160 clinical swab samples showed that the detection rate (54.4%) of the qPCR for G. anatis was better than that of two conventional methods: gyrB gene-based qPCR for G. anatis (51.9%) and culture-based identification (34.4%). G. anatis was detected in layer chicken (77.3%), Silkie chicken (72.7%), and duck (27.1%) with relatively high detection rates, whereas dove (8.8%) and quail (3.0%) showed lower detection rates, indicating the different prevalence of G. anatis in different fowl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Huangfu
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkui Wang
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Dong
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Sun
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Li
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Wuqing Wang
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhang
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingke Shi
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Haochun Pan
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Li
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Linkang Wang
- a Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , Henan , People's Republic of China
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16
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Paudel S, Hess M, Hess C. Coinfection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and Gallibacterium anatis in Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens Complicates Clinical Signs of Infectious Coryza, Which Can Be Prevented by Vaccination. Avian Dis 2017; 61:55-63. [PMID: 28301236 DOI: 10.1637/11481-081016-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avibacterium paragallinarum and Gallibacterium anatis are recognized bacterial pathogens both infecting the respiratory tract of chickens. The present study investigated outcomes of their coinfection by elucidating clinical signs, pathologic lesions, and bacteriologic findings. Additionally, the efficacy of a commercially available vaccine to prevent diseases caused by A. paragallinarum and G. anatis was evaluated. Birds inoculated with G. anatis alone did not present any clinical signs and gross pathologic lesions in the respiratory tract. However, clinical signs of infectious coryza were reproduced in nonvaccinated birds that were challenged with A. paragallinarum alone or together with G. anatis . Such clinical signs were more severe in the coinfected group, including the death of four birds. Some of the birds that were vaccinated and challenged showed mild clinical signs at 7 days postinfection (dpi). Inflammation of sinus infraorbitalis was the most prominent gross pathologic lesion found in the respiratory tract of nonvaccinated birds inoculated either with A. paragallinarum and G. anatis or A. paragallinarum alone. In the reproductive tract, hemorrhagic follicles were observed in nonvaccinated birds that were infected either with G. anatis alone or together with A. paragallinarum . In vaccinated birds, no gross pathologic lesions were found except in one bird that was coinfected with both the pathogens characterized by mucoid tracheitis. Bacteriologic investigations revealed that multiplication of G. anatis at 7 dpi was supported by the coinfection with A. paragallinarum . Altogether, it can be concluded that simultaneous infection of A. paragallinarum and G. anatis can increase the severities of disease conditions in chickens. In such a scenario, vaccination appears to be an effective tool for prevention of the disease, as protection was conferred based on clinical, pathologic, bacteriologic, and serologic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Paudel
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Abstract
1. Infectious diseases have a large impact on poultry health and economics. Elucidating the pathogenesis of a certain disease is crucial to implement control strategies. 2. Multiplication of a pathogen and its characterisation in vitro are basic requirements to perform experimental studies. However, passaging of the pathogen in vitro can influence the pathogenicity, a process targeted for live vaccine development, but limits the reproduction of clinical signs. 3. Numerous factors can influence the outcome of experimental infections with some importance on the pathogen, application route and host as exemplarily outlined for Histomonas meleagridis, Gallibacterium anatis and fowl aviadenoviruses (FAdVs). 4. In future, more comprehensive and detailed settings are needed to obtain as much information as possible from animal experiments. Processing of samples with modern diagnostic tools provides the option to closely monitor the host–pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hess
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
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18
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Wang C, Robles F, Ramirez S, Riber AB, Bojesen AM. Culture-independent identification and quantification ofGallibacterium anatis(G. anatis) by real-time quantitative PCR. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:538-44. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1184743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Pors SE, Skjerning RB, Flachs EM, Bojesen AM. Recombinant proteins from Gallibacterium anatis induces partial protection against heterologous challenge in egg-laying hens. Vet Res 2016; 47:36. [PMID: 26915521 PMCID: PMC4766669 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium and major cause of salpingitis and peritonitis in egg-laying hens, thereby contributing to decreased egg production and increased mortality among the hens. Due to widespread drug resistance and antigenic diversity, novel prophylactic measures are urgently required. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cross-protective capacity of three recombinant proteins recently identified as potential vaccine candidates; GtxA-N, GtxA-C, and FlfA, in an in vivo challenge model. Nine groups of birds were immunized twice with each protein, respectively, with 14 days separation. Additionally, three groups served as non-immunized controls. After 3 weeks, the birds were challenged with either of three G. anatis strains: 12656-12, 7990 or IPDH 697-78, respectively. Blood samples were taken at three different time points prior to challenge, as well as 48 h after challenge. All birds were euthanized and subjected to a post mortem procedure including scoring of lesions and sampling for bacterial growth. Moreover, ELISA assays were used to quantify antigen-specific IgG titers in serum. The results showed that all three proteins induced protection against the homologous strain 12656-12. No protein induced complete protection against strain 7990, although FlfA reduced the bacterial re-isolation rate. Moreover, immunization with GtxA-N and FlfA induced protection, while GtxA-C reduced the bacterial re-isolation, against strain IPDH 697-78. Thus although complete cross-protection against all three strains was not achieved, the results hold great promise for a new generation of immunogens in the search for novel prophylactic measures against G. anatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Elisabeth Pors
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Ragnhild Bager Skjerning
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Esben M Flachs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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20
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Persson G, Bojesen AM. Bacterial determinants of importance in the virulence of Gallibacterium anatis in poultry. Vet Res 2015; 46:57. [PMID: 26063044 PMCID: PMC4462078 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis, a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, constitute a part of the normal micro-flora of the upper respiratory tract and the lower genital tract in chickens. However, increasing evidence indicate that G. anatis is also associated with a wide range of pathological changes, particularly in the reproductive organs, which leads to decreased egg production, lowered animal welfare and increased mortality. As a recently defined opportunistic pathogen limited focus has been placed on the pathogenesis and putative virulence factors permitting G. anatis to cause disease. One of the most studied virulence determinants is a large RTX-like toxin (GtxA), which has been demonstrated to induce a strong leukotoxic effect on avian macrophages. A number of fimbria of different sizes and shapes has been described. Particularly fimbriae belonging to the F17-like family appears to be common in a diverse selection of G. anatis strains. Mutants lacking the FlfA fimbria were severely attenuated in experimentally infected chickens. Additional characteristics including the ability to express capsular material possibly involved in serum resistance; secretion of metalloproteases capable of degrading immunoglobulins, and hemagglutinins, which may promote biofilm formation are all factors likely linked to the virulence of G. anatis. A major advantage for the study of how G. anatis interact with its host is the ability to perform biologically relevant experimental infections where natural routes of exposure allows reproduction of lesions observed during spontaneous infections. This review summarizes the current understanding of the G. anatis pathogenesis and discusses the contribution of the established and putative virulence factors described for this bacterium to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gry Persson
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Anders M Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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21
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Paudel S, Hess C, Wernsdorf P, Käser T, Meitz S, Jensen-Jarolim E, Hess M, Liebhart D. The systemic multiplication of Gallibacterium anatis in experimentally infected chickens is promoted by immunosuppressive drugs which have a less specific effect on the depletion of leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:22-32. [PMID: 26004945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The progression of Gallibacterium anatis infection in immunosuppressed versus immunocompetent chickens was investigated. Before experimental infection, birds were treated with corticosterone for general immunosuppression, or 5-fluorouracil, cyclosporine-A, cyclophosphamide for depletion of specific leukocyte populations. Necropsy and sampling were performed at 0, 3, 7, 10 and 28 days post infection. The used drugs did not cause selected depletion of B cells, T cells, heterophils and monocytes/macrophages, as determined by quantification of leukocytes in blood and lymphoid organs using different technologies. Bacterial re-isolation and counts of colony forming units (CFU) showed that G. anatis colonization pattern in various organs, and the numbers of bacteria in trachea were not affected by immunosuppression. However, the treatments acutely increased CFU counts derived from the spleen, which demonstrates that chemically induced immunosuppression intensifies systemic multiplication of G. anatis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Paudel
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Wernsdorf
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Käser
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Meitz
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Kudirkienė E, Bager RJ, Johnson TJ, Bojesen AM. Chaperone-usher fimbriae in a diverse selection of Gallibacterium genomes. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1093. [PMID: 25495603 PMCID: PMC4299563 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fimbriae are bacterial cell surface organelles involved in the pathogenesis of many bacterial species, including Gallibacterium anatis, in which a F17-like fimbriae of the chaperone-usher (CU) family was recently shown to be an important virulence factor and vaccine candidate. To reveal the distribution and variability of CU fimbriae 22 genomes of the avian host-restricted bacteria Gallibacterium spp. were investigated. Fimbrial clusters were classified using phylogeny-based and conserved domain (CD) distribution-based approaches. To characterize the fimbriae in depth evolutionary analysis and in vitro expression of the most prevalent fimbrial clusters was performed. Results Overall 48 CU fimbriae were identified in the genomes of the examined Gallibacterium isolates. All fimbriae were assigned to γ4 clade of the CU fimbriae of Gram-negative bacteria and were organized in four-gene clusters encoding a putative major fimbrial subunit, a chaperone, an usher and a fimbrial adhesin. Five fimbrial clusters (Flf-Flf4) and eight conserved domain groups were defined to accommodate the identified fimbriae. Although, the number of different fimbrial clusters in individual Gallibacterium genomes was low, there was substantial amino acid sequence variability in the major fimbrial subunit and the adhesin proteins. The distribution of CDs among fimbrial clusters, analysis of their flanking regions, and evolutionary comparison of the strains revealed that Gallibacterium fimbrial clusters likely underwent evolutionary divergence resulting in highly host adapted and antigenically variable fimbriae. In vitro, only the fimbrial subunit FlfA was expressed in most Gallibacterium strains encoding this protein. The absence or scarce expression of the two other common fimbrial subunits (Flf1A and Flf3A) indicates that their expression may require other in vitro or in vivo conditions. Conclusions This is the first approach establishing a systematic fimbria classification system within Gallibacterium spp., which indicates a species-wide distribution of γ4 CU fimbriae among a diverse collection of Gallibacterium isolates. The expression of only one out of up to three fimbriae present in the individual genomes in vitro suggests that fimbriae expression in Gallibacterium is highly regulated. This information is important for future attempts to understand the role of Gallibacterium fimbriae in pathogenesis, and may prove useful for improved control of Gallibacterium infections in chickens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1093) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anders M Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Paudel S, Liebhart D, Aurich C, Hess M, Hess C. Pathogenesis ofGallibacterium anatisin a natural infection model fulfils Koch’s postulates: 2. Epididymitis and decreased semen quality are the predominant effects in specific pathogen free cockerels. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:529-34. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.967176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Paudel S, Liebhart D, Hess M, Hess C. Pathogenesis ofGallibacterium anatisin a natural infection model fulfils Koch's postulates: 1. Folliculitis and drop in egg production are the predominant effects in specific pathogen free layers. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:443-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.955782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
This article on poultry and avian diseases assembles a brief description of the current state of the poultry industry and the economical and public health impact of different diseases on these poultry production systems. Besides, a short explanation about the sustainable methods of production has been included in this article. Additionally, a review of the most important diseases that can affect poultry and wild avian species was performed, along with a summary of preventive and control measurements directed to reduce their economic impact. For all diseases, the etiology, clinical signs, and main lesions were reviewed.
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