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Ajao AM, Liu G, Taylor J, Ball MEE, Mercier Y, Applegate TJ, Selvaraj R, Kyriazakis I, Kim WK, Olukosi OA. Phase-specific outcmes of arginine or branched-chain amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance, nutrient digestibility, and expression of tissue protein synthesis and degradation in broiler chickens infected with mixed Eimeria spp. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103811. [PMID: 38763061 PMCID: PMC11111822 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A 35-d study investigated the impact of dietary supplementation with Arginine (Arg) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) of broilers receiving low-protein diets whilst infected with mixed Eimeria species. All birds were given the same starter (d0-10) and finisher (d28-35) diets. The 4 grower diets used were a positive control (PC) with adequate protein (18.5%), a low protein diet (NC;16.5% CP), or the NC supplemented with Arg or BCAA. Supplemental AA was added at 50% above the recommended levels. The treatments were in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 4 diets, with or without Eimeria inoculation on d14. Birds and feed were weighed after inoculation in phases: prepatent (d14-17), acute (d18-21), recovery (d22-28), and compensatory (d29-35). Ileal digesta, jejunum, and breast tissue were collected on d21, 28, and 35. There was no diet × Eimeria inoculation on growth performance at any phase. Infected birds weighed less and consumed less feed (P < 0.05) in all phases. In the prepatent and acute phases, birds on the Arg diets had higher weight gain (P < 0.05) and lower FCR, similar to PC, when compared to NC and BCAA-fed ones. Infection reduced AA digestibility on d21 and 28 (Met and Cys). However, birds that received supplemental AA had higher digestibility (P < 0.05) of their respective supplemented AA on d 21 only. Infected birds had lower (P < 0.05) BO + AT and higher PEPT1 expression on d21. There was a diet × Eimeria interaction (P = 0.004) on gene expression at d28; 4EBP1 genes were significantly downwardly expressed (P < 0.05) in birds fed Arg diet, irrespective of infection. Infected birds exhibited an upward expression (P < 0.05) of Eef2 on d21 and d28 but experienced a downward expression on d35. Supplemental Arg and BCAA had variable effects on growth performance, apparent ileal AA digestibility, and genes of protein synthesis and degradation, but the effect of Arg on promoting weight gain, irrespective of the Eimeria challenge, was more consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleye M Ajao
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - James Taylor
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
| | - M Elizabeth E Ball
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Todd J Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ramesh Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | - Woo K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Oluyinka A Olukosi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Sanjaya HL, Maharani BP, Baskara AP, Muhlisin, Martien R, Zuprizal. Effect of lipopolysaccharides from pathogenic bacteria on broiler chickens' productivity: a meta-analysis. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38940295 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2364331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
1. This meta-analysis investigated the impact of LPS and covariates (serotype, rearing period and administration route) on the productivity parameters of broiler chickens (average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)).2. Thirty-two eligible studies were included. Hedges' g effect size was determined using a random-effects model at 95% confidence interval.3. Results showed that LPS significantly decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI; p < 0.0001) and average daily gain (ADG; p < 0.0001) and increased FCR (p < 0.0001). The serotypes Escherichia coli 055: B5 (EC055: B5) and Escherichia coli 0127: B8 (EC 0127: B8) significantly reduced ADFI and ADG, and the serotype EC 055: B5 significantly increased the FCR (p < 0.05).4. The intraperitoneal administration of the LPS significantly reduced the productivity of broiler chickens (p < 0.05), but other administration routes did not show such effects. The reduction in ADFI and ADG was found in all rearing periods (p < 0.05), and the increase in FCR was observed in the starter (p = 0.0302) and grower periods (p = 0.0031).5. Exposure to LPS significantly reduced the productivity of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). However, no relationship was observed between LPS dosage and productivity as indicated by the meta-regression study.6. The findings indicated that LPS has detrimental effects on broiler chickens' ADFI, ADG and FCR across various LPS serotypes and rearing periods. These detrimental impacts of LPS remain consistent regardless of the administered dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Sanjaya
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - B P Maharani
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - A P Baskara
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhlisin
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - R Martien
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zuprizal
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Alenezi T, Alrubaye B, Fu Y, Shrestha J, Algehani S, Wang H, Liyanage R, Sun X. Recombinant Bile Salt Hydrolase Enhances the Inhibition Efficiency of Taurodeoxycholic Acid against Clostridium perfringens Virulence. Pathogens 2024; 13:464. [PMID: 38921762 PMCID: PMC11206707 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the main pathogen of chicken necrotic enteritis (NE) causing huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Although dietary secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA) reduced chicken NE, the accumulation of conjugated tauro-DCA (TDCA) raised concerns regarding DCA efficacy. In this study, we aimed to deconjugate TDCA by bile salt hydrolase (BSH) to increase DCA efficacy against the NE pathogen C. perfringens. Assays were conducted to evaluate the inhibition of C. perfringens growth, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, and virulence gene expression by TDCA and DCA. BSH activity and sequence alignment were conducted to select the bsh gene for cloning. The bsh gene from Bifidobacterium longum was PCR-amplified and cloned into plasmids pET-28a (pET-BSH) and pDR111 (pDR-BSH) for expressing the BSH protein in E. coli BL21 and Bacillus subtilis 168 (B-sub-BSH), respectively. His-tag-purified BSH from BL21 cells was evaluated by SDS-PAGE, Coomassie blue staining, and a Western blot (WB) assays. Secretory BSH from B. subtilis was analyzed by a Dot-Blot. B-sub-BSH was evaluated for the inhibition of C. perfringens growth. C. perfringens growth reached 7.8 log10 CFU/mL after 24 h culture. C. perfringens growth was at 8 vs. 7.4, 7.8 vs. 2.6 and 6 vs. 0 log10 CFU/mL in 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mM TDCA vs. DCA, respectively. Compared to TDCA, DCA reduced C. perfringens H2S production and the virulence gene expression of asrA1, netB, colA, and virT. BSH activity was observed in Lactobacillus johnsonii and B. longum under anaerobe but not L. johnsonii under 10% CO2 air. After the sequence alignment of bsh from ten bacteria, bsh from B. longum was selected, cloned into pET-BSH, and sequenced at 951 bp. After pET-BSH was transformed in BL21, BSH expression was assessed around 35 kDa using Coomassie staining and verified for His-tag using WB. After the subcloned bsh and amylase signal peptide sequence was inserted into pDR-BSH, B. subtilis was transformed and named B-sub-BSH. The transformation was evaluated using PCR with B. subtilis around 3 kb and B-sub-BSH around 5 kb. Secretory BSH expressed from B-sub-BSH was determined for His-tag using Dot-Blot. Importantly, C. perfringens growth was reduced greater than 59% log10 CFU/mL in the B-sub-BSH media precultured with 1 vs. 0 mM TDCA. In conclusion, TDCA was less potent than DCA against C. perfringens virulence, and recombinant secretory BSH from B-sub-BSH reduced C. perfringens growth, suggesting a new potential intervention against the pathogen-induced chicken NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahrir Alenezi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- College of Medical Applied Sciences, The Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Alrubaye
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
| | - Ying Fu
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Janashrit Shrestha
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
| | - Samar Algehani
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Xiaolun Sun
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.A.); (J.S.); (S.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Huang J, Guo F, Abbas W, Hu Z, Liu L, Qiao J, Bi R, Xu T, Zhang K, Huang J, Guo Y, Wang Z. Effects of microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids preparation on growth performance, slaughter characteristics, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microenvironment of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103655. [PMID: 38537402 PMCID: PMC11067778 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
To develop effective antibiotics alternatives is getting more and more important to poultry healthy production. The study investigated the effects of a microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids preparation (EOA) on growth performance, slaughter performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microenvironment of broilers. A total of 624 1-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into 6 groups including the control group (T1) fed with basal diet, the antibiotic group (T2) supplemented with basal diet with 45 mg/kg bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), and 4 inclusion levels of EOA-treated groups (T3, T4, T5, T6 groups) chickens given basal diet with 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg EOA/kg of diet, respectively. Results showed that compared with the control, the 200 mg/kg EOA group increased average daily gain (ADG) and average body weight (ABW) during the early stage (P < 0.05). EOA addition decreased crypt depth of the ileum (P < 0.05), but villus height to crypt depth ratio was increased by EOA addition at 200 and 400 mg/kg at d 21 (P < 0.05). Compared with the control, dietary addition EOA at 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg increased the lipase activity in the duodenum at d 21 (P < 0.05). Increased lactic acid bacteria population was found in cecal digesta of the 400 mg/kg EOA group at d 21 (P < 0.05), and higher concentration of butyric acid level was observed in cecal digesta at d 21 and d 42 in the 200 mg/kg EOA group compared with the control (P < 0.05). RT-PCR analysis found that dietary EOA addition decreased the gene expression of IL-1β, COX-2 and TGF-β4 in the ileum at d 21 (P < 0.05), while only the 200 mg/kg EOA increased the gene expression of IL-10, TGF-β4, Claudin-1, ZO-1, CATH-1, CATH-3, AvBD-1, AvBD-9 and AvBD-12 in the ileum at d 42 (P < 0.05) compared with the control. In summary, adding 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the EOA to the diet could improve the growth performance and intestinal microenvironment through improving intestinal morphology, increasing digestive enzymes activity and cecal lactic acid bacteria abundance and butyric acid content, improving intestinal barrier function as well as maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. The improving effect induced by EOA addition in the early growth stage was better than that in the later growth stage. Overall, the EOA product might be an effective antibiotic alternative for broiler industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangshen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Waseem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeqiong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichen Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaichen Zhang
- Shandong Heyi Food Co., Ltd., Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Shanghai Meinong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Zhang R, Qin S, Yang C, Niu Y, Feng J. The protective effects of Bacillus licheniformis against inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier damage in broilers with necrotic enteritis induced by Clostridium perfringens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6958-6965. [PMID: 37309567 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus licheniformis is a gram-positive bacterium that has strong environmental adaptability and can improve the growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant function of broilers. The current study aimed to elucidate the protective capability of B. licheniformis against inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier damage in broilers with necrotic enteritis (NE) induced by Clostridium perfringens (CP). RESULTS The results showed that B. licheniformis enhanced the final body weight in broilers compared with that of broilers in the CP group after the stress of infection (P < 0.05). Bacillus licheniformis reversed the decreased levels of serum and jejunum mucosa immunoglobulins and anti-inflammatory cytokines, reduced the values of villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and mitigated the increased levels of serum d-lactic acid and diamine oxidase in CP-challenged broilers (P < 0.05). Moreover, B. licheniformis modulated the expression levels of genes involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway, the NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway, and the sirt 1/Parkin signalling pathway in CP-challenged broilers. Compared with the CP challenge group, the B. licheniformis-treated group exhibited reduced abundance values of Shuttleworthia and Alistipes and enhanced abundance values of Parabacteroides in the caecal contents (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Bacillus licheniformis improved the final body weight and alleviated the inflammatory response and intestinal barrier function damage in birds with NE induced by CP by maintaining intestinal physiological function, enhancing immunity, regulating inflammatory cytokine secretion, modulating the mitophagy response, and increasing the abundance of beneficial intestinal flora. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songke Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Agricultural Research Institute of Veagmax Green Animal Health Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Niu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Alenezi T, Fu Y, Alrubaye B, Alanazi T, Almansour A, Wang H, Sun X. Potent Bile Acid Microbial Metabolites Modulate Clostridium perfringens Virulence. Pathogens 2023; 12:1202. [PMID: 37887718 PMCID: PMC10610205 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a versatile pathogen, inducing diseases in the skin, intestine (such as chicken necrotic enteritis (NE)), and other organs. The classical sign of NE is the foul smell gas in the ballooned small intestine. We hypothesized that deoxycholic acid (DCA) reduced NE by inhibiting C. perfringens virulence signaling pathways. To evaluate the hypothesis, C. perfringens strains CP1 and wild-type (WT) HN13 and its mutants were cultured with different bile acids, including DCA and isoallolithocholic acid (isoalloLCA). Growth, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, and virulence gene expression were measured. Notably, isoalloLCA was more potent in reducing growth, H2S production, and virulence gene expression in CP1 and WT HN13 compared to DCA, while other bile acids were less potent compared to DCA. Interestingly, there was a slightly different impact between DCA and isoalloLCA on the growth, H2S production, and virulence gene expression in the three HN13 mutants, suggesting possibly different signaling pathways modulated by the two bile acids. In conclusion, DCA and isoalloLCA reduced C. perfringens virulence by transcriptionally modulating the pathogen signaling pathways. The findings could be used to design new strategies to prevent and treat C. perfringens-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahrir Alenezi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- College of Medical Applied Sciences, The Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ying Fu
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
| | - Bilal Alrubaye
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
| | - Thamer Alanazi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ayidh Almansour
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Xiaolun Sun
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (T.A.); (Y.F.); (B.A.); (T.A.); (A.A.); (H.W.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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El-Demerdash AS, Mohamady SN, Megahed HM, Ali NM. Evaluation of gene expression related to immunity, apoptosis, and gut integrity that underlies Artemisia's therapeutic effects in necrotic enteritis-challenged broilers. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:181. [PMID: 37193331 PMCID: PMC10182211 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The experiment was designed to validate the effect of Artemisia annua and its novel commercial product (Navy Cox) on the control of necrotic enteritis (NE). A total of one hundred forty broiler chicks were randomly distributed into seven equal groups: G1, control negative; G2, infected with Eimeria (day 15) and C. perfringens (day 19); G3, treated with Navy Cox before challenge; G4, treated with Artemisia before challenge; G5, infected and then treated with Navy Cox; G6, infected and then treated with Artemisia; and G7, infected and treated with amoxicillin. Chicken response and immune organ indicants were recorded during the observation period (4 weeks). Whole blood and serum samples were collected for immunological evaluation, and tissue samples were collected for bacterial counts and estimation of mRNA expression of genes encoding apoptosis, tight junctions, and immunity. Chickens in the infected group revealed a significant decrease in RBCS, HB, PCV% total protein, Lysozyme, and nitric oxide activity in addition to leukocytosis, heterophilia, monocytosis, increase in cortisol, interleukins, and malondialdehyde. Treated groups displayed lower lesions, colony-forming units, and no mortality. Concurrently, a complete blood profile, antioxidants, and immune markers showed significant improvements. The mRNA expression levels of CASP, CLDN-1, OCLN, TJPI, MUC2, and cell-mediated immune response genes (p < 0.0001) were significantly alleviated in the treated groups compared with the challenged counterpart. This is the first-ever report on the efficacy valuation of Navy Cox compared to standard antibiotic treatment of clostridial NE. Navy Cox proved remarkable capability to minimize C. perfringens colonization in broiler intestines, modulation of mucus production, gut health integrity, immune organs, and immune response when used as a prophylactic agent in this form or naturally as Artemisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza S. El-Demerdash
- Microbiology Department, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sahar N. Mohamady
- Clinical Pathology Department, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hend M. Megahed
- Biochemistry Department, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M. Ali
- Poultry Disease Department, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Assuit, Egypt
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Complex of Lauric Acid Monoglyceride and Cinnamaldehyde Ameliorated Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis in Yellow-Feathered Broilers by Regulating Gut Morphology, Barrier, Inflammation and Serum Biochemistry. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030516. [PMID: 36766404 PMCID: PMC9913842 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment investigated the benefits of plant essential oil (EO) composed with lauric acid monoglyceride and cinnamaldehyde on necrotic enteritis-challenged broilers. A total of 180 1-day-old healthy yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates of 15 chicks each. The experimental groups were as follows: the control group (CON) was fed with the basal diet and was not challenged by Eimeria acervulina (EA) and Clostridium perfringens (CP); CPEA group was also fed with a basal diet, but infected with CP and EA; CPEA_EO350 group and CPEA_EO500 group were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 350 and 500 mg/kg EO, respectively, and all infected with CP and EA. On the 7th day, each bird in the CPEA group, CPEA_EO350 group and CPEA_EO500 group was orally administrated with 1 mL Eimeria acervulina containing 5000 oocytes/mL, and the birds of the CON group were orally administrated with 1 mL normal saline. From the 15th day, 1 mL of CP type A CVCC-2030 strain (about 5 × 108 cfu/mL) was orally inoculated into each bird of the CPEA, CPEA_EO350 and CPEA_EO500 groups for three consecutive days. Similarly, the CON group was orally given 1 mL of normal saline. The CPEA stimulation reduced the average daily gain (ADG) of broilers, increased the feed-to-gain ratio (F:G), and increased the intestinal lesions of the broilers (p < 0.01), indicating that CPEA stimulation was clinically successful. Compared with the CPEA group, the ADG of CPEA_EO350 and CPEA_EO500 increased, the F:G decreased (p < 0.01), and the intestinal score of CPEA_EO500 decreased (p < 0.01). The expression of the tight junction protein of the jejunum and ileum on 21d was upregulated (p < 0.01), and the expression of jejunum inflammation factors TNF-α on 21d and jejunum and ileum inflammatory factor IL-6 on 28d were also downregulated. The CPEA_EO350 and CPEA_EO500 increased antioxidant capacity. To sum up, 350 and 500 mg/kg of lauric acid monoglyceride and cinnamaldehyde complex plant essential oils can improve ADG and F:G, improve intestinal morphology and the body's antioxidant capacity, and downregulate the expression of inflammatory factors. The concentration of 500 mg/kg performed even better.
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Ajao AM, White D, Kim WK, Olukosi OA. Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Canola Meal or Corn DDGS in Low-Protein Diets Supplemented with Crystalline Amino Acids-Effect on Growth Performance, Whole-Body Composition, and Litter Characteristics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192662. [PMID: 36230403 PMCID: PMC9559617 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A 42-day study was conducted to explore the application of supplemental amino acids (AA) in low-protein diets with soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) or corn distillers dried grain with solubles (cDDGS) as the main protein feedstuffs. The responses of interest were growth performance, carcass yield, whole-body composition, litter ammonia and litter N. On d 0, a total of 540 Cobb 500 (off-sex) male broilers were allocated to 36 floor pens. All the birds received one starter diet that met nutrient requirements during the first 10d. Thereafter, six experimental diets were provided in grower and finisher phases. The diets included a positive control (PC): a corn−SBM diet with adequate protein. The protein level of the negative control (NC) was decreased by 45 g/kg relative to the PC. The next two diets had the same protein levels as the NC but with cDDGS added at 50 or 125 g/kg. The last two diets had the same CP as the NC but with CM added at 50 or 100 g/kg. All the low-protein diets had the same level of standardized ileal digestible indispensable AA according to Cobb 500 recommended level. Gly and Ser were added as sources of non-specific N. The dietary protein reduction in corn−SBM diets at both phases decreased (p < 0.05) weight gain and increased (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Increasing levels of cDDGS or CM, at a constant CP level, linearly decreased (p < 0.05) the weight gain and feed intake, whereas increasing CM level linearly increased (p < 0.05) FCR in the grower and finisher phases. The eviscerated and carcass yields decreased, whereas the fat yield increased (p < 0.05) with reduced protein in corn−SBM diet. Increasing levels of cDDGS and CM at a constant CP level quadratically decreased (p < 0.05) the eviscerated weight, whereas the fat weight linearly decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing levels of cDDGS and CM. The birds receiving the PC diet had a lower (p < 0.05) lean muscle (%) and a higher fat (%) compared to birds receiving the NC diet at d 21. However, on d42, birds receiving the PC diet had decreased (p < 0.05) bone mineral density, bone mineral content and lean weight compared to those receiving the NC diet. The litter ammonia increased (p < 0.05) with the increasing levels of protein in the SBM diets. In conclusion, 50 g/kg inclusion levels of CM and cDDGS at the same low-protein levels as SBM produced a similar growth response to the NC, whereas higher levels were detrimental. Hence under the conditions of the current experiment, complete replacement of SBM with DDGS or CM in low-protein diets was not feasible.
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Evaluation of Predisposing Factors of Necrotic Enteritis in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151880. [PMID: 35892530 PMCID: PMC9331785 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The ban of antibiotic growth promoters in animal feed increased the number of cases of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broilers, greatly affecting the poultry industry. The induction of experimental NE faces challenges, as it is a multifactorial disease and the pathogenesis is not fully understood, hampering the development of in vivo studies for disease control and prevention strategies. The literature reports several protocols using different factors to assist in NE induction. This study assessed predisposing factors, such as immunosuppression, infection or both, by Eimeria spp. in broilers (n = 99) fed a wheat-based diet and challenged with three different strains of Clostridium perfringens (CP). Under microscopy, Eimeria spp. had a negative effect on intestinal morphometry and favored the increase of intraepithelial lymphocytes. However, the macroscopic analysis did not show which factor was more effective in potentiating the lesions, suggesting a synergistic effect between the strain of CP used and the predisposing factors. Therefore, each experimental protocol should first be evaluated for the association of the CP strain with the predisposing factors. Abstract Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of NE, a disease that greatly affects the poultry industry. Experiments on the induction of NE are difficult to carry out, as it is a multifactorial disease, and thus different predisposing factors have been used. This study evaluated the effect of the Gumboro disease vaccine virus vaccine (IBDV-vac) associated or not with infection by Eimeria spp. in broilers, as a predisposing factor for NE. Broilers (n = 99) were divided into groups (11) challenged with IBDV-vac, Eimeria spp. CP type G (CP13, CP14 and CP03) or both. The macroscopic evaluation revealed that the highest average (3.45) of injury occurred for the CP13 + IBDV-vac group. The microscopic analysis showed that Eimeria spp. increased the population of intraepithelial lymphocytes and reduced the villus/crypt ratio in duodenum and jejunum when associated with CP13 or CP14. There was a synergistic effect between the CP strain used and the predisposing factors; nevertheless, it was not clear which was the most effective predisposing factor to potentiate the lesions, suggesting that the association of the strain with the factors should first be evaluated for each experimental protocol.
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He W, Goes EC, Wakaruk J, Barreda DR, Korver DR. A Poultry Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis Disease Model Based on Natural Clostridium perfringens Uptake. Front Physiol 2022; 13:788592. [PMID: 35795645 PMCID: PMC9251903 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.788592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry is an opportunistic infection caused by Clostridium perfringens. Well-known as a multifactorial disease, NE development is under the influence of a wide range of environmental risk factors that promote the proliferation of pathogenic C. perfringens at the expense of nonpathogenic strains. Current in vivo NE challenge models typically incorporate pre-exposure to disease risk factors, in combination with exogenous C. perfringens inoculation. Our goal was to enhance current models using a natural uptake of C. perfringens from the barn environment to produce a subclinical infection. We incorporated access to litter, coccidial exposure (either 10× or 15× of the manufacturer-recommended Coccivac B52 Eimeria vaccine challenge; provided unspecified doses of E. acervulina, E. mivati, E. tenella, and two strains of E. maxima), feed composition, and feed withdrawal stress, and achieved the commonly observed NE infection peak at 3 weeks post-hatch. NE severity was evaluated based on gut lesion pathology, clinical signs, and mortality rate. Under cage-reared conditions, 15× coccidial vaccine-challenged birds showed overall NE lesion prevalence that was 8-fold higher than 10× coccidial vaccine-challenged birds. NE-associated mortality was observed only in a floor-reared flock after a 15× coccidial vaccine challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwei He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Emanuele C. Goes
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeremy Wakaruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Daniel R. Barreda, ; Douglas R. Korver,
| | - Douglas R. Korver
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Daniel R. Barreda, ; Douglas R. Korver,
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Vaccines Using Clostridium perfringens Sporulation Proteins Reduce Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061110. [PMID: 35744628 PMCID: PMC9228780 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the prevalent enteric pathogen in humans and animals including chickens, and it remains largely elusive on the mechanism of C. perfringens-induced enteritis because of limited animal models available. In this study, we investigated the role of C. perfringens sporulation proteins as vaccine candidates in chickens to reduce necrotic enteritis (NE). C. perfringens soluble proteins of vegetative cells (CP-super1 and CP-super2) and spores (CP-spor-super1 and CP-spor-super2) were prepared, and cell and chicken experiments were conducted. We found that deoxycholic acid reduced C. perfringens invasion and sporulation using the Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens co-infection necrotic enteritis (NE) model. C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) was detected in the CP-spor-super1&2. CP-spor-super1 or 2 induced cell death in mouse epithelial CMT-93 and macrophage Raw 264.7 cells. CP-spor-super1 or 2 also induced inflammatory gene expression and necrosis in the Raw cells. Birds immunized with CP-spor-super1 or 2 were resistant to C. perfringens-induced severe clinical NE on histopathology and body weight gain loss. CP-spor-super1 vaccine reduced NE-induced proinflammatory Ifnγ gene expression as well as C. perfringens luminal colonization and tissue invasion in the small intestine. Together, this study showed that CP-spor-super vaccines reduced NE histopathology and productivity loss.
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Duodenal Metabolic Profile Changes in Heat-Stressed Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111337. [PMID: 35681802 PMCID: PMC9179521 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat stress (HS) represents an environmental and socio-economic burden to the poultry industry worldwide. However, the underpinning mechanisms for HS responses are still not well defined. Here, we used a high-throughput analysis to determine the metabolite profiles in acute and chronic heat-stressed broilers in comparison with thermoneutral and pair-fed birds. The results showed that HS altered several duodenal metabolites in a duration-dependent manner and identified potential metabolite signatures. Abstract Heat stress (HS) is devastating to poultry production sustainability worldwide. In addition to its adverse effects on growth, welfare, meat quality, and mortality, HS alters the gut integrity, leading to dysbiosis and leaky gut syndrome; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. Here, we used a high-throughput mass spectrometric metabolomics approach to probe the metabolite profile in the duodenum of modern broilers exposed to acute (AHS, 2 h) or chronic cyclic (CHS, 8 h/day for 2 weeks) HS in comparison with thermoneutral (TN) and pair-fed birds. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS) identified a total of 178 known metabolites. The trajectory analysis of the principal component analysis (PCA) score plots (both 2D and 3D maps) showed clear separation between TN and each treated group, indicating a unique duodenal metabolite profile in HS birds. Within the HS groups, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) displayed different clusters when comparing metabolite profiles from AHS and CHS birds, suggesting that the metabolite signatures were also dependent on HS duration. To gain biologically related molecule networks, the above identified duodenal metabolites were mapped into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) knowledge-base and analyzed to outline the most enriched biological functions. Several common and specific top canonical pathways were generated. Specifically, the adenosine nucleotide degradation and dopamine degradation pathways were specific for the AHS group; however, the UDP-D-xylose and UDP-D-glucuronate biosynthesis pathways were generated only for the CHS group. The top diseases enriched by the IPA core analysis for the DA metabolites, including cancer, organismal (GI) injury, hematological, cardiovascular, developmental, hereditary, and neurological disorders, were group-specific. The top altered molecular and cellular functions were amino acid metabolism, molecular transport, small molecule biochemistry, protein synthesis, cell death and survival, and DNA damage and repair. The IPA-causal network predicted that the upstream regulators (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B, CPT1B; histone deacetylase 11, HDAC11; carbonic anhydrase 9, CA9; interleukin 37, IL37; glycine N-methyl transferase, GNMT; GATA4) and the downstream mediators (mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPKs; superoxide dismutase, SOD) were altered in the HS groups. Taken together, these data showed that, independently of feed intake depression, HS induced significant changes in the duodenal metabolite profile in a duration-dependent manner and identified a potential duodenal signature for HS.
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Sun L, Guo L, Xu G, Li Z, Appiah MO, Yang L, Lu W. Quercetin Reduces Inflammation and Protects Gut Microbiota in Broilers. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103269. [PMID: 35630745 PMCID: PMC9147699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of quercetin on inflammatory response and intestinal microflora in broiler chicken jejuna. A total of 120 broiler chickens were allocated into 3 groups: saline-challenged broilers fed a basal diet (CTR group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged broilers fed a basal diet (L group) and LPS-challenged broilers fed a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg quercetin (LQ group). Our results showed that LPS significantly increased expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-γ, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, Bax, Caspase-3 and diamine oxidase activity (DAO), and decreased expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin and Bcl-2 in the jejunum, while dietary quercetin prevented the adverse effects of LPS injection. LPS injection significantly decreased the number of Actinobacteria, Armatimonadetes and Fibrobacteriae at the phylum level when compared to the CTR group. Additionally, at genus level, compared with the CTR group, the abundance of Halomonas, Micromonospora, Nitriliruptor, Peptococcus, Rubellimicrobium, Rubrobacter and Slaclda in L group was significantly decreased, while dietary quercetin restored the numbers of these bacteria. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that dietary quercetin could alleviate inflammatory responses of broiler chickens accompanied by modulating jejunum microflora.
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Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium, causes necrotic diseases associated with abundant life loss and economic burdens of billions of USD. The mechanism of C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases remains largely unknown, in part, because of the lack of effective animal models and the presence of a large array of exotoxins and diverse disease manifestations from the skin and deep tissues to the gastrointestinal tract. In the light of the advancement of medical and veterinary research, a large body of knowledge is accumulating on the factors influencing C. perfringens-induced necrotic disease onset, development, and outcomes. Here, we present an overview of the key virulence factors of C. perfringens exotoxins. Subsequently, we focus on comprehensively reviewing C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases such as myonecrosis, acute watery diarrhea, enteritis necroticans, preterm infant necrotizing enterocolitis, and chicken necrotic enteritis. We then review the current understanding on the mechanisms of myonecrosis and enteritis in relation to the immune system and intestinal microbiome. Based on these discussions, we then review current preventions and treatments of the necrotic diseases and propose potential new intervention options. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated and comprehensive knowledge on the role of the host–microbe interaction to develop new interventions against C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases.
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Inclusion of high-flavonoid corn in the diet of broiler chickens as a potential approach for the control of necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101796. [PMID: 35364456 PMCID: PMC8968645 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Kumar A, Toghyani M, Kheravii SK, Pineda L, Han Y, Swick RA, Wu SB. Organic acid blends improve intestinal integrity, modulate short-chain fatty acids profiles and alter microbiota of broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:82-90. [PMID: 34977378 PMCID: PMC8669248 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Controlling enteric diseases of broilers is crucial. Among many additives, organic acids (OA) and their blends are gaining attention to combat diseases in the post-antibiotic era. The current study evaluated the potentials of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) blends and/or phenolic compounds on intestinal integrity, intestinal pH, caecal microbiota, and caecal SCFA profiles of broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. The additives used were: (A) a blend of SCFA, MCFA, and a phenolic compound (SMP), (B) a blend of free and buffered SCFA with MCFA (SMF), and (C) a blend of free and buffered SCFA with a high concentration of MCFA (SHM). A total of 1,404 male parental chicks of Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 78 floor pens on hatching day with 6 treatments replicated 13 times with 18 birds per pen. The treatments were: UCC, unchallenged control; CHC, challenged control; BAC, challenged group plus zinc bacitracin; SMP, challenged group plus additive SMP; SMF, challenged group plus additive SMF; SHM, challenged group plus additive SHM. Birds were challenged with field-strain Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14. Birds challenged with NE increased fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) concentration in serum, reduced acetate and butyrate concentrations, and increased Bacteroides and C. perfringens load in the caeca (P < 0.05). Birds fed additives decreased FITC-d from gut to serum, reduced Bacteroides (d 16, P < 0.05) and numerically reduced C. perfringens load compared to CHC group. Birds fed additive SHM had higher concentrations of acetate and butyrate (d 21, P < 0.05) than CHC group but were not different from SMP and SMF groups. All the additives exhibited similar intestinal protection against NE compared to the BAC group indicated by FITC-d concentration in serum, acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations in the caeca, and caecal bacterial loads except for the C. perfringens (P > 0.05). The SMP group had a higher load compared to BAC (P < 0.05). These findings suggest the promising effects of OA blends as alternatives to BAC to ameliorate the impact of NE challenge of broilers as indicated by improved intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Mehdi Toghyani
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Lane Pineda
- Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811, MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811, MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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Potential of a mixture of eugenol and garlic tincture to improve performance and intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:26-37. [PMID: 34977373 PMCID: PMC8669256 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant extracts (PE) are gaining increased attention as potential alternatives to in-feed antimicrobials (AM) due to their known antimicrobial activities. This study was conducted to examine the potential of PE, a microencapsulated product composed of eugenol and garlic tincture as an alternative to AM-agent on performance and intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 960 day-old mixed-sex Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed to 48-floor pens with 6 treatments replicated 8 times with 20 birds each. The 6 treatments were as follows: UC, unchallenged control; CC, challenged control; PE, challenged group plus PE; AM, challenged group plus AM; FAP, challenged group plus a full dose of AM with PE; HAP, challenged group plus a half dose of AM with PE in starter, grower and finisher phases. Birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14. The body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and livability of birds were compromised, and intestinal lesions and mortality were increased (P < 0.05) by NE challenge, illustrating a successful clinical NE challenge. Birds fed AM had higher BWG and FI, and lower FCR, mortality, and intestinal lesions compared to the CC group (P < 0.05). Birds fed PE had improved FCR (P < 0.05) and livability (5.8%) in an overall period compared to the CC group. On d 16, PE supplementation reduced ileal lesion scores in only male birds (P < 0.05). Birds fed PE had decreased Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina oocyst counts in caecal content (P < 0.05). Birds fed PE had decreased Escherichia brunetti and total oocyst counts in caecal content, and E. acervulina oocyst counts in ileal content in only female birds (P < 0.05). On d 35, PE supplementation reduced variation of BW in both male and female birds and increased yellowness (b∗ value, 14.4%) in the thigh. These findings suggest the potential of PE supplementation in diets to improve the performance and intestinal health of birds under clinical NE as indicated by improved FCR, livability, uniformity, reduced ileal lesions, oocyst counts and increased skin yellowness. However, the protective effect of PE may not be apparent in the presence of AM in the feed.
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Jin YY, Guo Y, Zheng CT, Liu WC. Effect of heat stress on ileal microbial community of indigenous yellow-feather broilers based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:642-653. [PMID: 35040272 PMCID: PMC8959285 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The broiler chickens are susceptible to heat stress (HS), including the indigenous broilers raised in tropical and subtropical regions. HS caused intestinal dysfunction and disrupted the gut microbiota. However, the researches about the effects of HS on ileal microbiome of indigenous broilers are limited. Therefore, this experiment used 16S rRNA sequencing to analyse the ileal microbial community in indigenous yellow‐feather broilers under HS. Material and methods The single factor completely random design was used in the present study, and forty 8‐week‐old Chinese indigenous yellow‐feather broilers (Huaixiang chickens) were randomly divided into two treatments: normal temperature (NT) group and HS group. There are five replications with four broilers per replicate in each group. The broilers in NT group were raised at 21.3 ± 1.2°C during the whole experimental period, the broilers in HS group were exposed to 32.5 ± 1.4°C for 8 h/day from 9:00 am to 17:00 pm and the temperature of rest time is consistent with NT group. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks. Results The results showed that HS exposure had no significant effects on the alpha diversity index of ileal microflora of broilers, including the Shannon, Simpson, Chao1 and ACE indexes (p > 0.05). At the genus level, HS significantly reduced the relative abundance of Campylobacter (p < 0.05), and increased the abundance of Delftia (p < 0.05). In addition, prediction of microbial community function indicated that HS significantly enhanced the abundance of the microflora related to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism and reduced the abundance of the microflora related to nucleotide metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Conclusions Taken together, the present study revealed that chronic HS (4 weeks) exposure changes the abundance of the ileal microflora of broilers. These findings provided new insights into the role of HS in influencing ileal microbial community in indigenous broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yan Jin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Tian Zheng
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
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Pham VH, Abbas W, Huang J, He Q, Zhen W, Guo Y, Wang Z. Effect of blending encapsulated essential oils and organic acids as an antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance and intestinal health in broilers with necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101563. [PMID: 34823183 PMCID: PMC8628017 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of a blend of encapsulated organic acids with essential oils (EOA) as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter (AGP) on growth performance and gut health of Eimeria spp./Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) in chickens infected with necrotic enteritis (NE) broilers was investigated. A total of 432 male Arbor Acres broilers (1-day-old) were randomly distributed into 6 treatment groups, namely noninfected negative control (A); NE-infected positive control (D); NE-infected broiler chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) plus 90 mg/kg monensin; and NE-infected broiler chicken fed 200; 500; and 800 mg/kg EOA (E, F, G, and H group). Feeding EOA at 200 and 500 mg/kg considerably improved the feed conversion ratio, reduced gut lesions, serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran level, and C. perfringens load in the caecum and liver of the NE-infected broiler chickens. This feed was similar to AGP. Furthermore, the increased villous height-to-crypt depth ratio and goblet cells counts, upregulated claudin-1, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) mRNA gene expression, downregulated occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), toll-like receptor (TLR-4), interleukin (IL-1β), interferon γ (IFN-γ), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF-6), tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), and Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) genes expression in the jejunum were observed in the NE-infected broiler chickens that received EOA at 200 and 500 mg/kg compared with those of the single NE-challenged groups without EOA supplementations (P < 0.05). The 16S analysis revealed that EOA supplemented with 200 or 500 mg/kg enriched relative abundance of Lactobacillus, unclassified_Lachnospiraceae, and Enterococcus, and carbohydrate metabolic pathways but suppressed unclassified_Erysipelotrichacease and organismal systems involved in the immune system (P < 0.05). Feeding EOA could alleviate NE-induced gut impairment and growth depression and modulate cecal microbiota composition, which has potential as antimicrobial alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Hieu Pham
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Thai Nguyen University Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Waseem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang He
- Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Wenrui Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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21
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Zhao Y, Fu J, Li P, Chen N, Liu Y, Liu D, Guo Y. Effects of dietary glucose oxidase on growth performance and intestinal health of AA broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101553. [PMID: 34852314 PMCID: PMC8639461 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbor Acre (AA) broilers were used as the research object to investigate whether glucose oxidase (GOD) has preventive and relieving effects on necrotic enteritis. The experiment was designed as a factorial arrangement of 2 dietary treatments × 2 infection states. Chickens were fed a basal diet or a diet with 150 U/kg GOD, and were challenged with Clostridium perfringens (Cp) or sterile culture medium. In our study, Cp challenge led to intestinal injury, as evidenced by reducing the average daily gain and the average daily feed intake of AA broilers of 14 to 21 d (P < 0.05), increasing the intestinal jejunal lesion score (P < 0.05), reducing the jejunal villi height and villi height/crypt depth (P < 0.05), upregulating the mRNA expression levels jejunal IFN-γ (P < 0.05). The dietary GOD had no significant effects on the growth performance of each growth period, but significantly decreased the ileal pH, increased the height of villi and the ratio of villi height to crypt depth (P < 0.05) and the expression levels of Occludin and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) at d 21. Moreover, dietary GOD and the Cp challenge significantly altered the composition of 21-d ileal microbiota. The Cp challenge decreased the relative abundance of genus Lactobacillus (P = 0.057), and increased the relative abundance of genus Romboutsia (P < 0.05) and genus Veillonella (P = 0.088). The dietary GOD tended to increase the relative abundance of genus Helicobacter (P = 0.066) and decrease the relative abundance of genus Streptococcus (P = 0.071). This study has shown that the supplementation of GOD could promote the integrity of intestinal barrier and the balance of ileal microbiota, but the effects of GOD on NE broilers and its application in actual production need to be further confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningbo Chen
- Jinan Bestzyme Bio-Engineering Co., LTD., Jinan, China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Jinan Bestzyme Bio-Engineering Co., LTD., Jinan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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22
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Reuben RC, Sarkar SL, Roy PC, Anwar A, Hossain MA, Jahid IK. Prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics for sustainable poultry production. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1960234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rine Christopher Reuben
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (Idiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shovon Lal Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Pravas Chandra Roy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | | | - M. Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka and Vice Chancellor, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Iqbal Kabir Jahid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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23
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Kaldhusdal M, Skjerve E, Hansen MK, Hamnes IS, David B, Hanssen SA, Løvland A. The incidence of necrotic enteritis in turkeys is associated with farm, season and faecal Eimeria oocyst counts. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:292. [PMID: 34481490 PMCID: PMC8418707 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Specific studies on the epidemiology of necrotic enteritis in turkeys are absent in the literature. Necrotic enteritis is common in turkeys and a leading cause of use of therapeutic antibiotics. This study describes the incidence of necrotic enteritis in turkey farms, and the association between incidence and bird age, season, faecal oocyst counts, grow-out size and feed mill. Results Necrotic enteritis was diagnosed post mortem in 20.2 % of 545 grow-outs of commercial female and male B.U.T. 10 turkeys started during the years 2010–2016. 80 % of all cases occurred at four to seven weeks of age. Median (minimum-maximum) age at disease detection was 37 (18–115) days. Turkey age at detection was influenced by season, and varied from 33 days among grow-outs hatched in February to 42 days among those hatched in July-August. The incidence also varied with season, showing peak occurrence among grow-outs hatched during February-March and the lowest incidence in turkeys hatched in July-August. 59 % of all cases were detected in 25 % of the farms. The incidence per farm varied from below 4 to 59 %. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model indicated clear impacts of farm and season on incidence, and border-line impacts of grow-out size and feed mill. Grow-outs diagnosed with necrotic enteritis had higher counts of faecal Eimeria oocysts than grow-outs without a diagnosis. This difference was particularly clear during the high-risk period at five to seven weeks of age. Necrotic enteritis was the cause of treatment with therapeutic antibiotics in 88.2 % of all cases of treatment. Conclusions Our data indicate that necrotic enteritis incidence in turkeys can be substantially influenced by risk factors at farm level. The incidence showed two seasonal peaks; a moderate peak in turkeys hatched in October/November and a marked peak in turkeys hatched during February/March. Mitigation measures at the farm may therefore be of particular importance during these months in farms located in the Northern temperate zone. Measures which effectively reduce counts of faecal Eimeria oocyst are likely to be among the more promising actions to take both at the farm and at population level. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03003-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magne Kaldhusdal
- Department of Food Safety and Animal health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O.B. 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Production Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.B. 369, Sentrum, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Kjerulf Hansen
- Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre Animalia, P.O.B. 396, Økern, 0513, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sofie Hamnes
- Department of Food Safety and Animal health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O.B. 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruce David
- Nortura SA, P.O.B. 360, Økern, 0513, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Atle Løvland
- Nortura SA, P.O.B. 360, Økern, 0513, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Specific Secondary Bile Acids Control Chicken Necrotic Enteritis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081041. [PMID: 34451506 PMCID: PMC8427939 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE), mainly induced by the pathogens of Clostridium perfringens and coccidia, causes huge economic losses with limited intervention options in the poultry industry. This study investigated the role of specific bile acids on NE development. Day-old broiler chicks were assigned to six groups: noninfected, NE, and NE with four bile diets of 0.32% chicken bile, 0.15% commercial ox bile, 0.15% lithocholic acid (LCA), or 0.15% deoxycholic acid (DCA). The birds were infected with Eimeria maxima at day 18 and C. perfringens at day 23 and 24. The infected birds developed clinical NE signs. The NE birds suffered severe ileitis with villus blunting, crypt hyperplasia, epithelial line disintegration, and massive immune cell infiltration, while DCA and LCA prevented the ileitis histopathology. NE induced severe body weight gain (BWG) loss, while only DCA prevented NE-induced BWG loss. Notably, DCA reduced the NE-induced inflammatory response and the colonization and invasion of C. perfringens compared to NE birds. Consistently, NE reduced the total bile acids in the ileal digesta, while dietary DCA and commercial bile restored it. Together, this study showed that DCA and LCA reduced NE histopathology, suggesting that secondary bile acids, but not total bile acid levels, play an essential role in controlling the enteritis.
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25
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Kumar A, Kheravii SK, Ionescu C, Blanchard A, Barekatain R, Bajagai YS, Wu SB. A Microencapsulated Mixture of Eugenol and Garlic Tincture Supplementation Mitigates the Effect of Necrotic Enteritis on Intestinal Integrity and Increases Goblet Cells in Broilers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1451. [PMID: 34361887 PMCID: PMC8303895 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of a plant extract mixture, a microencapsulated product composed of eugenol and garlic tincture (PE), on intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 960 d-old mixed-sex Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed to 48-floor pens housing 20 birds per pen. Six treatments were applied: UC, unchallenged control; CC, challenged control; PE, challenged group plus PE; AM, challenged group plus antimicrobial (AM); FAP, challenged group plus a full dose of AM with PE; HAP, challenged group plus a half dose of AM with PE in starter, grower and finisher phases. Birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridiumperfringens on d 14. On d 16, the CC group had increased serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d), reduced villus surface area, goblet cell number, upregulated CLDN1, JAM2 genes and reduced microbial diversity compared to the UC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed PE had reduced FITC-d, increased goblet cell number and Bifidobacterium compared to the CC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed PE had reduced CLDN5 expression in male birds, and Bacteroides spp. in female birds than CC group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that PE supplementation mitigates the effect of NE by improving the intestinal health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Sarbast K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Catherine Ionescu
- ADMi|Pancosma SA, A-One Business Center, La Piece 3, CH-1180 Rolle, Switzerland; (C.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Blanchard
- ADMi|Pancosma SA, A-One Business Center, La Piece 3, CH-1180 Rolle, Switzerland; (C.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Reza Barekatain
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia;
| | - Yadav S. Bajagai
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia;
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
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26
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Shini S, Bryden WL. Probiotics and gut health: linking gut homeostasis and poultry productivity. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of probiotics in poultry production has increased rapidly, and this movement has been promoted by global events, such as the prohibition or decline in the use of antibiotic growth promotants in poultry feeds. There has been a persistent search for alternative feed additives, and probiotics have shown that they can restore the composition of the gut microbiota, and produce health benefits to the host, including improvements in performance. Probiotics have shown potential to increase productivity in poultry, especially in flocks challenged by stressors. However, the outcomes of probiotic use have not always been consistent. There is an increasing demand for well defined products that can be applied strategically, and currently, probiotic research is focusing on delineating their mechanisms of action in the gut that contribute to an improved efficacy. In particular, mechanisms involved in the maintenance and protection of intestinal barrier integrity and the role of the gut microbiota are being extensively investigated. It has been shown that probiotics modulate intestinal immune pathways both directly and through interactions with the gut microbiota. These interactions are key to maintaining gut homeostasis and function, and improving feed efficiency. Research has demonstrated that probiotics execute their effects through multiple mechanisms. The present review describes recent advances in probiotic use in poultry. It focuses on the current understanding of gut homeostasis and gut health in chickens, and how it can be assessed and improved through supplementation of poultry diets with probiotics in poultry diets. In particular, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance and protection of gut barrier structure and function are described. It also highlights important factors that influence probiotic efficacy and bird performance.
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27
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Van der Veken W, Hautekiet V, Kimminau E, Hofacre C, Mathis G. Efficacy of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis DSM 28710 on performance and the mitigation of Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/jaan2020.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a probiotic Bacillus licheniformis strain (DSM 28710; B-Act®) on growth performance and its capacity to mitigate necrotic enteritis (NE; induced via a Clostridium perfringens challenge) in poultry. A broiler trial was conducted, examining three treatments for 42 days under an induced NE challenge; a negative control (basal diet only); an antibiotic treated group (oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OXT), therapeutic dose of 105 mg OXT/litre in drinking water, for three days after C. perfringens challenge); and a B-Act group (500 g B-Act/tonne of feed, equalling 1.6×1012 colony forming units B. licheniformis DSM 28710/tonne of feed, supplemented from start until finish). Despite the induced NE challenge, weight gains of the B-Act and OXT groups were similar to each other but significantly higher compared to the control at the end of the study (P<0.05). Weight gain of the B-Act group was already significantly higher compared to the control on day 21 (P<0.05), indicating a potential benefit of the probiotic even before clinical establishment of NE. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) values followed a similar pattern throughout the study, with a significantly lower overall FCR for the B-Act and OXT groups compared to the control (P<0.05; d0-42). Birds fed B-Act had significantly (P<0.05) lower NE lesions compared to the control and OXT group on day 21, although OXT was not supplemented to the animals at this stage yet. Both B-Act and OXT groups had significantly (P<0.05) lower NE scores than the control on day 28, demonstrating the effectiveness of the antibiotic treatment and the mitigating effect of B-Act on the effects of a Clostridium perfringens induced NE challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. Hautekiet
- Huvepharma NV, Uitbreidingstraat 80, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - E.A. Kimminau
- Huvepharma Inc., 525 Westpark Drive, Suite 230, Peachtree City, GA 30269, USA
| | - C. Hofacre
- Southern Poultry Research Group, 1061 Hale Road, Watkinsville, GA 30677, USA
| | - G.F. Mathis
- Southern Poultry Research Inc., 96 Roquemore Road, Athens, GA 30677, USA
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28
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Bean-Hodgins L, Kiarie EG. Mandated restrictions on the use of medically important antibiotics in broiler chicken production in Canada: implications, emerging challenges, and opportunities for bolstering gastrointestinal function and health– A review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chicken Farmers of Canada has been progressively phasing out prophylactic use of antibiotics in broiler chicken production. Consequently, hatcheries, veterinarians, and nutritionists have been mandated to contend with less reliance on use of preventive antibiotics. A topical concern is the increased risk of proliferation of enteric pathogens leading to poor performance, increased mortality and compromised welfare. Moreover, the gut harbors several taxa such as Campylobacter and Salmonella capable of causing significant illnesses in humans via contaminated poultry products. This has created opportunity for research and development of dietary strategies designed to modulate gastrointestinal environment for enhanced performance and food safety. Albeit with inconsistent responses, literature data suggests that dietary strategies such as feed enzymes, probiotics/prebiotics and phytogenic feed additives can bolster gut health and function in broiler chickens. However, much of the efficacy data was generated at controlled research settings that vary significantly with the complex commercial broiler production operations due to variation in dietary, health and environmental conditions. This review will summarize implications of mandated restrictions on the preventative use of antibiotics and emerging Canadian broiler production programs to meet processor specifications. Challenges and opportunities for integrating alternative dietary strategies in commercial broiler production settings will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bean-Hodgins
- New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Cambridge , Ontario, Canada
- University of Guelph, 3653, Department of Animal Biosciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elijah G. Kiarie
- University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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29
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Differential expression of intestinal genes in necrotic enteritis challenged broiler chickens with 2 different Clostridium perfringens strains. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100886. [PMID: 33516477 PMCID: PMC7936145 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause of necrotic enteritis (NE) disease in chickens is the NetB-positive Clostridium perfringens bacterium. Many factors are known to affect the severity of NE in the challenge models of broiler chickens, and one of these factors is the virulence of C. perfringens strain. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 2 pathogenic C. perfringens strains in a NE challenge model on gut health and mRNA expression of genes encoding apoptosis, tight junction, immunity, and nutrient transporters in broilers. Day-old Ross-308 male broilers (n = 468) were allocated in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with in-feed antibiotics (no or yes) and challenge (Non, C. perfringens strain NE18, and C. perfringens strain NE36) as the factors. The birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria species on day 9 and with a fresh suspension of C. perfringens NE18 or NE36 on day 14 and 15. Sample collection was performed on 2 birds of each pen on day 16. Necrotic enteritis challenge, impaired feed conversion ratio during day 0 to 16 compared with the control group where the effect of the NE36 challenge was more severe than that with NE18 (P < 0.001). The mRNA expression of mucin-2, immunoglobulin-G, occludin (P < 0.001), and tight junction protein-1 (P < 0.05) genes were downregulated in both challenged groups compared with the nonchallenged counterparts. Antibiotic supplementation, on the other hand, increased weight gain, and feed intake in all challenged birds (P < 0.01), but upregulated mucin-5ac and alanine, serine, cysteine, and threonine transporter-1 (P < 0.05) only in the NE18 challenged birds. The challenge with NE36 significantly upregulated caspase-8 and claudin-1 (P < 0.001), but downregulated glucose transporter-2 (P < 0.001) compared with the NE18 challenge. These results suggest that NE challenge is detrimental to the performance of broilers through compromised intestinal health, and different C. perfringens strains can affect the severity of the disease through modulating the expression of intestinal genes encoding proteins responsible for apoptosis, gut integrity, immunity, mucus production, and nutrient transporters.
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30
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Rostagno MH. Effects of heat stress on the gut health of poultry. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5811133. [PMID: 32206781 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a biological adaptive response to restore homeostasis, and occurs in every animal production system, due to the multitude of stressors present in every farm. Heat stress is one of the most common environmental challenges to poultry worldwide. It has been extensively demonstrated that heat stress negatively impacts the health, welfare, and productivity of broilers and laying hens. However, basic mechanisms associated with the reported effects of heat stress are still not fully understood. The adaptive response of poultry to a heat stress situation is complex and intricate in nature, and it includes effects on the intestinal tract. This review offers an objective overview of the scientific evidence available on the effects of the heat stress response on different facets of the intestinal tract of poultry, including its physiology, integrity, immunology, and microbiota. Although a lot of knowledge has been generated, many gaps persist. The development of standardized models is crucial to be able to better compare and extrapolate results. By better understanding how the intestinal tract is affected in birds subjected to heat stress conditions, more targeted interventions can be developed and applied.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Bao
- Animal nutrition, Redox Pty Ltd, Minto, Australia
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32
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Goossens E, Van Erum J, De Gussem M, Van Limbergen T, Callens C, De Zutter L, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. Incidence and associated risk factors of necrotic enteritis in Belgian layer pullet flocks. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:476-485. [PMID: 32441575 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1772460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is commonly reported in broilers. Recently, increased NE prevalence in layer breeds was reported in the Indian subcontinent. NE is also frequently observed by veterinary practitioners in Europe, mainly during the pullet rearing phase. In this study, data from layer pullet flocks in Belgium over a 5-year period (2013-2017) were used to assess the incidence of NE and identify potential risk factors for NE in layer pullets. NE was observed in 26% of the layer pullet flocks receiving veterinary intervention. This accounts for an overall estimated NE incidence of 12.3% in Belgian layer pullet flocks. Occurrence of NE was significantly associated with coccidiosis, with flocks being diagnosed with coccidiosis being two-fold more likely to develop NE. Additionally, birds kept in aviary houses were less prone to NE than flocks reared in floor systems or enriched cages. At necropsy, necrotic lesions in the small intestine were comparable to NE in broilers. A single strain of C. perfringens was isolated from the necrotic lesions of three different birds from the same flock; however, no NetB could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Chana Callens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Goossens E, Dierick E, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. Spotlight on avian pathology: untangling contradictory disease descriptions of necrotic enteritis and necro-haemorrhagic enteritis in broilers. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:423-427. [PMID: 32208870 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1747593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is one of the most detrimental infectious diseases in the modern poultry industry, characterized by necrosis in the small intestine. It is commonly accepted that NetB-producing C. perfringens type G strains are responsible for the disease. However, based on both macroscopic and histopathological observations, two distinct types of NE are observed. To date, both a haemorrhagic form of NE and the type G-associated non-haemorrhagic disease entity are commonly referred to as NE and the results from scientific research are interchangeably used, without distinguishing between the disease entities. Therefore, we propose to rename the haemorrhagic disease entity to necro-haemorrhagic enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Dierick
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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34
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Hardy SP, Benestad SL, Hamnes IS, Moldal T, David B, Barta JR, Reperant JM, Kaldhusdal M. Developing an experimental necrotic enteritis model in turkeys - the impact of Clostridium perfringens, Eimeria meleagrimitis and host age on frequency of severe intestinal lesions. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:63. [PMID: 32070340 PMCID: PMC7029515 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotic enteritis is a significant problem to the poultry industry globally and, in Norway up to 30% of Norwegian turkey grow-outs can be affected. However, despite an awareness that differences exist between necrotic enteritis in chickens and turkeys, little information exists concerning the pathogenesis, immunity, microbiota or experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis in turkeys. In particular, it is important to determine the appearance of the gross lesions, the age dependency of the disease and the role of netB toxin of Clostridium perfringens. To this end, we report our findings in developing an in vivo experimental model of necrotic enteritis in turkeys. RESULTS A four tier (0-3) scoring system with clearly defined degrees of severity of macroscopic intestinal lesions was developed, based on 2312 photographic images of opened intestines from 810 B.U.T. 10 or B.U.T. Premium turkeys examined in nine experiments. Loss of macroscopically recognizable villi in the anterior small intestine was established as the defining lesion qualifying for a score 3 (severe intestinal lesions). The developed scoring system was used to identify important factors in promoting high frequencies of turkeys with severe lesions: a combined Eimeria meleagrimitis and Clostridium perfringens challenge, challenge at five rather than 3 weeks of age, the use of an Eimeria meleagrimitis dose level of at least 5000 oocysts per bird and finally, examination of the intestines of 5-week-old turkeys at 125 to 145 h after Eimeria meleagrimitis inoculation. Numbers of oocysts excreted were not influenced by Clostridium perfringens inoculation or turkey age. Among three different lesion score outcomes tested, frequency of severe lesions proved superior in discriminating between impact of four combinations of Clostridium perfringens inoculation and turkey age at challenge. CONCLUSIONS This study provides details for the successful establishment of an in vivo model of necrotic enteritis in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Hardy
- University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Sylvie L Benestad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O.B. 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Torfinn Moldal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O.B. 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruce David
- Nortura SA, Sloraveien 60, 1878, Haerland, Norway
| | - John R Barta
- University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Magne Kaldhusdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O.B. 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
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Naemi AO, Dey H, Kiran N, Sandvik ST, Slettemeås JS, Nesse LL, Simm R. NarAB Is an ABC-Type Transporter That Confers Resistance to the Polyether Ionophores Narasin, Salinomycin, and Maduramicin, but Not Monensin. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:104. [PMID: 32117133 PMCID: PMC7010723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyether ionophores are antimicrobial compounds used as feed additives in poultry feed to control diseases caused by coccidia. In addition to the anticoccidial activity of these compounds, polyether ionophores also contain antibacterial properties. Resistance to the polyether ionophore narasin was recently shown to exist on mobile plasmids in Enterococcus faecium and the resistance mechanism was suggested to be associated with a two-gene operon encoding an ABC-type transporter. In this study we demonstrate that the genes encoding the putative narasin resistance mechanism confers reduced susceptibility to the polyether ionophores narasin, salinomycin and maduramicin, but not to monensin and suggest that this resistance mechanism should be referred to as NarAB. Importantly, NarAB does not affect the susceptibility of E. faecium to any of the tested antimicrobial compounds that are used in clinical medicine. However, we show that conjugation in the presence of certain polyether ionophores increases the number of vancomycin resistant E. faecium suggesting that narasin and certain other polyether ionophores can contribute to the persistence of VRE in poultry populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Oddin Naemi
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hymonti Dey
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nosheen Kiran
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Roger Simm
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Simm R, Slettemeås JS, Norström M, Dean KR, Kaldhusdal M, Urdahl AM. Significant reduction of vancomycin resistant E. faecium in the Norwegian broiler population coincided with measures taken by the broiler industry to reduce antimicrobial resistant bacteria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226101. [PMID: 31830083 PMCID: PMC6907784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) belong to the most common causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. It has been reported that use of the glycopeptide growth promoter avoparcin selected for a significant livestock-reservoir of VRE in many European countries, including Norway. However, although avoparcin was banned as a feed-additive in 1995, VRE have for unknown reasons consistently been reported in samples from Norwegian broilers. When avoparcin was banned, broiler-feed was supplemented with the polyether ionophore narasin in order to control the diseases coccidiosis and the frequent sequela necrotic enteritis. A potential link between transferrable vancomycin resistance and reduced susceptibility to narasin was recently reported. The use of narasin as a feed additive was abolished by the Norwegian broiler industry in 2016 and since then, broilers have been reared without in-feed antibacterial supplements. In this study, we demonstrate that all VRE isolates from Norwegian broilers collected in 2006–2014 displayed reduced susceptibility to narasin. Surveillance data collected two years after the narasin abolishment show a significant reduction in VRE, below the detection limit of the surveillance method, and a concurrent marked reduction in Enterococcus faecium with reduced susceptibility to narasin. The significant decline of E. faecium with reduced susceptibility to these antimicrobial compounds also coincided with an increased focus on cleaning and disinfection between broiler flocks. Furthermore, data from a controlled in vivo experiment using Ross 308 broilers indicate that the proportion of E. faecium with reduced susceptibility to narasin was heavily reduced in broilers fed a narasin-free diet compared to a diet supplemented with narasin. Our results are consistent with that the abolishment of this feed additive, possibly in combination with the increased focus on cleaning and disinfection, has had a substantial impact on the occurrence of VRE in the Norwegian broiler population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Simm
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Microbial metabolite deoxycholic acid controls Clostridium perfringens-induced chicken necrotic enteritis through attenuating inflammatory cyclooxygenase signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14541. [PMID: 31601882 PMCID: PMC6787040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens infection has reemerged as a prevalent poultry disease worldwide due to reduced usage of prophylactic antibiotics under consumer preferences and regulatory pressures. The lack of alternative antimicrobial strategies to control this disease is mainly due to limited insight into the relationship between NE pathogenesis, microbiome, and host responses. Here we showed that the microbial metabolic byproduct of secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA), at as low as 50 µM, inhibited 82.8% of C. perfringens growth in Tryptic Soy Broth (P < 0.05). Sequential Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens challenges significantly induced NE, severe intestinal inflammation, and body weight (BW) loss in broiler chickens. These negative effects were diminished (P < 0.05) by 1.5 g/kg DCA diet. At the cellular level, DCA alleviated NE-associated ileal epithelial death and significantly reduced lamina propria cell apoptosis. Interestingly, DCA reduced C. perfringens invasion into ileum (P < 0.05) without altering the bacterial ileal luminal colonization. Molecular analysis showed that DCA significantly reduced inflammatory mediators of Infγ, Litaf, Il1β, and Mmp9 mRNA accumulation in ileal tissue. Mechanism studies revealed that C. perfringens induced (P < 0.05) elevated expression of inflammatory mediators of Infγ, Litaf, and Ptgs2 (Cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) gene) in chicken splenocytes. Inhibiting the COX signaling by aspirin significantly attenuated INFγ-induced inflammatory response in the splenocytes. Consistent with the in vitro assay, chickens fed 0.12 g/kg aspirin diet protected the birds against NE-induced BW loss, ileal inflammation, and intestinal cell apoptosis. In conclusion, microbial metabolic product DCA prevents NE-induced BW loss and ileal inflammation through attenuating inflammatory response. These novel findings of microbiome protecting birds against NE provide new options on developing next generation antimicrobial alternatives against NE.
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Proctor A, Phillips GJ. Differential Effects of Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate (BMD) on the Distal Colon and Cecal Microbiota of Young Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:114. [PMID: 31058171 PMCID: PMC6478705 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been used extensively for growth promotion in poultry, along with other food production animals, as well as therapeutically to treat infectious diseases. However, with concerns over selection for drug antibiotic resistant bacteria the practice of using subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics is under increased scrutiny. Consequently, we assessed the impact of the commonly used antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) on the gastrointestinal microbiota of chickens. For this we administered therapeutic doses of BMD as a feed additive and 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to measure changes in taxonomic abundance on the distal colon and cecal microbiota of young broiler chickens. While BMD treatment was found to impact the abundance of selected taxa and overall beta diversity, significant changes were, in general, limited to the colon of the treated birds. Selected taxa at the phylum, class, and genus levels that were most impacted were identified. The composition of the cecum remained relatively stable in BMD-treated animals. As poultry production practices seek alternatives to growth promoting antibiotic feed additives, manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota holds promise. These results suggest that targeting the cecum may offer a means to promote changes to the microbiota that maximize the benefits for the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory J. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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40
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Bortoluzzi C, Rothrock MJ, Vieira BS, Mallo JJ, Puyalto M, Hofacre C, Applegate TJ. Supplementation of Protected Sodium Butyrate Alone or in Combination With Essential Oils Modulated the Cecal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens Challenged With Coccidia and Clostridium perfringens. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Sun X, Jia Z. Microbiome modulates intestinal homeostasis against inflammatory diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:97-105. [PMID: 30459007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eliminating prophylactic antibiotics in food animal production has exerted pressure on discovering antimicrobial alternatives (e.g. microbiome) to reduce elevated intestinal diseases. Intestinal tract is a complex ecosystem coupling host cells with microbiota. The microbiota and its metabolic activities and products are collectively called microbiome. Intestinal homeostasis is reached through dynamic and delicate crosstalk between host immunity and microbiome. However, this balance can be occasionally broken, which results in intestinal inflammatory diseases such as human Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, chicken necrotic enteritis, and swine postweaning diarrhea. In this review, we introduce the intestinal immune system, intestinal microbiome, and microbiome modulation of inflammation against intestinal diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide updated knowledge on host-microbe interaction and to promote using microbiome as new antimicrobial strategies to reduce intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolun Sun
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States.
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
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Liu N, Wang J, Gu K, Deng Q, Wang J. Effects of dietary protein levels and multienzyme supplementation on growth performance and markers of gut health of broilers fed a miscellaneous meal based diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kadykalo S, Roberts T, Thompson M, Wilson J, Lang M, Espeisse O. The value of anticoccidials for sustainable global poultry production. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 51:304-310. [PMID: 28935212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a self-limiting disease that is universally present in poultry operations, causing extensive damage to the intestinal lining of the bird. Global economic losses from coccidiosis are estimated to be $3 billion per year. In-feed anticoccidial use has been the predominant form of coccidiosis control. However, due to widespread emergence of antimicrobial resistance, concerns have been raised regarding the safety of anticoccidials and the potential impact on human, animal, and environmental health. To investigate the benefits, risks, and alternatives to anticoccidial use, a comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted. Several live vaccines are available, which, when used in combination with anticoccidials, have been shown to help restore sensitivity of infective parasites. However, their use has been limited because of increased cost; increased susceptibility to bacterial enteritis; challenges with consistent application; and slow development of immunity. Various alternative feed products are available, but do not have a direct anticoccidial effect, and few studies have demonstrated consistent field efficacy of these products. Consumer and environmental safety of anticoccidials is monitored and assessed by governing bodies. Furthermore, there is a lack of current evidence to indicate that bacterial resistance poses a public health concern. The findings from this review indicate that in the absence of alternatives, poultry production is optimized by using anticoccidials, benefiting all three pillars of sustainability, including social (bird health, welfare, and food safety), economic (production efficiency), and environmental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kadykalo
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, Ontario, L0P 1J, Canada
| | - Tara Roberts
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, Ontario, L0P 1J, Canada.
| | - Michelle Thompson
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, Ontario, L0P 1J, Canada
| | - Jeff Wilson
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, Ontario, L0P 1J, Canada; Population Medicine Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marcelo Lang
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, Indianapolis, 46140, USA
| | - Olivier Espeisse
- Elanco Animal Health, 24 Boulevard Vital Bouhot, 92220, Neuilly, Seine, France
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Nhung NT, Chansiripornchai N, Carrique-Mas JJ. Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Poultry Pathogens: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:126. [PMID: 28848739 PMCID: PMC5554362 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial usage and AMR in animal production is one of its contributing sources. Poultry is one of the most widespread types of meat consumed worldwide. Poultry flocks are often raised under intensive conditions using large amounts of antimicrobials to prevent and to treat disease, as well as for growth promotion. Antimicrobial resistant poultry pathogens may result in treatment failure, leading to economic losses, but also be a source of resistant bacteria/genes (including zoonotic bacteria) that may represent a risk to human health. Here we reviewed data on AMR in 12 poultry pathogens, including avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum, Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Gallibacterium anatis, Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Bordetella avium, Clostridium perfringens, Mycoplasma spp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Riemerella anatipestifer. A number of studies have demonstrated increases in resistance over time for S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, M. gallisepticum, and G. anatis. Among Enterobacteriaceae, APEC isolates displayed considerably higher levels of AMR compared with S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, with prevalence of resistance over >80% for ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline across studies. Among the Gram-negative, non-Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, ORT had the highest levels of phenotypic resistance with median levels of AMR against co-trimoxazole, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, and ceftiofur all exceeding 50%. In contrast, levels of resistance among P. multocida isolates were less than 20% for all antimicrobials. The study highlights considerable disparities in methodologies, as well as in criteria for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and result interpretation. It is necessary to increase efforts to harmonize testing practices, and to promote free access to data on AMR in order to improve treatment guidelines as well as to monitor the evolution of AMR in poultry bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Parreira VR, Ojha S, Lepp D, Mehdizadeh Gohari I, Zhou H, Susta L, Gong J, Prescott JF. Necrotic enteritis locus 1 diguanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase (cyclic-di-GMP) gene mutation attenuates virulence in an avian necrotic enteritis isolate of Clostridium perfringens. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:69-73. [PMID: 28888651 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by netB-positive strains of Clostridium perfringens is an important disease of intensively-reared broiler chickens. It is widely controlled by antibiotic use, but this practice that has come under increasing scrutiny and alternative approaches are required. As part of the search for alternative approaches over the last decade, advances have been made in understanding its pathogenesis but much remains to be understood and applied to the control of NE. The objective of this work was to assess the effect on virulence of mutation of the cyclic-di-GMP signaling genes present on the large pathogenicity locus (NELoc-1) in the tcp-encoding conjugative virulence plasmid, pNetB. For this purpose, the diguanylate cyclase (dgc) and phosphodiesterase (pde) genes were individually insertionally inactivated and the two mutants were subsequently complemented with their respective genes. Southern blotting showed that a single gene insertion was present. Mutation of either gene resulted in almost total attenuation of the mutants to cause NE in experimentally-infected broiler chickens, which was fully restored in each case by complementation of the respective mutated gene. Production of NetB-associated cytotoxicity for Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells was unaffected in mutants. We conclude that the cyclic-di-GMP signaling system is important in controlling virulence in a NE C. perfringens strain and might be a target for control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R Parreira
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shivani Ojha
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | | | - Hongzhuan Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada; Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 China
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jianhua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - John F Prescott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Van Immerseel F, Lyhs U, Pedersen K, Prescott JF. Recent breakthroughs have unveiled the many knowledge gaps inClostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in chickens: the first International Conference on Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:269-70. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1166857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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