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Hosokawa K, Imai K, Dong HV, Ogawa H, Suzutou M, Linn SH, Kurokawa A, Yamamoto Y. Pathological and virological analysis of concurrent disease of chicken anemia virus infection and infectious bronchitis in Japanese native chicks. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:422-430. [PMID: 32074517 PMCID: PMC7192730 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A concurrent infection of chicken anemia virus (CAV) and infectious bronchitis virus
(IBV) was detected in Japanese native chicks in 2017, in which a high mortality rate
(97.7%) was recorded in a small flock of 130 chicks exhibiting poor growth. Histological
examination revealed that the affected chicks exhibited two different pathological
entities: one was severe hematopoietic and lymphocytic depletion with abnormally large
cells containing intranuclear inclusion bodies of CAV, whereas the other was renal tubular
necrosis due to IBV infection. Immunohistochemistry detected CAV antigens in the bone
marrow, liver, and spleen as well as IBV antigens in the kidneys, trachea, and air sacs.
CAV was isolated from the liver sample of the chicks, and the isolated strain was
designated as CAV/Japan/HS1/17. A phylogenetic analysis of the CAV VP1 gene revealed that
CAV/Japan/HS1/17 is genetically similar to Chinese strains collected from 2014 to 2016. An
experimental infection was performed using CAV/Japan/HS1/17 and specific-pathogen-free
chicks to determine the pathogenicity of CAV/Japan/HS1/17. The isolate caused 100% anemia
and 70% mortality to chicks inoculated at one day old, 80% of chicks inoculated at seven
days old also developed anemia, and 10% died from CAV infection. These results suggest
that the unusually high mortality in Japanese native chicks can be attributed to dual
infection with both CAV and IBV. The results of the experimental infection suggest that
CAV/Japan/HS1/17 has a pathogenic potential to specific-pathogen-free chicks and a
relatively higher pathogenicity than previous Japanese CAV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Hosokawa
- Western Center for Livestock Hygiene Service, Hiroshima Prefecture, 1-15 Saijogojo-cho, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0013, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hieu Van Dong
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Madoka Suzutou
- Western Center for Livestock Hygiene Service, Hiroshima Prefecture, 1-15 Saijogojo-cho, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0013, Japan
| | - Sandi Htein Linn
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Aoi Kurokawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yu Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Niu X, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang X, Wu Y. Transcriptome analysis of avian reovirus-mediated changes in gene expression of normal chicken fibroblast DF-1 cells. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:911. [PMID: 29178824 PMCID: PMC5702118 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Avian reovirus (ARV) is an important poultry pathogen that can cause immunosuppression. In this study, RNA-Seq technology was applied to investigate the transcriptome-wide changes of DF-1 cells upon ARV infection at the middle stage. Results Total RNA of ARV-infected or mock-infected samples at 10 and 18 h post infection (hpi) was extracted to build RNA-Seq datasets. Analysis of the sequencing data revealed that the expressions of numerous genes were altered, and a panel of differentially expressed genes were confirmed with RT-qPCR. At 10 hpi, 104 genes were down-regulated and 64 were up-regulated, while the expressions of 47 genes were increased and only one was down-regulated, which may play a role in retinoic acid biosynthesis, at 18 hpi in the ARV-infected cells. The similar profiles of up-regulated genes between the two groups of infected cells suggest that ARV infection activated a prolonged antiviral response of host cells. Alternative splicing analysis found no significantly changed events altered by ARV infection. Conclusions Overall, the differential expression profile presented in this study can be used to expand our understanding of the comprehensive interactions between ARV and the host cells, and may be helpful for us to reveal the pathogenic mechanism on the molecular level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4310-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosai Niu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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Connolly PF, Fearnhead HO. Viral hijacking of host caspases: an emerging category of pathogen-host interactions. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1401-1410. [PMID: 28524855 PMCID: PMC5520459 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses co-evolve with their hosts, and many viruses have developed mechanisms to suppress or modify the host cell apoptotic response for their own benefit. Recently, evidence has emerged for the opposite strategy. Some viruses have developed the ability to co-opt apoptotic caspase activity to facilitate their own proliferation. In these strategies, viral proteins are cleaved by host caspases to create cleavage products with novel activities which facilitate viral replication. This represents a novel and interesting class of viral-host interactions, and also represents a new group of non-apoptotic roles for caspases. Here we review the evidence for such strategies, and discuss their origins and their implications for our understanding of the relationship between viral pathogenesis and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Connolly
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Howard O Fearnhead
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Ganar K, Shah M, Kamdi BP, Kurkure NV, Kumar S. Molecular characterization of chicken anemia virus outbreaks in Nagpur province, India from 2012 to 2015. Microb Pathog 2017; 102:113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Mahgoub EO. The Development and Application of an Indirect ELISA Test for the Detection of Chicken Anaemia Virus (CAV) by VP1 in Chicken Flock Serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgen.2014.44029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Rehman LU, Sultan B, Ali I, Bhatti MA, Khan SU, Zaman KU, Jahangiri AT, Khan NU, Iqbal A, Bakht J, Swati ZA, Rehman MU. Duplex PCR assay for the detection of avian adeno virus and chicken anemia virus prevalent in Pakistan. Virol J 2011; 8:440. [PMID: 21923956 PMCID: PMC3184108 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian Adeno viruses and Chicken Anemia Viruses cause serious economic losses to the poultry industry of Pakistan each year. Timely and efficient diagnosis of the viruses is needed in order to practice prevention and control strategies. In the first part of this study, we investigated broilers, breeder and Layer stocks for morbidity and mortality rates due to AAV and CAV infections and any co-infections by examining signs and symptoms typical of their infestation or post mortem examination. In the second part of the study, we developed a duplex PCR assay for the detection of AAV and CAV which is capable to simultaneously detect both the viral types prevalent in Pakistan with high sensitivity and 100% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latif U Rehman
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
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7
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Ragland WL, Mazija H, Cvelić‐Čabrilo V, Savić V, Novak R, Pogaćnik M. Immune suppression of commercial broilers in Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1981 to 1991. Avian Pathol 2007; 27:200-4. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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M. Noteborn MH, Koch G. Chicken anaemia virus infection: Molecular basis of pathogenicity. Avian Pathol 2007; 24:11-31. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Farkas T, Maeda K, Sugiura H, Kai K, Hirai K, Otsuki K, Hayashi T. A serological survey of chickens, Japanese quail, pigeons, ducks and crows for antibodies to chicken anaemia virus (CAV) in Japan. Avian Pathol 2007; 27:316-20. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Welch J, Bienek C, Gomperts E, Simmonds P. Resistance of porcine circovirus and chicken anemia virus to virus inactivation procedures used for blood products. Transfusion 2006; 46:1951-8. [PMID: 17076851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus inactivation procedures are used to prevent contamination of plasma-derived blood products with viruses. Pasteurization or prolonged dry heat has proven effective against several enveloped and nonenveloped viruses and provides an additional layer of safety for plasma products. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The resistance of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and chicken anemia virus (CAV), two small, nonenveloped viruses, to standard (pasteurization, 10 hr at 60 degrees C; dry heating, 80 degrees C for 72 hr) and more extreme heat inactivation procedures (temperatures up to 120 degrees C) was determined. The ability of these procedures to inactivate PCV2 and CAV was measured by comparison of in vitro infectivity before and after treatment. RESULTS Infectivity of PCV2 and CAV was reduced by approximately 1.6 and 1.4 log by pasteurization and by 0.75 and 1.25 log by dry-heat treatment, both substantially more resistant than other viruses previously investigated. PCV2 and CAV were additionally almost completely resistant to dry-heat treatment up to 120 degrees C for 30 minutes (mean log infectivity reductions, 1.25 and 0.6), although both were more effectively inactivated when the temperature of wet-heat treatment was increased to 80 degrees C (>3.2 and >3.6 log infectivity reduction). CONCLUSION Although neither PCV2 nor CAV are known to infect humans, their inactivation properties may represent those of other small DNA viruses known to be present (e.g., TT virus, small anellovirus) or potentially present in human plasma. Findings of extreme thermal resistance demonstrate that recipients of plasma-derived therapeutics may potentially still be exposed to small DNA viruses, despite the implementation of viral inactivation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Welch
- Virus Evolution Group, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, UK
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Oluwayelu DO, Todd D, Ball NW, Scott ANJ, Oladele OA, Emikpe BO, Fagbohun OA, Owoade AA, Olaleye OD. Isolation and Preliminary Characterization of Chicken Anemia Virus from Chickens in Nigeria. Avian Dis 2005; 49:446-50. [PMID: 16252505 DOI: 10.1637/7339-020705r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) was isolated for the first time from the Nigerian chicken population. The virus was recovered from necropsied birds from broiler and pullet flocks that suffered disease outbreaks tentatively diagnosed as infectious bursal disease. A sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay detected CAV DNA in tissues of necropsied birds. Restriction endonuclease analysis performed with the 733-bp PCR product and the Cfo I enzyme indicated at least two different CAVs were circulating among the Nigerian chicken population. Four isolates were obtained from pooled liver and thymus tissues using the MDCC-MSB1 cell line. These isolates were found to be antigenically closely related to the Cuxhaven-1 (Cux-1) reference strain of CAV when reacted with four monoclonal antibodies prepared against the Cux-1 virus. One of the isolates (isolate A) induced thymus atrophy, bone marrow aplasia, and low hematocrit values when inoculated into 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. These findings not only demonstrate that CAV is present in Nigeria, but they also likely represent the first cell culture isolation of the virus in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Oluwayelu
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Stormont, BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
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12
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Spackman E, Cloud SS, Pope CR, Rosenberger JK. Comparison of a putative second serotype of chicken infectious anemia virus with a prototypical isolate I. Pathogenesis. Avian Dis 2002; 46:945-55. [PMID: 12495056 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0945:coapss]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CIAV-7 is a virus with similar pathogenic and physicochemical characteristics to, but antigenically distinct from, chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV). The pathogenesis of CIAV-7 was evaluated in a comparative study with a representative isolate of CIAV, the Del-Ros strain. The pathogenesis of CIAV-7 was similar to Del-Ros on the basis of the clinical disease induced and gross and microscopic lesions, although CIAV-7 produced fewer and less severe lesions overall. A second comparative pathogenesis study was performed with Del-Ros and CIAV-7, both alone and in combination with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In this study, the pathogenesis of CIAV-7 was similar to Del-Ros in clinical, gross, and microscopic lesions in the bone marrow. However, thymic lesions were less severe in CIAV-7-inoculated birds. The interaction between Del-Ros and IBDV was synergistic, whereas there was no observed potentiation of CIAV-7-induced disease by IBDV. Progeny from breeder flocks from several geographic locations in the eastern United States were challenged with CIAV-7 or Del-Ros to assess protection by maternal antibodies. Some progeny from all flocks had protection against CIAV-7 challenge, providing evidence for the presence of CIAV-7 in the field. Additionally, the number of birds protected against CIAV-7 or Del-Ros challenge varied within flocks, demonstrating that the agents are serologically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spackman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, 044 Townsend Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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Cardona CJ, Oswald WB, Schat KA. Distribution of chicken anaemia virus in the reproductive tissues of specific-pathogen-free chickens. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:2067-2075. [PMID: 10900046 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-8-2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific-pathogen-free (SPF) flocks of chickens maintained by the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Cornell University became infected, inadvertently, with chicken anaemia virus (CAV), as demonstrated by seroconversion. Chickens from five flocks representing three different strains were examined for the presence of CAV using nested PCR. Virus was detected in ovaries, infundibula, vas deferentia, testes and spleens. Ovaries were positive in 38 to 72% of the hens in four flocks with 13 to 56 birds examined per flock. Interestingly, the ovaries were often the only positive tissues, while a few hens had only positive spleens. In roosters, the vas deferens was positive in 30 to 79% of the birds with 5 to 19 birds examined per flock; the vas deferens was the only positive tissue in 20 to 37%. Individual cells in the theca externa and rare epithelial cells in the infundibular epithelium were positive for CAV by in situ PCR. Positive cells were not detected in testes or vas deferentia. The SH-1 strain of CAV was isolated from these tissues and partially sequenced. Only minor sequence differences were found compared to CIA-1 and Cux-1. Embryos from matings between persistently infected dams and sire had CAV-positive cells in mesenchyme near the developing vertebral column. The data show that CAV persists in the reproductive tissues far longer than previously thought, and that it can be vertically transmitted from persistently infected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Cardona
- Unit of Avian Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA1
| | - Wendelien B Oswald
- Unit of Avian Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA1
| | - K A Schat
- Unit of Avian Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA1
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14
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Engström BE. Prevalence of antibody to chicken anaemia virus (CAV) in Swedish chicken breeding flocks correlated to outbreaks of blue wing disease (BWD) in their progeny. Acta Vet Scand 2000. [PMID: 10605126 DOI: 10.1186/bf03547027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological survey for antibody to Chicken Anaemia Virus (CAV) was performed on broiler breeders as well as layer breeding birds in Sweden at the end of their rearing period. Grandparents (GP) of both types leaving quarantine were in 21 out of 26 cases free from antibody to CAV, but often became infected soon thereafter. A total of 10 outbreaks of blue wing disease (BWD) in 3 series were recorded in the broiler and layer parent generation, all of which were progeny of 3 late seroconverting GP-flocks. All but one of 22 layer parent flocks had been infected and had seroconverted during the rearing period. Subsequently BWD was not recorded from commercial layers. Broiler parent flocks were more protected from CAV infection during rearing. Eighteen out of 94 broiler parent flocks had not developed antibody to CAV before coming into lay. Outbreaks of BWD were reported in progeny flocks from all these broiler breeders, with the exception of those that had been vaccinated. Good hygienic routines along with isolation of the birds delayed the seroconversion to CAV in broiler breeders and vaccination of these breeders protected their progeny from outbreaks of BWD. Broiler flocks in houses where BWD had occurred recently had always antibodies to CAV at slaughter. It was possible to eradicate the infection from the house and prevent the infection between flocks by proper cleaning and disinfection of the broiler houses.
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15
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Todd D, Mawhinney KA, Graham DA, Scott AN. Development of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serological diagnosis of chicken anaemia virus. J Virol Methods 1999; 82:177-84. [PMID: 10894634 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of serum antibody to chicken anaemia virus (CAV) are described. This test depends on the abilities of CAV-specific antibodies present in convalescent chicken serum to block the reaction between virus antigen, adsorbed to the ELISA plate. and a CAV-specific mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb), 2A9, that has been conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The 2A9 MAb has been shown to react with 10 geographically different field isolates of CAV, a finding which indicates that the test will find worldwide application. In comparative experiments involving 525 serum samples from specific pathogen free and commercial breeder flocks, there was 98.5% agreement between the results obtained with the blocking ELISA and those obtained with an indirect ELISA developed previously in this laboratory. The blocking ELISA was found to have advantages in terms of speed and cost compared with the indirect ELISA format.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Todd
- Department for Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Queen's University of Belfast, Stormont, UK.
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16
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Novak R, Ragland WL. In situ hybridization for detection of chicken anaemia virus in peripheral blood smears. Mol Cell Probes 1997; 11:135-41. [PMID: 9160328 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1996.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood smears, obtained from chickens known to be infected with or free from chicken anaemia virus (CAV), were tested to detect CAV DNA by in situ hybridization (ISH). A double-stranded, 1485 base-pair (bp) DNA probe was prepared employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The probe was labelled with digoxigenin or biotin by nick translation. In situ hybridization employing simple specimen preparation, using both digoxigenin- and biotin-labelled probes, provided a rapid and inexpensive method for diagnosis of CAV infection. Infection with CAV was detected by ISH prior to seroconversion by indirect immunofluorescence assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Novak
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-4875, USA
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17
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Drén C, Farkas T, Németh I. Serological survey on the prevalence of chicken anaemia virus infection in Hungarian chicken flocks. Vet Microbiol 1996; 50:7-16. [PMID: 8810003 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A serological survey on the prevalence of chicken anaemia virus (CAV) infection was performed by using the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and the virus neutralization (VN) tests in commercial Hungarian chicken populations. By the indirect IF test, a total of 846 serum samples from 13 meat-type parent flocks of two breeds were investigated between 10 and 62 weeks of age. All flocks were found to be positive for anti-CAV antibodies, and the rates of antibody-positive birds among flocks ranged from 40 to 93.3% and with an average of 73.3%. From nine 1-day- to 9-week-old progeny broiler flocks, 96 serum samples were tested. In the 3 flocks, sampled at the hatchery, 75 to 100% (average 86.4%) of the 22 tested birds were antibody positive. From the 6 flocks, tested between 4 to 9 weeks of age, 3 were antibody negative at 4 and 5 weeks of age, whereas in the 3 remaining 6- to 9-week-old flocks 10 to 20% (average 13.5%) of the birds were antibody positive. In egg-laying parent flocks of 14 and 35 weeks old, 54.4 and 71.7% of the tested 79 and 46 birds had antibodies to CAV, respectively. By the VN test, a total of 670 serum samples from 9 meat-type parent flocks aged between 11 and 37 weeks were investigated. The rate of antibody positivity in flocks was always over 80% and averaged 90.9%. From 7 progeny broiler flocks, 261 serum samples were tested between one day and 7 weeks of age, and the rates of seropositivity in flocks were between 93.3 to 100% and averaged 96.9%. In an egg-laying parent flock, 89.2% of the tested 102 birds had neutralizing antibodies to CAV at 35 weeks old. It was concluded that CAV is widespread in Hungarian commercial chicken populations. Though, according to simultaneous examination of 195 flock sera, the VN test revealed 11.3% more antibody-positive birds, the indirect IF test was found suitable for serological surveys at flock(s) level, provided that sufficient numbers of individual chicks were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drén
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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De Boer G, Van Roozelaar D, Moormann R, Jeurissen S, Van Den Wijngaard J, Hilbink F, Koch G. Interaction between chicken anaemia virus and live Newcastle disease vaccine. Avian Pathol 1994; 23:263-75. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459408418994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Buscaglia C, Crosetti CF, Nervi P. Identification of chicken infectious anaemia, isolation of the virus and reproduction of the disease in Argentina11. Avian Pathol 1994; 23:297-304. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459408418997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Jeurissen SH, de Boer GF. Chicken anaemia virus influences the pathogenesis of Marek's disease in experimental infections, depending on the dose of Marek's disease virus. Vet Q 1993; 15:81-4. [PMID: 8266627 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1993.9694379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight groups of 1-day-old chickens were inoculated with 0, 250, 5000, or 100,000 white blood cells of chickens infected with Marek's disease virus strain K (MDV-WBC). Four of these groups were additionally infected with 10(5) TCID50 chicken anaemia virus (CAV). At day 14 after inoculation, chickens infected with CAV had reduced haematocrit levels, reduced body weights, and depletion of the thymic cortex and bone marrow. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemical examination of nerves and visceral organs was performed at day 28 by immunoperoxidase staining in which a monoclonal antibody specific for leucocytes was used. CAV significantly enhanced the number of lymphoproliferative lesions induced by 5000 MDV-WBC. In contrast, CAV significantly reduced the number of lymphoproliferative lesions induced by 100,000 MDV-WBC. Comparable results were found at day 61 after macroscopic examination of nerves and visceral organs. These findings show that the pathogenesis of MD in experimental infections appears to be enhanced or inhibited by CAV, depending on the dose of MDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Jeurissen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Cloud SS, Lillehoj HS, Rosenberger JK. Immune dysfunction following infection with chicken anemia agent and infectious bursal disease virus. I. Kinetic alterations of avian lymphocyte subpopulations. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 34:337-52. [PMID: 1333676 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(92)90174-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential effect of chicken anemia agent (CAA) alone or in combination with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) on the immune system of young chickens was determined by measuring alterations in hematocrit values, lymphoid organ-to-body weight ratios and lymphoid cell concentrations at 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 28 and 42 days post-inoculation (PI). Lymphocyte subpopulations were identified and counted by flow cytometry using cell suspensions stained with monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) for panlymphocytes (K55), cytotoxic T-cells (CTLA3), T-helper cells (CT3), Ia-expressing cells (P2M11) and macrophages (P7). Chicken anemia agent induced a substantial but transient decrease in hematocrit value, thymus-to-body weight ratio and bursa-to-body weight ratio between 7 and 21 days PI corresponding to a generalized lymphocytopenia in the thymus, bursa and spleen. However, cytotoxic T-cell, T-helper cell and Ia-expressing cell concentrations increased in the bone marrow of birds inoculated with CAA alone or in combination with IBDV during the same time period. T-helper-to-cytotoxic T-cell ratios increased in the thymus and spleen during severe lymphocytopenia, indicating a selective decrease in cytotoxic T-cells. T-helper-to-cytotoxic T-cells ratios increased in the bone marrow, indicating a selective increase in T-helper cell concentrations. The increase in Ia-expressing cells in the bone marrow may be a reflection of increased number of activated T-cells which express Ia antigen. Infectious bursal disease virus alone induced a persistent depression of Ia-expressing cells in the bursa and the spleen and no measurable change in the bone marrow lymphocyte subpopulations. Chickens inoculated simultaneously with CAA and IBDV experienced clinical signs observed in chickens inoculated with each virus separately with a prolonged acute phase prior to recovery or mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Cloud
- Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
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Hoop RK. Persistence and vertical transmission of chicken anaemia agent in experimentally infected laying hens. Avian Pathol 1992; 21:493-501. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459208418867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Chicken anemia agent (CAA) is a small, spherical, non-enveloped virus containing a circular single-stranded DNA genome. CAA remains unclassified and probably should be classified in a new virus family. The chicken is the only recognized natural host for CAA. CAA was initially isolated in Japan and the associated disease chicken infectious anemia described in 1979. The virus has a world-wide distribution and is common in intensive poultry raising areas. Chicken infectious anemia is not a new disease but a newly recognized disease. CAA is now thought to play a key role in several multiple etiology disease syndromes; hemorrhagic syndrome; aplastic anemia, gangrenous dermatitis, hemorrhagic anemia syndrome, hemorrhagic aplastic anemia syndrome, anemia dermatitis and blue wing disease. The pathogenesis of chicken infectious anemia is described. Vertical transmission appears to be more important than horizontal spread. A yellow fatty bone marrow is the most characteristic lesion and thymic atrophy is the most consistent finding in CAA infection. Thymic and bone marrow intranuclear inclusion bodies occur with infection but are of limited value diagnostically and are very transient and rarely seen. Five different disease-producing scenarios that lead to clinical CAA infection in young chickens are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Pope
- Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19717-1303
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Noteborn MH, de Boer GF, van Roozelaar DJ, Karreman C, Kranenburg O, Vos JG, Jeurissen SH, Hoeben RC, Zantema A, Koch G. Characterization of cloned chicken anemia virus DNA that contains all elements for the infectious replication cycle. J Virol 1991; 65:3131-9. [PMID: 1851873 PMCID: PMC240969 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3131-3139.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular double-stranded replication intermediates were identified in low-molecular-weight DNA of cells of the avian leukemia virus-induced lymphoblastoid cell line 1104-X-5 infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV). To characterize the genome of CAV, we cloned linearized CAV DNA into the vector pIC20H. Transfection of the circularized cloned insert into chicken cell lines caused a cytopathogenic effect, which was arrested when a chicken serum with neutralizing antibodies directed against CAV was added. Chickens inoculated at 1 day of age with CAV collected from cell lines transfected with cloned CAV DNA developed clinical signs of CAV. The 2,319-bp cloned CAV DNA contained all the genetic information needed for the complete replication cycle of CAV. The CAV DNA sequence has three partially overlapping major reading frames coding for putative peptides of 51.6, 24.0, and 13.6 kDa. The CAV genome probably contains only one promoter region and only one poly(A) addition signal. Southern blot analysis using oligomers derived from the CAV DNA sequence showed that infected cells contained double- and single-stranded CAV DNAs, whereas purified virus contained only the minus strand. It is the first time that the genome of one of the three known single-stranded circular DNA viruses has been completely analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Noteborn
- Laboratory for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Sylvius Laboratory, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Connor TJ, McNeilly F, Firth GA, McNulty MS. Biological characterisation of Australian isolates of chicken anaemia agent. Aust Vet J 1991; 68:199-201. [PMID: 1832278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1991.tb03192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three Australian isolates of chicken anaemia agent (CAA) resisted treatment at 70 degrees C for 5 min and chloroform treatment. Although minor antigenic differences were detected using monoclonal antibodies to CAA, the Australian isolates were indistinguishable from the reference Cux-1 and Gifu-1 isolates in cross-immunofluorescence and cross-neutralisation tests employing polyclonal chicken antiserums. The Australian viruses were pathogenic for intramuscularly inoculated 1-day-old SPF chicks, but were less pathogenic for 7-day-old chicks. Thus the Australian isolates of CAA did not differ significantly in these properties from previously characterised CAA isolates from other continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Connor
- Veterinary Research Laboratories, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Otaki Y, Saito K, Tajima M, Nomura Y. Detection of antibody to chicken anaemia agent: A comparison of three serological tests. Avian Pathol 1991; 20:315-24. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459108418767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Firth
- Australian Poultry Limited, Beresfield, New South Wales
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McNulty M, Connor T, McNeilly F, McLoughlin M, Kirkpatrick K. Preliminary characterisation of isolates of chicken anaemia agent from the United Kingdom. Avian Pathol 1990; 19:67-73. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459008418657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McNulty M, Connor T, McNeilly F. A survey of specific pathogen‐free chicken flocks for antibodies to chicken anaemia agent, avian nephritis virus and group a rotavirus. Avian Pathol 1989; 18:215-20. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458908418596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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