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Zhang J, Duan D, Song ZL, Liu T, Hou Y, Fang J. Small molecules regulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:342-394. [PMID: 32981100 DOI: 10.1002/med.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells exhibit increased ROS to maintain their malignant phenotypes and are more dependent on the "redox adaptation" mechanism. Thus, there are two apparently contradictory but virtually complementary therapeutic strategies for the regulation of ROS to prevent or treat cancer. The first strategy, that is, chemoprevention, is to prevent or reduce intracellular ROS either by suppressing ROS production pathways or by employing antioxidants to enhance ROS clearance, which protects normal cells from malignant transformation and inhibits the early stage of tumorigenesis. The second strategy is the ROS-mediated anticancer therapy, which stimulates intracellular ROS to a toxicity threshold to activate ROS-induced cell death pathways. Therefore, targeting the regulation of intracellular ROS-related pathways by small-molecule candidates is considered to be a promising treatment for tumors. We herein first briefly introduce the source and regulation of ROS, and then focus on small molecules that regulate ROS-related pathways and show efficacy in cancer therapy from the perspective of pharmacophores. Finally, we discuss several challenges in developing cancer therapeutic agents based on ROS regulation and propose the direction of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Zi-Long Song
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Obrador E, Liu-Smith F, Dellinger RW, Salvador R, Meyskens FL, Estrela JM. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in the pathophysiology of malignant melanoma. Biol Chem 2019; 400:589-612. [PMID: 30352021 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The high number of somatic mutations in the melanoma genome associated with cumulative ultra violet (UV) exposure has rendered it one of the most difficult of cancers to treat. With new treatment approaches based on targeted and immune therapies, drug resistance has appeared as a consistent problem. Redox biology, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), plays a central role in all aspects of melanoma pathophysiology, from initiation to progression and to metastatic cells. The involvement of melanin production and UV radiation in ROS/RNS generation has rendered the melanocytic lineage a unique system for studying redox biology. Overall, an elevated oxidative status has been associated with melanoma, thus much effort has been expended to prevent or treat melanoma using antioxidants which are expected to counteract oxidative stress. The consequence of this redox-rebalance seems to be two-fold: on the one hand, cells may behave less aggressively or even undergo apoptosis; on the other hand, cells may survive better after being disseminated into the circulating system or after drug treatment, thus resulting in metastasis promotion or further drug resistance. In this review we summarize the current understanding of redox signaling in melanoma at cellular and systemic levels and discuss the experimental and potential clinic use of antioxidants and new epigenetic redox modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Department of Phisiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Feng Liu-Smith
- Department of Epdemiology, Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Rosario Salvador
- Department of Phisiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Frank L Meyskens
- Department of Epdemiology, Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - José M Estrela
- Department of Phisiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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3
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Keng CL, Lin YC, Tseng WL, Lu CY. Design of Peptide-Based Probes for the Microscale Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10883-10888. [PMID: 28976728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce oxidative stress and are associated with cell death and chronic diseases in organisms. In the treatment of disease, drugs that induce ROS are associated with many side effects and unpleasant symptoms. Therefore, during the assessment of new drugs and candidate compounds, ROS generation is an issue of concern, because ROS can modify proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids within organisms and alter their biological functions. In this work, we designed a peptide-based probe for the rapid (<10 min) high-throughput survey of oxidative stress induced by clinical drugs at the microliter level. Using menadione and H2O2 as positive controls, just 100 μg/mL of the test compound and 100 μg/mL of the probe were sufficient to effectively monitor the generation of ROS, which is important as many active compounds are rare and difficult to isolate or purify. This in vitro evaluation could be used to effectively generate preliminary data before pharmacologically active candidate compounds are processed in cell-line or animal tests. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this peptide probe successfully detects ROS in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lan Keng
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Xiong R, Siegel D, Ross D. Quinone-induced protein handling changes: implications for major protein handling systems in quinone-mediated toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:285-95. [PMID: 25151970 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Para-quinones such as 1,4-Benzoquinone (BQ) and menadione (MD) and ortho-quinones including the oxidation products of catecholamines, are derived from xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules. The effects of quinones on major protein handling systems in cells; the 20/26S proteasome, the ER stress response, autophagy, chaperone proteins and aggresome formation, have not been investigated in a systematic manner. Both BQ and aminochrome (AC) inhibited proteasomal activity and activated the ER stress response and autophagy in rat dopaminergic N27 cells. AC also induced aggresome formation while MD had little effect on any protein handling systems in N27 cells. The effect of NQO1 on quinone induced protein handling changes and toxicity was examined using N27 cells stably transfected with NQO1 to generate an isogenic NQO1-overexpressing line. NQO1 protected against BQ-induced apoptosis but led to a potentiation of AC- and MD-induced apoptosis. Modulation of quinone-induced apoptosis in N27 and NQO1-overexpressing cells correlated only with changes in the ER stress response and not with changes in other protein handling systems. These data suggested that NQO1 modulated the ER stress response to potentiate toxicity of AC and MD, but protected against BQ toxicity. We further demonstrated that NQO1 mediated reduction to unstable hydroquinones and subsequent redox cycling was important for the activation of the ER stress response and toxicity for both AC and MD. In summary, our data demonstrate that quinone-specific changes in protein handling are evident in N27 cells and the induction of the ER stress response is associated with quinone-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Ccxampus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Ccxampus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Ccxampus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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5
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Xu G, Lv B, Roberge JY, Xu B, Du J, Dong J, Chen Y, Peng K, Zhang L, Tang X, Feng Y, Xu M, Fu W, Zhang W, Zhu L, Deng Z, Sheng Z, Welihinda A, Sun X. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of DeuteratedC-Aryl Glycoside as a Potent and Long-Acting Renal Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1236-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401780b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Binhua Lv
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jacques Y. Roberge
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Baihua Xu
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jiyan Du
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yuanwei Chen
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Kun Peng
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Tang
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yan Feng
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Liangcheng Zhu
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zhongping Deng
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zelin Sheng
- Egret Pharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 4F, 1118 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ajith Welihinda
- Theracos Inc., 550 Del Rey Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94805-3528, United States
| | - Xun Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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Fredericks WJ, McGarvey T, Wang H, Zheng Y, Fredericks NJ, Yin H, Wang LP, Hsiao W, Lee R, Weiss JS, Nickerson ML, Kruth HS, Rauscher FJ, Malkowicz SB. The TERE1 protein interacts with mitochondrial TBL2: regulation of trans-membrane potential, ROS/RNS and SXR target genes. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:2170-87. [PMID: 23564352 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We originally discovered TERE1 as a potential tumor suppressor protein based upon reduced expression in bladder and prostate cancer specimens and growth inhibition of tumor cell lines/xenografts upon ectopic expression. Analysis of TERE1 (aka UBIAD1) has shown it is a prenyltransferase enzyme in the natural bio-synthetic pathways for both vitamin K-2 and COQ10 production and exhibits multiple subcellular localizations including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi. Vitamin K-2 is involved in mitochondrial electron transport, SXR nuclear hormone receptor signaling and redox cycling: together these functions may form the basis for tumor suppressor function. To gain further insight into mechanisms of growth suppression and enzymatic regulation of TERE1 we isolated TERE1 associated proteins and identified the WD40 repeat, mitochondrial protein TBL2. We examined whether disease specific mutations in TERE1 affected interactions with TBL2 and the role of each protein in altering mitochondrial function, ROS/RNS production and SXR target gene regulation. Biochemical binding assays demonstrated a direct, high affinity interaction between TERE1 and TBL2 proteins; TERE1 was localized to both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial membranes whereas TBL2 was predominantly mitochondrial; multiple independent single amino acid substitutions in TERE1 which cause a human hereditary corneal disease reduced binding to TBL2 strongly suggesting the relevance of this interaction. Ectopic TERE1 expression elevated mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, oxidative stress, NO production, and activated SXR targets. A TERE1-TBL2 complex likely functions in oxidative/nitrosative stress, lipid metabolism, and SXR signaling pathways in its role as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Fredericks
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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7
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Fredericks WJ, Yin H, Lal P, Puthiyaveettil R, Malkowicz SB, Fredericks NJ, Tomaszewski J, Rauscher FJ, Malkowicz SB. Ectopic expression of the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein inhibits growth of renal clear cell carcinoma cells: altered metabolic phenotype associated with reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and SXR target genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:638-52. [PMID: 23759948 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies of the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein emphasize its multifactorial influence on the cell, in part due to its broad sub-cellular distribution to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi. However, the profound effects of TERE1 relate to its prenyltransferase activity for synthesis of the bioactive quinones menaquinone and COQ10. Menaquinone (aka, vitamin K-2) serves multiple roles: as a carrier in mitochondrial electron transport, as a ligand for SXR nuclear hormone receptor activation, as a redox modulator, and as an alkylator of cellular targets. We initially described the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein as a tumor suppressor based upon reduced expression in urological cancer specimens and the inhibition of growth of tumor cell lines/xenografts upon ectopic expression. To extend this potential tumor suppressor role for the TERE1 protein to renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we applied TERE1 immunohistochemistry to a TMA panel of 28 RCC lesions and determined that in 57% of RCC lesions, TERE1 expression was reduced (36%) or absent (21%). Ectopic TERE1 expression caused an 80% decrease in growth of Caki-1 and Caki-2 cell lines, a significantly decreased colony formation, and increased caspase 3/7 activity in a panel of RCC cell lines. Furthermore, TERE1 expression increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption and hydrogen production, oxidative stress and NO production. Based on the elevated cholesterol and altered metabolic phenotype of RCC, we also examined the effects of TERE1 and the interacting protein TBL2 on cellular cholesterol. Ectopic TERE1 or TBL2 expression in Caki-1, Caki-2 and HEK 293 cells reduced cholesterol by up to 40%. RT-PCR analysis determined that TERE1 activated several SXR targets known to regulate lipid metabolism, consistent with predictions based on its role in menaquinone synthesis. Loss of TERE1 may contribute to the altered lipid metabolic phenotype associated with progression in RCC via an uncoupling of ROS/RNS and SXR signaling from apoptosis by elevation of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Fredericks
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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8
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Reddy BVS, Swain M, Reddy SM, Yadav JS. Enantioselective Michael addition of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 1,3-dicarbonyls to β-nitroalkenes catalyzed by a novel bifunctional rosin-indane amine thiourea catalyst. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40965a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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9
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Nematollahi A, Aminimoghadamfarouj N, Wiart C. Reviews on 1,4-naphthoquinones from Diospyros L. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:80-88. [PMID: 22263598 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2011.633515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The genus Diospyros is one of the most important sources of bioactive compounds, exclusively 1,4-naphthoquinones. The following information is an attempt to cover the developments in the biology and phytochemistry of 1,4-naphthoquinones isolated from this genus, as well as the studies done and the suggested mechanisms regarding their activities. During the past 60 years, many of these agents have been isolated from Diospyros L. Twelve considerable bioactive structures are reported in this review. The basic 1,4-naphthoquinone skeletons, on which a large number of studies have been done, are plumbagin and diospyrin. Today, the potential for development of leads from 1,4-naphthoquinones obtained from Diospyros L. is growing dramatically, mainly in the area of anticancer and antibacterial investigations. The data prepared and described here are intended to be served as a reference tool to the natural products and chemistry specialists in order to expand the rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nematollahi
- Research Center of Natural Products Safety and Medicinal Plants, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
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10
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Evaluation of dietary factors in relation to the biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in breast cancer risk. Nutrition 2011; 27:912-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Acharya A, Das I, Chandhok D, Saha T. Redox regulation in cancer: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:23-34. [PMID: 20716925 PMCID: PMC2835886 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.1.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, implicated in the etiology of cancer, results from an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell’s own antioxidant defenses. ROS deregulate the redox homeostasis and promote tumor formation by initiating an aberrant induction of signaling networks that cause tumorigenesis. Ultraviolet (UV) exposures, γ-radiation and other environmental carcinogens generate ROS in the cells, which can exert apoptosis in the tumors, thereby killing the malignant cells or induce the progression of the cancer growth by blocking cellular defense system. Cancer stem cells take the advantage of the aberrant redox system and spontaneously proliferate. Oxidative stress and gene-environment interactions play a significant role in the development of breast, prostate, pancreatic and colon cancer. Prolonged lifetime exposure to estrogen is associated with several kinds of DNA damage. Oxidative stress and estrogen receptor-associated proliferative changes are suggested to play important roles in estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis. BRCA1, a tumor suppressor against hormone responsive cancers such as breast and prostate cancer, plays a significant role in inhibiting ROS and estrogen mediated DNA damage; thereby regulate the redox homeostasis of the cells. Several transcription factors and tumor suppressors are involved during stress response such as Nrf2, NFκB and BRCA1. A promising strategy for targeting redox status of the cells is to use readily available natural substances from vegetables, fruits, herbs and spices. Many of the phytochemicals have already been identified to have chemopreventive potential, capable of intervening in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Acharya
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pre Clinical Science, Washington DC, USA.
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Testa B. Prodrugs: bridging pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic gaps. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:338-44. [PMID: 19473869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this mini review, prodrugs are discussed with a focus on their pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic objectives, as well as on the resulting therapeutic benefits. Carrier-linked prodrugs remain the most extensively investigated and receive due attention here with recent successes highlighted. A clear trend is apparent in modern prodrug research, namely the increased attention given to the knowledge-based design of bioprecursors, namely prodrugs devoid of a detachable promoiety. In most cases, such prodrugs are activated by in situ reduction, hence their designation as bioreductive prodrugs. This is a particularly active field in the design of more selective, small-molecule antitumor agents. New antimicrobial agents are also in the pipeline. In addition, biooxidative bioprecursors offer a promising strategy in specific cases, as illustrated by the successful antiaggregating agent clopidogrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Testa
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Centre, CHUV/BH-04, 46 Rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Goetz ME, Luch A. Reactive species: a cell damaging rout assisting to chemical carcinogens. Cancer Lett 2008; 266:73-83. [PMID: 18367325 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are known to contribute as pathogenic factors to the development of chronic progressive diseases at various stages. The present review discusses the role of oxidative stress in chemically induced cancer development and progression. Reactive species are capable of inducing DNA damage that eventually may contribute to cell transformation and tumor initiation. ROS and RNS are also associated with tumor promotion and progression. Both endogenous processes and redox-cycling of xenobiotic compounds have been shown to result in oxidative DNA damage. In addition, several exocyclic DNA adducts represent secondary DNA damage caused by products of lipid peroxidation in the course of oxidative cellular stress. Due to their intrinsic ability to catalyze redox reactions, transition metals, and quinones from various classes of xenobiotics or endogenous compounds are important mediators of oxidative stress and thus likely of being involved in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, cell transformation, and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E Goetz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Villalba MM, Litchfield VJ, Smith RB, Franklin AM, Livingstone C, Davis J. A chromatographic tool for preparing combinatorial quinone–thiol conjugate libraries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:797-802. [PMID: 17597223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quinones are well established as key players in the production of reactive oxygen species within cellular environments. Many factors govern their cytotoxicity but most studies have been restricted to a few, core, derivatives. A new strategy for the in situ production of quinone derivatives has been developed such that libraries of diverse functionality can be rapidly created without recourse to extensive synthetic procedures. The approach relies upon nucleophilic addition by reduced thiol derivatives to the quinone core within a pre-culture assay mixture and provides a generic strategy that exploits the large reservoir of commercial thiols currently available. A readily accessible chromatographic method has been developed that allows the derivatisation process to be easily monitored and the purity of the resulting one pot preparation to be assessed. The viability of the combinatorial approach has been fully validated through comparison with a range of quinone-S-conjugates prepared using conventional bench synthesis. The latter have been fully characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marti Villalba
- School of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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Kuo HW, Chou SY, Hu TW, Wu FY, Chen DJ. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and genetic polymorphisms in breast cancer patients. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 631:62-8. [PMID: 17512776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes damage to DNA, but the role of ROS in breast carcinoma is still not clear. The objective of this study was to measure the urinary 8-OHdG levels of breast cancer patients at each stage of carcinogenesis and assess its association with the development of breast cancer. Sixty patients with malignant breast tumors were matched with 60 control subjects of the same ages in this case control study. Urinary 8-OHdG levels were significantly higher among breast cancer patients than among the control subjects, after making adjustments for confounders such as smoking, coffee consumption and use of oral contraceptives. The breast cancer patients were divided into three groups based on the stages of their cancer; urinary 8-OHdG levels decreased with each stage of breast carcinoma. Using multiple regression and logistic models adjusted for other covariates, urinary 8-OHdG levels significantly correlated with the development of breast cancer. However, it was found that breast cancer was not significantly influenced by CYP1A1, CYP1M1 or NAT2 polymorphisms. In conclusion, it was found that oxygen radical generation occurred within carcinoma cells, but the role of polymorphism of specific genes in the development of breast cancer should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Wen Kuo
- Institute of Environmental Health, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shin Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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