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Fernandes E, Lopes CM, Lúcio M. Lipid Biomimetic Models as Simple Yet Complex Tools to Predict Skin Permeation and Drug-Membrane Biophysical Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:807. [PMID: 38931927 PMCID: PMC11207520 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The barrier function of the skin is primarily determined by its outermost layer, the Stratum Corneum (SC). The SC consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix composed mainly of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids in equimolar proportions and is organised in a complex lamellar structure with different periodicities and lateral packings. This matrix provides a diffusion pathway across the SC for bioactive compounds that are administered to the skin. In this regard, and as the skin administration route has grown in popularity, there has been an increase in the use of lipid mixtures that closely resemble the SC lipid matrix, either for a deeper biophysical understanding or for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. This review focuses on a systematic analysis of the main outcomes of using lipid mixtures as SC lipid matrix models for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. Thus, a methodical evaluation of the main outcomes based on the SC structure is performed, as well as the main recent developments in finding suitable new in vitro tools for permeation testing based on lipid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Fernandes
- CF-UM-UP—Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e Porto, Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla M. Lopes
- FFP-I3ID—Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, FP-BHS—Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200–150 Porto, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech–Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene Lúcio
- CF-UM-UP—Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e Porto, Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- CBMA—Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Qian Y, Wei X, Wang Y, Yin S, Chen J, Dong J. Development of a novel human stratum corneum mimetic phospholipid -vesicle-based permeation assay models for in vitro permeation studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024; 50:410-419. [PMID: 38497274 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2024.2331242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop and evaluate a novel human stratum corneum (SC) mimetic phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay (PVPASC) model for in vitro permeation studies. SIGNIFICANCE Due to the increasing restrictions on the use of human and animal skins, artificial skin models have attracted substantial interest in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries. In this study, a modified PVPASC model containing both SC lipids and proteins was developed. METHODS The PVPASC model was optimized by altering the lipid composition and adding keratin in the formulation of large liposomes. The barrier properties were monitored by measuring the electrical resistance (ER) and permeability of Rhodamine B (RB). The modified PVPASC model was characterized in terms of the surface topography, solvent influence and storage stability. The permeation studies of the active components in Compound Nanxing Zhitong Plaster (CNZP) were performed to examine the capability of PVPASC in the application of skin penetration. RESULTS The ER and Papp values of RB obtained from the optimized PVPASC model indicated a similar barrier property to porcine ear skin. Scanning electron microscope analysis demonstrated a mimic 'brick-and-mortar' structure. The PVPASC model can be stored for three weeks at -20 °C, and withstand the presence of different receptor medium for 24 h. The permeation studies of the active components demonstrated a good correlation (r2 = 0.9136) of Papp values between the drugs' permeation through the PVPASC model and porcine ear skin. CONCLUSION Keratin contained composite phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay models have been proven to be potential skin tools in topical/transdermal permeation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xuchao Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shaoping Yin
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
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Lamarra J, Rivero S, Pinotti A, Lopez D. Nanofiber mats functionalized with Mentha piperita essential oil stabilized in a chitosan-based emulsion designed via an electrospinning technique. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125980. [PMID: 37506795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A nanostructured device based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) loaded with a cross-linked chitosan (CH) emulsion, soy lecithin, and peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita) was designed for topical applications using an electrospinning instrument coupled to a rotary drum collector. Different suspensions were obtained by varying the PVA to emulsion ratio (PVA:Em) 87.5:12.5, 82:18, and 75:25, using a PVA solution as a control. ATR-FTIR spectra confirmed the interactions among the components of the system. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the mats evinced that the aligned fiber diameter decreased with higher proportions of emulsion while dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed a decrease in the storage modulus. The entrapment of the functionalized emulsions not only improved the elongation of the matrices but also provided them with greater structural integrity compared to the single PVA matrix. The most favorable formulation in terms of mechanical properties was found to be the 82:18 ratio. After 1 h of close contact between the 82:18 matrix and a porcine skin explant, the latter was examined by confocal microscopy, which revealed the localization of the essential oil mainly on the surface of the stratum corneum (SC).However, after 7 h of contact, the distribution of the peppermint EO throughout the viable epidermis was observed, which was further supported by ATR-FTIR studies. Tailored electrospun matrices would have potential applications as devices for topical or transdermal treatments due to their vehiculization role that allows the diffusion of peppermint essential oil as a skin penetration enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lamarra
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CCT-CONICET La Plata, CIC, UNLP), 47 y 116 S/N, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - Sandra Rivero
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CCT-CONICET La Plata, CIC, UNLP), 47 y 116 S/N, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Adriana Pinotti
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CCT-CONICET La Plata, CIC, UNLP), 47 y 116 S/N, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, UNLP, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Calle Juan de La Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Olkowska E, Gržinić G. Skin models for dermal exposure assessment of phthalates. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133909. [PMID: 35143861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of compounds that have found widespread use in industrial applications, in particular in the polymer, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. While ingestion, and to a lesser degree inhalation, have been considered as the major exposure routes, especially for higher molecular weight phthalates, dermal exposure is an important route for lower weight phthalates such as diethyl phthalate (DEP). Assessing the dermal permeability of such compounds is of great importance for evaluating the impact and toxicity of such compounds in humans. While human skin is still the best model for studying dermal permeation, availability, cost and ethical concerns may preclude or restrict its use. A range of alternative models has been developed over time to substitute for human skin, especially in the early phases of research. These include ex vivo animal skin, human reconstructed skin and artificial skin models. While the results obtained using such alternative models correlate to a lesser or greater degree with those from in vivo human studies, the use of such models is nevertheless vital in dermal permeation research. This review discusses the alternative skin models that are available, their use in phthalate permeation studies and possible new avenues of phthalate research using skin models that have not been used so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Goran Gržinić
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland
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Moniz T, Lima SAC, Reis S. Protocol for the Isolation of Stratum Corneum from Pig Ear Skin: Evaluation of the Trypsin Digestion Conditions. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4040080. [PMID: 34842773 PMCID: PMC8628882 DOI: 10.3390/mps4040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratum corneum (SC) represents the outermost layer of the skin, being an effective barrier against the entry of molecules and pathogens. Skin research has given particular focus to SC as it hampers effective drug delivery for cosmetical and therapeutical purposes. Following recommendations to develop alternative models to animals, the SC isolated from skin obtained from medical procedures or from pigs has gained extensive attention. Yet, there is still missing a standard and simple procedure accepted within the scientific community to avoid application of different isolated SC methodologies, a fact that may hamper progress in skin research. Considering this challenge, the present study evaluated different experimental conditions aiming to establish a useful and sustainable solvent-free procedure for the obtention of a realistic SC model. The studied trypsin digestion parameters included concentration, incubation period and temperature. Isolated SC was characterized using histological analysis and calcein’s permeability, after the procedure and during a 6-week storage period. Data recommend trypsin digestion at 4 °C for 20 h as the most effective procedure to isolate SC from pig ear skin. This work contributes to standardize the SC isolation procedure, and to obtain a valuable and reliable SC mimetic model for skin drug development.
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Chaturvedi S, Garg A. An insight of techniques for the assessment of permeation flux across the skin for optimization of topical and transdermal drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Moniz T, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Application of the human stratum corneum lipid-based mimetic model in assessment of drug-loaded nanoparticles for skin administration. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119960. [PMID: 33049358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A lipid-based permeation assay (PVPASC) with a lipid composition similar to Human stratum corneum layer has been previously reported. The aim of this study was to further characterize the PVPASC model in the presence of co-solvents and to determine its applicability to evaluate drug permeability with drug-loaded nanoparticles. Data obtained from PVPASC model were compared with results from isolated SC from pig ear skin. The characterization revealed that the PVPASC barriers retain integrity and calcein permeability when stored up to 12 weeks at -20 °C, in the presence of different co-solvents, and under a skin environment pH range. The permeation profile of calcein in the lipid-based barrier correlated well with data obtained for the isolated SC model and revealed higher reproducibility. Cyclosporine A (CsA) was selected as a model drug, given its relevance for skin-inflammatory diseases and two types of lipid nanoparticles were used to assess the permeability of the PVPASC model. It was possible to distinguish the permeability between free and nanoparticles' loaded cyclosporine. Data obtained with CsA-loaded nanoformulations indicated a higher permeation rate than the obtained for the solid lipid nanoparticles or the free drug. The PVPASC model could be applied as a cost-effective alternative for skin early drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moniz
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Moniz T, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Human skin models: From healthy to disease-mimetic systems; characteristics and applications. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4314-4329. [PMID: 32608012 PMCID: PMC7484561 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin drug delivery is an emerging route in drug development, leading to an urgent need to understand the behaviour of active pharmaceutical ingredients within the skin. Given, As one of the body's first natural defences, the barrier properties of skin provide an obstacle to the successful outcome of any skin drug therapy. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this barrier, reductionist strategies have designed several models with different levels of complexity, using non-biological and biological components. Besides the detail of information and resemblance to human skin in vivo, offered by each in vitro model, the technical and economic efforts involved must also be considered when selecting the most suitable model. This review provides an outline of the commonly used skin models, including healthy and diseased conditions, in-house developed and commercialized models, their advantages and limitations, and an overview of the new trends in skin-engineered models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moniz
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Sofia A. Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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ZnO nanorods functionalized with chitosan hydrogels crosslinked with azelaic acid for transdermal drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 194:111170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shakel Z, Nunes C, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Development of a novel human stratum corneum model, as a tool in the optimization of drug formulations. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118571. [PMID: 31352050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery represents a very attractive administration route that provides various advantages over other methods of administration, including enhanced patient compliance via non-invasive, painless and simple application and reduced side effects. Thereby, the research on suitable drugs for this route continues to increase. However, most of drug candidates face the challenges of low drug permeability across the skin's biologically active barrier - the stratum corneum (SC). In this context, a low cost, simple screening tool to evaluate penetration of drug candidates in a human SC barrier model was developed. The in vitro model is based on a modified phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay (PVPA) with a lipid composition close to human SC layer. The new SC PVPA model can be stored up to 2 weeks at -20 °C, withstand a pH range from 2.0 to 8.0 and the presence of co-solvents (DMSO, oleic acid and cremophor®) without losing their integrity. The human mimicking SC PVPA model was able to detect calcein permeability differences when different drugs, applied in the therapy of skin-related diseases, were present. The obtained data correlated well with the well accepted pig ear model, which highlights the potential of this new human SC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida Shakel
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Zhou X, Hao Y, Yuan L, Pradhan S, Shrestha K, Pradhan O, Liu H, Li W. Nano-formulations for transdermal drug delivery: A review. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Berben P, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Faller B, Flaten GE, Jacobsen AC, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Drug permeability profiling using cell-free permeation tools: Overview and applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:219-233. [PMID: 29660464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free permeation systems are gaining interest in drug discovery and development as tools to obtain a reliable prediction of passive intestinal absorption without the disadvantages associated with cell- or tissue-based permeability profiling. Depending on the composition of the barrier, cell-free permeation systems are classified into two classes including (i) biomimetic barriers which are constructed from (phospho)lipids and (ii) non-biomimetic barriers containing dialysis membranes. This review provides an overview of the currently available cell-free permeation systems including Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA), Phospholipid Vesicle-based Permeation Assay (PVPA), Permeapad®, and artificial membrane based systems (e.g. the artificial membrane insert system (AMI-system)) in terms of their barrier composition as well as their predictive capacity in relation to well-characterized intestinal permeation systems. Given the potential loss of integrity of cell-based permeation barriers in the presence of food components or pharmaceutical excipients, the superior robustness of cell-free barriers makes them suitable for the combined dissolution/permeation evaluation of formulations. While cell-free permeation systems are mostly applied for exploring intestinal absorption, they can also be used to evaluate non-oral drug delivery by adjusting the composition of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Berben
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Bernard Faller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø the Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Lefnaoui S, Moulai-Mostefa N, Yahoum MM, Gasmi SN. Design of antihistaminic transdermal films based on alginate–chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes: characterization and permeation studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:432-443. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1395461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lefnaoui
- Materials and Environmental Laboratory, University of Medea, Ain D’Heb, Medea, Algeria
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Medea, Ain D’Heb, Medea, Algeria
| | - Nadji Moulai-Mostefa
- Materials and Environmental Laboratory, University of Medea, Ain D’Heb, Medea, Algeria
| | - Madiha M. Yahoum
- Materials and Environmental Laboratory, University of Medea, Ain D’Heb, Medea, Algeria
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Medea, Ain D’Heb, Medea, Algeria
| | - Sarah N. Gasmi
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Medea, Ain D’Heb, Medea, Algeria
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