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Carmignani A, Battaglini M, Marino A, Pignatelli F, Ciofani G. Drug-Loaded Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Chemo/Photothermal Therapy against Colorectal Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2205-2217. [PMID: 38489294 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and deadly malignancy, ranking second in terms of mortality and third in terms of incidence on a global scale. The survival rates for CRC patients are unsatisfactory primarily because of the absence of highly effective clinical strategies. The efficacy of existing CRC treatments, such as chemotherapy (CT), is constrained by issues such as drug resistance and damage to healthy tissues. Alternative approaches such as photothermal therapy (PTT), while offering advantages over traditional therapies, suffer instead from a low efficiency in killing tumor cells when used alone. In this context, nanostructures can efficiently contribute to a selective and targeted treatment. Here, we combined CT and PTT by developing a nanoplatform based on polydopamine nanoparticles (PDNPs), selected for their biocompatibility, drug-carrying capabilities, and ability to produce heat upon exposure to near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. As a chemotherapy drug, sorafenib has been selected, a multikinase inhibitor already approved for clinical use. By encapsulating sorafenib in polydopamine nanoparticles (Sor-PDNPs), we were able to successfully improve the drug stability in physiological media and the consequent uptake by CRC cells, thereby increasing its therapeutic effects. Upon NIR stimulus, Sor-PDNPs can induce a temperature increment of about 10 °C, encompassing both PTT and triggering a localized and massive drug release. Sor-PDNPs were tested on healthy colon cells, showing minimal adverse outcomes; conversely, they demonstrated excellent efficacy against CRC cells, with a strong capability to hinder cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Obtained findings pave the way to new synergistic chemo-photothermal approaches, maximizing the therapeutic outcomes against CRC while minimizing side effects on healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Carmignani
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The Biorobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Matteo Battaglini
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Attilio Marino
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Francesca Pignatelli
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
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2
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Fu L, Lin CT, Karimi-Maleh H, Chen F, Zhao S. Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Enhanced Optical Techniques for Cancer Biomarker Sensing. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:977. [PMID: 37998152 PMCID: PMC10669140 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in leveraging localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) nanotechnology for sensitive cancer biomarker detection. LSPR arising from noble metal nanoparticles under light excitation enables the enhancement of various optical techniques, including surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), dark-field microscopy (DFM), photothermal imaging, and photoacoustic imaging. Nanoparticle engineering strategies are discussed to optimize LSPR for maximum signal amplification. SERS utilizes electromagnetic enhancement from plasmonic nanostructures to boost inherently weak Raman signals, enabling single-molecule sensitivity for detecting proteins, nucleic acids, and exosomes. DFM visualizes LSPR nanoparticles based on scattered light color, allowing for the ultrasensitive detection of cancer cells, microRNAs, and proteins. Photothermal imaging employs LSPR nanoparticles as contrast agents that convert light to heat, producing thermal images that highlight cancerous tissues. Photoacoustic imaging detects ultrasonic waves generated by LSPR nanoparticle photothermal expansion for deep-tissue imaging. The multiplexing capabilities of LSPR techniques and integration with microfluidics and point-of-care devices are reviewed. Remaining challenges, such as toxicity, standardization, and clinical sample analysis, are examined. Overall, LSPR nanotechnology shows tremendous potential for advancing cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring through the integration of nanoparticle engineering, optical techniques, and microscale device platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (F.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China;
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou 325015, China;
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (F.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shichao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (F.C.); (S.Z.)
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3
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Shirvalilou S, Tavangari Z, Parsaei MH, Sargazi S, Sheervalilou R, Shirvaliloo M, Ghaznavi H, Khoei S. The future opportunities and remaining challenges in the application of nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia combined with chemo-radiotherapy in cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1922. [PMID: 37778031 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A pivotal cause of death in the modern world, cancer is an insidious pathology that should be diagnosed at an early stage for successful treatment. Development of therapeutic interventions with minimal invasiveness and high efficacy that can discriminate between tumor and normal cells is of particular interest to the clinical science, as they can enhance patient survival. Nanoparticles are an invaluable asset that can be adopted for development of such diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, since they come in very small sizes with modifiable surface, are highly safe and stable, and can be synthesized in a controlled fashion. To date, different nanoparticles have been incorporated into numerous modalities such as tumor-targeted therapy, thermal therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. This review article seeks to deliver a brief account of recent advances in research and application of nanoparticles in hyperthermia-based cancer therapies. The most recent investigations are summarized to highlight the latest advances in the development of combined thermo-chemo-radiotherapy, along with the challenges associated with the application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Shirvalilou
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahed Tavangari
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Parsaei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Ghaznavi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Samideh Khoei
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Li Y, Zou H, Zheng Z, Liu Z, Hu H, Wu W, Wang T. Advances in the Study of Bioactive Nanoparticles for the Treatment of HCC and Its Postoperative Residual Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2721-2735. [PMID: 37250475 PMCID: PMC10216871 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s399146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma) is the third leading cause of tumor death in the world and the second leading cause in China. The high recurrence rate at 5 years after surgery also seriously affects the long-term survival of HCC patients. For reasons such as poor liver function, large tumors, or vascular invasion, only relatively limited palliative treatment is available. Therefore, effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the complex microenvironment and block the mechanism of tumor development in order to treat the tumor and prevent recurrence. A variety of bioactive nanoparticles have been shown to have therapeutic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma and have the advantages of improving drug solubility, reducing drug side effects, preventing degradation in the blood, increasing drug exposure time, and reducing drug resistance. The development of bioactive nanoparticles is expected to complete the current clinical therapeutic approach. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic advances of different nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma and discuss their potential for postoperative applications with respect to possible mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. We further discuss the limitations regarding the application of NPs and the safety of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxu Li
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zou
- Dalian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zekun Zheng
- Dalian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoheng Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Hu
- Dalian Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Chen L, Hong W, Duan S, Li Y, Wang J, Zhu J. Graphene quantum dots mediated magnetic chitosan drug delivery nanosystems for targeting synergistic photothermal-chemotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:281-293. [PMID: 35323086 PMCID: PMC8959518 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2054249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional clinical monotherapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have numerous limitations. Integrated oncology approaches can improve cancer treatment efficacy, and photothermal-chemotherapy drug delivery nanosystems (DDS) based on nanotechnology and biotechnology have piqued the interest of researchers. This study developed an aptamer-modified graphene quantum dots (GQDs)/magnetic chitosan DDS for photothermal-chemotherapy of HCC. The HCC aptamer and the EPR effect of nanoparticles, in particular, enable active and passive targeting of DDS to HCC. GQDs functioned as photosensitizers, effectively moderating photothermal therapy and inhibiting drug release during blood circulation. Magnetic chitosan demonstrated excellent drug encapsulation, acid sensitivity, and tumor imaging capabilities. Proper assembly of the units mentioned above enables precise combined therapy of HCC. This study indicates that DDS can significantly inhibit tumor growth while also extending the survival duration of tumor-bearing mice. The DDS (DOX-Fe3O4@CGA) shows strong synergistic tumor treatment potential, allowing for the exploration and development of novel HCC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated Chun'an Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhong Hong
- Clinical laboratory of Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated Chun'an Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Siliang Duan
- The department of Immunology, Medical College, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Clinical laboratory of Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated Chun'an Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Clinical laboratory of Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated Chun'an Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianmeng Zhu
- Clinical laboratory of Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated Chun'an Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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6
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Mesoporous Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer in the Era of Precise Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091760. [PMID: 36145508 PMCID: PMC9500788 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the seventh-most-common cancer worldwide and the fourth-leading cause of cancer mortality. In the current era of precision medicine, the diagnosis and management of liver cancer are full of challenges and prospects. Mesoporous nanoparticles are often designed as specific carriers of drugs and imaging agents because of their special morphology and physical and chemical properties. In recent years, the design of the elemental composition and morphology of mesoporous nanoparticles have greatly improved their drug-loading efficiency, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Especially in the field of primary liver cancer, mesoporous nanoparticles have been modified as highly tumor-specific imaging contrast agents and targeting therapeutic medicine. Various generations of complexes and structures have been determined for the complicated clinical management requirements. In this review, we summarize these advanced mesoporous designs in the different diagnostic and therapeutic fields of liver cancer and discuss the relevant advantages and disadvantages of transforming applications. By comparing the material properties, drug-delivery characteristics and application methods of different kinds of mesoporous materials in liver cancer, we try to help determine the most suitable drug carriers and information media for future clinical trials. We hope to improve the fabrication of biomedical mesoporous nanoparticles and provide direct evidence for specific cancer management.
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7
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Sargazi S, Laraib U, Barani M, Rahdar A, Fatima I, Bilal M, Pandey S, Sharma RK, Kyzas GZ. Recent trends in mesoporous silica nanoparticles of rode-like morphology for cancer theranostics: A review. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Influence of Critical Parameters on Cytotoxicity Induced by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122016. [PMID: 35745355 PMCID: PMC9228019 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) have received increasing attention in biomedical applications due to their tuneable pore size, surface area, size, surface chemistry, and thermal stability. The biocompatibility of MSNs, although generally believed to be satisfactory, is unclear. Physicochemical properties of MSNs, such as diameter size, morphology, and surface charge, control their biological interactions and toxicity. Experimental conditions also play an essential role in influencing toxicological results. Therefore, the present study includes studies from the last five years to statistically analyse the effect of various physicochemical features on MSN-induced in-vitro cytotoxicity profiles. Due to non-normally distributed data and the presence of outliers, a Kruskal–Wallis H test was conducted on different physicochemical characteristics, including diameter sizes, zeta-potential measurements, and functionalisation of MSNs, based on the viability results, and statistical differences were obtained. Subsequently, pairwise comparisons were performed using Dunn’s procedure with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Other experimental parameters, such as type of cell line used, cell viability measurement assay, and incubation time, were also explored and analysed for statistically significant results.
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9
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Nayl AA, Abd-Elhamid AI, Aly AA, Bräse S. Recent progress in the applications of silica-based nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13706-13726. [PMID: 35530394 PMCID: PMC9073631 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have attracted great attention due to their promising distinctive, versatile, and privileged physiochemical characteristics. These enhanced properties make this type of functionalized nanoparticles particularly appropriate for different applications. A lack of reviews that summarizes the fabrications of such nanomaterials and their different applications in the same work has been observed in the literature. Therefore, in this work, we will discuss the recent signs of progress in the fabrication of functionalized silica nanoparticles and their attractive applications that have been extensively highlighted (advanced catalysis, drug-delivery, biomedical applications, environmental remediation applications, and wastewater treatment). These applications have been selected for demonstrating the role of the surface modification step on the various properties of the silica surface. In addition, the current challenges in the applications of functionalized silica nanoparticles and corresponding strategies to discuss these issues and future perspectives for additional improvement have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Nayl
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University Sakaka Aljouf 72341 Saudi Arabia
| | - A I Abd-Elhamid
- Composites and Nanostructured Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City) New Borg Al-Arab Alexandria 21934 Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Aly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Organic Division, Minia University 61519-El-Minia Egypt
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76133 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Director Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen D-76344 Germany
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10
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Nanomaterials-based hyperthermia: A literature review from concept to applications in chemistry and biomedicine. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Wu H, Xu XF, Zhu JQ, Wang MD, Li C, Liang L, Xing H, Wu MC, Shen F, Huang DS, Yang T. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Potential Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:695635. [PMID: 34692650 PMCID: PMC8531639 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.695635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, which lacks effective inhibition of progression and metastasis in the advanced clinical stage. Mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)–based cytotoxic or immunoregulatory drug–loading strategies have attracted widespread attention in the recent years. As a representative of mesoporous biomaterials, MSNs have good biological characteristics and immune activation potential and can cooperate with adjuvants against HCC. This review summarizes the possible future development of the field from the perspective of tumor immunity and aims to stimulate the exploration of the immune mechanism of MSN-based therapy. Through this point of view, we hope to develop new clinical immune drugs that can be applied to HCC clinical management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Minimal Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Fei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Minimal Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Da Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Minimal Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Chao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Minimal Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
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12
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Mintz KJ, Leblanc RM. The use of nanotechnology to combat liver cancer: Progress and perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188621. [PMID: 34454983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is also one of the most difficult cancers to treat, resulting in almost one million deaths per year, and the danger of this cancer is compounded when the tumor is nonresectable. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and has the third highest mortality rate worldwide. Considering the morbid statistics surrounding this cancer it is a popular research topic to target for better therapy practices. This review summarizes the role of nanotechnology in these endeavors. Nanoparticles (NPs) are a very broad class of material and many different kinds have been used to potentially combat liver cancer. Gold, silver, platinum, metal oxide, calcium, and selenium NPs as well as less common materials are all inorganic NPs that have been used as a therapeutic, carrier, or imaging agent in drug delivery systems (DDS) and these efforts are described. Carbon-based NPs, including polymeric, polysaccharide, and lipid NPs as well as carbon dots, have also been widely studied for this purpose and the role they play in DDS for the treatment of liver cancer is illustrated in this review. The multifunctional nature of many NPs described herein, allows these systems to display high anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo and highlights the advantage of and need for combinatorial therapy in treating this difficult cancer. These works are summarized, and future directions are presented for this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan J Mintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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13
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Lai H, Zhong L, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Qian Z. Progress in Application of Nanotechnology in Sorafenib. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:529-557. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway is closely related to tumor development, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are important targets for potential anticancer strategies. In particular, sorafenib, as a representative drug of multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors, has
an important clinical status and is widely used for treating various solid tumors and diabetic complications. However, poor aqueous solubility of sorafenib, poor bioavailability of commonly used oral dose forms, poor accumulation at tumor sites, and severe off-target effects that tend to induce
intolerable systemic side effects in patients have greatly reduced its therapeutic efficiency and limited its extensive clinical application. To improve the properties of sorafenib, increase the efficiency of clinical treatment, and overcome the increasingly prominent phenomenon of sorafenib
resistance, multiple investigations have been conducted. Numerous studies have reported that the properties of nanomaterials, such as small particle size, large specific surface area, high surface activity and high adsorption capacity, make nanotechnology promising for the construction of
ideal sorafenib nanodelivery systems to achieve timed and targeted delivery of sorafenib to tumors, prolong the blood circulation time of the drug, improve the utilization efficiency of the drug and reduce systemic toxic side effects. This review summarizes the progress of research applications
in nanotechnology related to sorafenib, discusses the current problems, and expresses expectations for the prospect of clinical applications of sorafenib with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Lai
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting
Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting
Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting
Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting
Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting
Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
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Kong FH, Ye QF, Miao XY, Liu X, Huang SQ, Xiong L, Wen Y, Zhang ZJ. Current status of sorafenib nanoparticle delivery systems in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5464-5490. [PMID: 33859758 PMCID: PMC8039945 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Advanced HCC displays strong resistance to chemotherapy, and traditional chemotherapy drugs do not achieve satisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Sorafenib is an oral kinase inhibitor that inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis and induces cancer cell apoptosis. It also improves the survival rates of patients with advanced liver cancer. However, due to its poor solubility, fast metabolism, and low bioavailability, clinical applications of sorafenib have been substantially restricted. In recent years, various studies have been conducted on the use of nanoparticles to improve drug targeting and therapeutic efficacy in HCC. Moreover, nanoparticles have been extensively explored to improve the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib, and a variety of nanoparticles, such as polymer, lipid, silica, and metal nanoparticles, have been developed for treating liver cancer. All these new technologies have improved the targeted treatment of HCC by sorafenib and promoted nanomedicines as treatments for HCC. This review provides an overview of hot topics in tumor nanoscience and the latest status of treatments for HCC. It further introduces the current research status of nanoparticle drug delivery systems for treatment of HCC with sorafenib.
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Synergic effects of nanoparticles-mediated hyperthermia in radiotherapy/chemotherapy of cancer. Life Sci 2021; 269:119020. [PMID: 33450258 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The conventional cancer treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy suffer from several limitations; hence, their efficiency needs to be improved with other complementary modalities. Hyperthermia, as an adjuvant therapeutic modality for cancer, can result in a synergistic effect on radiotherapy (radiosensitizer) and chemotherapy (chemosensitizer). Conventional hyperthermia methods affect both tumoral and healthy tissues and have low specificity. In addition, a temperature gradient generates in the tissues situated along the path of the heat source, which is a more serious for deep-seated tumors. Nanoparticles (NPs)-induced hyperthermia can resolve these drawbacks through localization around/within tumoral tissue and generating local hyperthermia. Although there are several review articles dealing with NPs-induced hyperthermia, lack of a paper discussing the combination of NPs-induced hyperthermia with the conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy is tangible. Accordingly, the main focus of the current paper is to summarize the principles of NPs-induced hyperthermia and more importantly its synergic effects on the conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The heat-producing nanostructures such as gold NPs, iron oxide NPs, and carbon NPs, as well as the non-heat-producing nanostructures, such as lipid-based, polymeric, and silica-based NPs, as the carrier for heat-producing NPs, are discussed and their pros and cons highlighted.
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Gerosa C, Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Saba L, Cappai R, Cau F, Faa G, Van Eyken P, Scartozzi M, Floris G, Fanni D. Gold Nanoparticles: A New Golden Era in Oncology? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E192. [PMID: 32806755 PMCID: PMC7464886 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the spectrum of possible applications of gold in diagnostics and therapeutic approaches in clinical practice has changed significantly, becoming surprisingly broad. Nowadays, gold-based therapeutic agents are used in the therapy of multiple human diseases, ranging from degenerative to infectious diseases and, in particular, to cancer. At the basis of these performances of gold, there is the development of new gold-based nanoparticles, characterized by a promising risk/benefit ratio that favors their introduction in clinical trials. Gold nanoparticles appear as attractive elements in nanomedicine, a branch of modern clinical medicine, which combines high selectivity in targeting tumor cells and low toxicity. Thanks to these peculiar characteristics, gold nanoparticles appear as the starting point for the development of new gold-based therapeutic strategies in oncology. Here, the new gold-based therapeutic agents developed in recent years are described, with particular emphasis on the possible applications in clinical practice as anticancer agents, with the aim that their application will give rise to a new golden age in oncology and a breakthrough in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gerosa
- UOC Anatomia Patologica, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (C.G.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Guido Crisponi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (V.M.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Valeria Marina Nurchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (V.M.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Luca Saba
- UOC Radiologia, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Rosita Cappai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (V.M.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Flaviana Cau
- UOC Anatomia Patologica, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (C.G.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Gavino Faa
- UOC Anatomia Patologica, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (C.G.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Peter Van Eyken
- Department of Pathology, Genk Regional Ziekenhuis, 3600 Genk, Belgium;
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- UOC Oncologia Medica, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Pathologische Ontleedkunde K.U. Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Daniela Fanni
- UOC Anatomia Patologica, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (C.G.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
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Alyassin Y, Sayed EG, Mehta P, Ruparelia K, Arshad MS, Rasekh M, Shepherd J, Kucuk I, Wilson PB, Singh N, Chang MW, Fatouros DG, Ahmad Z. Application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers for chemotherapeutic agents. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1513-1520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Yougbaré S, Mutalik C, Krisnawati DI, Kristanto H, Jazidie A, Nuh M, Cheng TM, Kuo TR. Nanomaterials for the Photothermal Killing of Bacteria. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1123. [PMID: 32517253 PMCID: PMC7353317 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An upsurge in the multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pestilence is a global cause for concern in terms of human health. Lately, nanomaterials with photothermal effects have assisted in the efficient killing of MDR bacteria, attributable to their uncommon plasmonic, photocatalytic, and structural properties. Examinations of substantial amounts of photothermally enabled nanomaterials have shown bactericidal effects in an optimized time under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. In this review, we have compiled recent advances in photothermally enabled nanomaterials for antibacterial activities and their mechanisms. Photothermally enabled nanomaterials are classified into three groups, including metal-, carbon-, and polymer-based nanomaterials. Based on substantial accomplishments with photothermally enabled nanomaterials, we have inferred current trends and their prospective clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibidou Yougbaré
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.Y.); (C.M.)
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS-DRCO)/Nanoro, 03 B.P 7192, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Chinmaya Mutalik
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.Y.); (C.M.)
| | - Dyah Ika Krisnawati
- Dharma Husada Nursing Academy, Kediri, East Java 64114, Indonesia; (D.I.K.); or (H.K.)
| | - Heny Kristanto
- Dharma Husada Nursing Academy, Kediri, East Java 64114, Indonesia; (D.I.K.); or (H.K.)
| | - Achmad Jazidie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia;
- Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Nuh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia; or
| | - Tsai-Mu Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Rong Kuo
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.Y.); (C.M.)
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Yang H, Liu HS, Hou W, Gao JX, Duan Y, Wei D, Gong XQ, Wang HJ, Wu XL, Chang J. An NIR-responsive mesoporous silica nanosystem for synergetic photothermal-immunoenhancement therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mater Chem B 2019; 8:251-259. [PMID: 31799596 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01891c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To create a more precise, efficient imaging and therapeutic strategy is a big challenge for the current treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted enormous attention due to its non-invasive property and precise spatial and temporal control. Here, we developed a strategy to realize superior imaging performance and treatment, utilizing an indocyanine green (ICG) and sorafenib (S) co-loaded mesoporous silica nanosystem for synergetic PTT/immuno-enhanced therapy. We proved that (ICG+S)@mSiO2 could be easily endocytosed by H22 cells, carried out outstanding real-time fluorescence imaging, and enhanced cytotoxicity abilities by near-infrared radiation (NIR) in vitro. Moreover, (ICG+S)@mSiO2 also had excellent fluorescence imaging ability, displayed a remarkable photothermal tumor killing effect and immune enhancement capability under 808 nm irradiation in an H22 tumor-bearing mice model, without apparent adverse effects in other organs. This study provides a new strategy for the development of a PTT/immuno-enhanced synergistic theranostic nanosystem of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Sheng Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine (Tianjin First Central Hospital), Yashi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wen Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine (Tianjin First Central Hospital), Yashi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Xiao Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Daohe Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Qun Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Han-Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Li Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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20
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Raju GSR, Dariya B, Mungamuri SK, Chalikonda G, Kang SM, Khan IN, Sushma PS, Nagaraju GP, Pavitra E, Han YK. Nanomaterials multifunctional behavior for enlightened cancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:178-189. [PMID: 31419527 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is an outrageous disease with uncontrolled differentiation, growth, and migration to the other parts of the body. It is the second-most common cause of death both in the U.S. and worldwide. Current conventional therapies, though much improved and with better prognosis, have several limitations. Chemotherapeutic agents, for instance, are cytotoxic to both tumor and healthy cells, and the non-specific distribution of drugs at tumor sites limits the dose administered. Nanotechnology, which evolved from the coalescence and union of varied scientific disciplines, is a novel science that has been the focus of much research. This technology is generating more effective cancer therapies to overcome biomedical and biophysical barriers against standard interventions in the body; its unique magnetic, electrical, and structural properties make it a promising tool. This article reviews endogenous- and exogenous-based stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems designed to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies. The article also summarizes the study of nanomaterials, including polymeric, gold, silver, magnetic, and quantum dot nanoparticles. Though an array of drug delivery systems has so far been proposed, there remain many challenges and concerns that should be addressed in order to fill the gaps in the field. Prominence is given to drug delivery systems that employ external- and internal-based stimuli and that are emerging as promising tools for cancer therapeutics in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Begum Dariya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Mungamuri
- Ramanujan Fellow, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrtion, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Gayathri Chalikonda
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ishaq N Khan
- Neurooncology & Oncomedicine Research Group, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25100, Pakistan
| | - Pinninti Santosh Sushma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520 008, India
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eluri Pavitra
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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