1
|
Mangalam M, Kelty-Stephen DG. Multifractal perturbations to multiplicative cascades promote multifractal nonlinearity with asymmetric spectra. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:064212. [PMID: 39020880 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.064212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Biological and psychological processes have been conceptualized as emerging from intricate multiplicative interactions among component processes across various spatial and temporal scales. Among the statistical models employed to approximate these intricate nonlinear interactions across scales, one prominent framework is that of cascades. Despite decades of empirical work using multifractal formalisms, several fundamental questions persist concerning the proper interpretations of multifractal evidence of nonlinear cross-scale interactivity. Does multifractal spectrum width depend on multiplicative interactions, constituent noise processes participating in those interactions, or both? We conducted numerical simulations of cascade time series featuring component noise processes characterizing a range of nonlinear temporal correlations: nonlinearly multifractal, linearly multifractal (obtained via the iterative amplitude adjusted wavelet transform of nonlinearly multifractal), phase-randomized linearity (obtained via the iterative amplitude adjustment Fourier transform of nonlinearly multifractal), and phase and amplitude randomized (obtained via shuffling of nonlinearly multifractal). Our findings show that the multiplicative interactions coordinate with the nonlinear temporal correlations of noise components to dictate emergent multifractal properties. Multiplicative cascades with stronger nonlinear temporal correlations make multifractal spectra more asymmetric with wider left sides. However, when considering multifractal spectral differences between the original and surrogate time series, even multiplicative cascades produce multifractality greater than in surrogate time series, even with linearized multifractal noise components. In contrast, additivity among component processes leads to a linear outcome. These findings provide a robust framework for generating multifractal expectations for biological and psychological models in which cascade dynamics flow from one part of an organism to another.
Collapse
|
2
|
Biesaga M, Nowak A. The role of the working memory storage component in a random-like series generation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296731. [PMID: 38241285 PMCID: PMC10798477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
People are not equipped with an internal random series generator. When asked to produce a random series they simply try to reproduce an output of known random process. However, this endeavor is very often limited by their working memory capacity. Here, we investigate the model of random-like series generation that accounts for the involvement of storage and processing components of working memory. In two studies, we used a modern, robust measure of randomness to assess human-generated series. In Study 1, in the experimental design with the visibility of the last generated elements as a between-subjects variable, we tested whether decreasing cognitive load on working memory would mitigate the decay in the level of randomness of the generated series. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between randomness judgment and algorithmic complexity of human-generated series. Results showed that when people did not have to solely rely on their working memory storage component to maintain active past choices they were able to prolongate their high-quality performance. Moreover, people who were able to better distinguish more complex patterns at the same time generated more random series. In Study 2, in the correlational design, we examined the relationship between working memory capacity and the ability to produce random-like series. Results revealed that individuals with longer working memory capacity also were to produce more complex series. These findings highlight the importance of working memory in generating random-like series and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of this cognitive process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Biesaga
- Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Nowak
- Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wiles TM, Mangalam M, Sommerfeld JH, Kim SK, Brink KJ, Charles AE, Grunkemeyer A, Kalaitzi Manifrenti M, Mastorakis S, Stergiou N, Likens AD. NONAN GaitPrint: An IMU gait database of healthy young adults. Sci Data 2023; 10:867. [PMID: 38052819 PMCID: PMC10698035 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An ongoing thrust of research focused on human gait pertains to identifying individuals based on gait patterns. However, no existing gait database supports modeling efforts to assess gait patterns unique to individuals. Hence, we introduce the Nonlinear Analysis Core (NONAN) GaitPrint database containing whole body kinematics and foot placement during self-paced overground walking on a 200-meter looping indoor track. Noraxon Ultium MotionTM inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors sampled the motion of 35 healthy young adults (19-35 years old; 18 men and 17 women; mean ± 1 s.d. age: 24.6 ± 2.7 years; height: 1.73 ± 0.78 m; body mass: 72.44 ± 15.04 kg) over 18 4-min trials across two days. Continuous variables include acceleration, velocity, position, and the acceleration, velocity, position, orientation, and rotational velocity of each corresponding body segment, and the angle of each respective joint. The discrete variables include an exhaustive set of gait parameters derived from the spatiotemporal dynamics of foot placement. We technically validate our data using continuous relative phase, Lyapunov exponent, and Hurst exponent-nonlinear metrics quantifying different aspects of healthy human gait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Wiles
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Madhur Mangalam
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Joel H Sommerfeld
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Seung Kyeom Kim
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Kolby J Brink
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Anaelle Emeline Charles
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Alli Grunkemeyer
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Marilena Kalaitzi Manifrenti
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Spyridon Mastorakis
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aaron D Likens
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blodgett JM, Ahmadi M, Stamatakis E, Rockwood K, Hamer M. Fractal complexity of daily physical activity and cognitive function in a midlife cohort. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20340. [PMID: 37990028 PMCID: PMC10663528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High stability of fluctuation in physiological patterns across fixed time periods suggest healthy fractal complexity, while greater randomness in fluctuation patterns may indicate underlying disease processes. The importance of fractal stability in mid-life remains unexplored. We quantified fractal regulation patterns in 24-h accelerometer data and examined associations with cognitive function in midlife. Data from 5097 individuals (aged 46) from the 1970 British Cohort Study were analyzed. Participants wore thigh-mounted accelerometers for seven days and completed cognitive tests (verbal fluency, memory, processing speed; derived composite z-score). Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was used to examine temporal correlations of acceleration magnitude across 25 time scales (range: 1 min-10 h). Linear regression examined associations between DFA scaling exponents (DFAe) and each standardised cognitive outcome. DFAe was normally distributed (mean ± SD: 0.90 ± 0.06; range: 0.72-1.25). In males, a 0.10 increase in DFAe was associated with a 0.30 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.14, 0.47) increase in composite cognitive z-score in unadjusted models; associations were strongest for verbal fluency (0.10 [0.04, 0.16]). Associations remained in fully-adjusted models for verbal fluency only (0.06 [0.00, 0.12]). There was no association between DFA and cognition in females. Greater fractal stability in men was associated with better cognitive function. This could indicate mechanisms through which fractal complexity may scale up to and contribute to cognitive clinical endpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Blodgett
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Matthew Ahmadi
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Mackenzie Wearables Research Hub, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Mackenzie Wearables Research Hub, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenneth Rockwood
- Geriatric Medicine Research, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mark Hamer
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meyer T, Kim AD, Spivey M, Yoshimi J. Mouse tracking performance: A new approach to analyzing continuous mouse tracking data. Behav Res Methods 2023:10.3758/s13428-023-02210-5. [PMID: 37726639 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Mouse tracking is an important source of data in cognitive science. Most contemporary mouse tracking studies use binary-choice tasks and analyze the curvature or velocity of an individual mouse movement during an experimental trial as participants select from one of the two options. However, there are many types of mouse tracking data available beyond what is produced in a binary-choice task, including naturalistic data from web users. In order to utilize these data, cognitive scientists need tools that are robust to the lack of trial-by-trial structure in most normal computer tasks. We use singular value decomposition (SVD) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) to analyze whole time series of unstructured mouse movement data. We also introduce a new technique for describing two-dimensional mouse traces as complex-valued time series, which allows SVD and DFA to be applied in a straightforward way without losing important spatial information. We find that there is useful information at the level of whole time series, and we use this information to predict performance in an online task. We also discuss how the implications of these results can advance the use of mouse tracking research in cognitive science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Meyer
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Arnold D Kim
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Michael Spivey
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Yoshimi
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gernigon C, Den Hartigh RJR, Vallacher RR, van Geert PLC. How the Complexity of Psychological Processes Reframes the Issue of Reproducibility in Psychological Science. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023:17456916231187324. [PMID: 37578080 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231187324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, various recommendations have been published to enhance the methodological rigor and publication standards in psychological science. However, adhering to these recommendations may have limited impact on the reproducibility of causal effects as long as psychological phenomena continue to be viewed as decomposable into separate and additive statistical structures of causal relationships. In this article, we show that (a) psychological phenomena are patterns emerging from nondecomposable and nonisolable complex processes that obey idiosyncratic nonlinear dynamics, (b) these processual features jeopardize the chances of standard reproducibility of statistical results, and (c) these features call on researchers to reconsider what can and should be reproduced, that is, the psychological processes per se, and the signatures of their complexity and dynamics. Accordingly, we argue for a greater consideration of process causality of psychological phenomena reflected by key properties of complex dynamical systems (CDSs). This implies developing and testing formal models of psychological dynamics, which can be implemented by computer simulation. The scope of the CDS paradigm and its convergences with other paradigms are discussed regarding the reproducibility issue. Ironically, the CDS approach could account for both reproducibility and nonreproducibility of the statistical effects usually sought in mainstream psychological science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gernigon
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier & IMT Mines Alès
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kelty-Stephen DG, Lane E, Bloomfield L, Mangalam M. Multifractal test for nonlinearity of interactions across scales in time series. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:2249-2282. [PMID: 35854196 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The creativity and emergence of biological and psychological behavior tend to be nonlinear, and correspondingly, biological and psychological measures contain degrees of irregularity. The linear model might fail to reduce these measurements to a sum of independent random factors (yielding a stable mean for the measurement), implying nonlinear changes over time. The present work reviews some of the concepts implicated in nonlinear changes over time and details the mathematical steps involved in their identification. It introduces multifractality as a mathematical framework helpful in determining whether and to what degree the measured series exhibits nonlinear changes over time. These mathematical steps include multifractal analysis and surrogate data production for resolving when multifractality entails nonlinear changes over time. Ultimately, when measurements fail to fit the structures of the traditional linear model, multifractal modeling allows for making those nonlinear excursions explicit, that is, to come up with a quantitative estimate of how strongly events may interact across timescales. This estimate may serve some interests as merely a potentially statistically significant indicator of independence failing to hold, but we suspect that this estimate might serve more generally as a predictor of perceptuomotor or cognitive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spivey MJ. Cognitive Science Progresses Toward Interactive Frameworks. Top Cogn Sci 2023; 15:219-254. [PMID: 36949655 PMCID: PMC10123086 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite its many twists and turns, the arc of cognitive science generally bends toward progress, thanks to its interdisciplinary nature. By glancing at the last few decades of experimental and computational advances, it can be argued that-far from failing to converge on a shared set of conceptual assumptions-the field is indeed making steady consensual progress toward what can broadly be referred to as interactive frameworks. This inclination is apparent in the subfields of psycholinguistics, visual perception, embodied cognition, extended cognition, neural networks, dynamical systems theory, and more. This pictorial essay briefly documents this steady progress both from a bird's eye view and from the trenches. The conclusion is one of optimism that cognitive science is getting there, albeit slowly and arduously, like any good science should.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Spivey
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Perquin MN, van Vugt MK, Hedge C, Bompas A. Temporal Structure in Sensorimotor Variability: A Stable Trait, But What For? COMPUTATIONAL BRAIN & BEHAVIOR 2023; 6:1-38. [PMID: 36618326 PMCID: PMC9810256 DOI: 10.1007/s42113-022-00162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human performance shows substantial endogenous variability over time, and this variability is a robust marker of individual differences. Of growing interest to psychologists is the realisation that variability is not fully random, but often exhibits temporal dependencies. However, their measurement and interpretation come with several controversies. Furthermore, their potential benefit for studying individual differences in healthy and clinical populations remains unclear. Here, we gather new and archival datasets featuring 11 sensorimotor and cognitive tasks across 526 participants, to examine individual differences in temporal structures. We first investigate intra-individual repeatability of the most common measures of temporal structures - to test their potential for capturing stable individual differences. Secondly, we examine inter-individual differences in these measures using: (1) task performance assessed from the same data, (2) meta-cognitive ratings of on-taskness from thought probes occasionally presented throughout the task, and (3) self-assessed attention-deficit related traits. Across all datasets, autocorrelation at lag 1 and Power Spectra Density slope showed high intra-individual repeatability across sessions and correlated with task performance. The Detrended Fluctuation Analysis slope showed the same pattern, but less reliably. The long-term component (d) of the ARFIMA(1,d,1) model showed poor repeatability and no correlation to performance. Overall, these measures failed to show external validity when correlated with either mean subjective attentional state or self-assessed traits between participants. Thus, some measures of serial dependencies may be stable individual traits, but their usefulness in capturing individual differences in other constructs typically associated with variability in performance seems limited. We conclude with comprehensive recommendations for researchers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42113-022-00162-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlou Nadine Perquin
- Biopsychology & Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marieke K. van Vugt
- Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Craig Hedge
- School of Psychology, College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston, UK
| | - Aline Bompas
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tomashin A, Leonardi G, Wallot S. Four Methods to Distinguish between Fractal Dimensions in Time Series through Recurrence Quantification Analysis. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1314. [PMID: 36141200 PMCID: PMC9498220 DOI: 10.3390/e24091314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fractal properties in time series of human behavior and physiology are quite ubiquitous, and several methods to capture such properties have been proposed in the past decades. Fractal properties are marked by similarities in statistical characteristics over time and space, and it has been suggested that such properties can be well-captured through recurrence quantification analysis. However, no methods to capture fractal fluctuations by means of recurrence-based methods have been developed yet. The present paper takes this suggestion as a point of departure to propose and test several approaches to quantifying fractal fluctuations in synthetic and empirical time-series data using recurrence-based analysis. We show that such measures can be extracted based on recurrence plots, and contrast the different approaches in terms of their accuracy and range of applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Tomashin
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Giuseppe Leonardi
- Institute of Psychology, University of Economics and Human Sciences, 01-043 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Wallot
- Institute for Sustainability Education and Psychology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
- Department of Language and Literature, Max Planck Institute of Empirical Aesthetics, 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mangalam M, Kelty-Stephen DG. Ergodic descriptors of non-ergodic stochastic processes. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220095. [PMID: 35414215 PMCID: PMC9006033 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The stochastic processes underlying the growth and stability of biological and psychological systems reveal themselves when far-from-equilibrium. Far-from-equilibrium, non-ergodicity reigns. Non-ergodicity implies that the average outcome for a group/ensemble (i.e. of representative organisms/minds) is not necessarily a reliable estimate of the average outcome for an individual over time. However, the scientific interest in causal inference suggests that we somehow aim at stable estimates of the cause that will generalize to new individuals in the long run. Therefore, the valid analysis must extract an ergodic stationary measure from fluctuating physiological data. So the challenge is to extract statistical estimates that may describe or quantify some of this non-ergodicity (i.e. of the raw measured data) without themselves (i.e. the estimates) being non-ergodic. We show that traditional linear statistics such as the standard deviation, coefficient of variation and root mean square can break ergodicity. Time series of statistics addressing sequential structure and its potential nonlinearity: fractality and multi-fractality, change in a time-independent way and fulfil the ergodic assumption. Complementing traditional linear indices with fractal and multi-fractal indices would empower the study of stochastic far-from-equilibrium biological and psychological dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Biesaga M, Talaga S, Nowak A. The Effect of Context and Individual Differences in Human-Generated Randomness. Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e13072. [PMID: 34913501 PMCID: PMC9285827 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many psychological studies have shown that human-generated sequences are hardly ever random in the strict mathematical sense. However, what remains an open question is the degree to which this (in)ability varies between people and is affected by contextual factors. Herein, we investigated this problem. In two studies, we used a modern, robust measure of randomness based on algorithmic information theory to assess human-generated series. In Study 1 ( N = 183 ), in a factorial design with task description as a between-subjects variable, we tested the effects of context and mental fatigue on human-generated randomness. In Study 2 ( N = 266 ), in online research, in experimental design, we further investigated the effect of mental fatigue on the randomness of human-generated series and the relationship between the need for cognition (NFC) and the ability to produce random-like series. Results of Study 1 show that the activation of the ability to produce random-like series depends on the relevance of the contextual cues ( χ 2 ( 2 ) = 7.9828 , p = . 0192 ), whether they activate known representations of a random series generator and consequently help to avoid the production of trivial sequences. Our findings from both studies on the effect of mental fatigue (Study 1 - t ( 47 , 529.5568 ) = - 18.62 , p < . 001 ; Study 2 - F ( e d f = 3.587 , R e f . d f = 3.587 ) = 11.863 , p < . 0001 ) and cognitive motivation ( t ( 180 ) = 2.66 , p = . 009 ) demonstrate that regardless of the context or task's novelty people quickly lose interest in the random series generation. Therefore, their performance decreases over time. However, people high in the NFC can maintain the cognitive motivation for a longer period and consequently on average generate more random series. In general, our results suggest that when contextual cues and intrinsic constraints are in optimal interaction people can temporarily escape the structured and trivial patterns and produce more random-like sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Biesaga
- Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw
| | - Szymon Talaga
- Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw
| | - Andrzej Nowak
- Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw.,Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Berardi V, Pincus D, Walker E, Adams MA. Burstiness and Stochasticity in the Malleability of Physical Activity. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 43:387-398. [PMID: 34504039 PMCID: PMC9792373 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether patterns of self-organization in physical activity (PA) predicted long-term success in a yearlong PA intervention. Increased moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was targeted in insufficiently active adults (N = 512) via goal setting and financial reinforcement. The degree to which inverse power law distributions, which are reflective of self-organization, summarized (a) daily MVPA and (b) time elapsed between meeting daily goals (goal attainment interresponse times) was calculated. Goal attainment interresponse times were also used to calculate burstiness, the degree to which meeting daily goals clustered in time. Inverse power laws accurately summarized interresponse times, but not daily MVPA. For participants with higher levels of MVPA early in the study, burstiness in reaching goals was associated with long-term resistance to intervention, while stochasticity in meeting goals predicted receptiveness to intervention. These results suggest that burstiness may measure self-organizing resistance to change, while PA stochasticity could be a precondition for behavioral malleability.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bloomfield L, Lane E, Mangalam M, Kelty-Stephen DG. Perceiving and remembering speech depend on multifractal nonlinearity in movements producing and exploring speech. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210272. [PMID: 34343455 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Speech perception and memory for speech require active engagement. Gestural theories have emphasized mainly the effect of speaker's movements on speech perception. They fail to address the effects of listener movement, focusing on communication as a boundary condition constraining movement among interlocutors. The present work attempts to break new ground by using multifractal geometry of physical movement as a common currency for supporting both sides of the speaker-listener dyads. Participants self-paced their listening to a narrative, after which they completed a test of memory querying their narrative comprehension and their ability to recognize words from the story. The multifractal evidence of nonlinear interactions across timescales predicted the fluency of speech perception. Self-pacing movements that enabled listeners to control the presentation of speech sounds constituted a rich exploratory process. The multifractal nonlinearity of this exploration supported several aspects of memory for the perceived spoken language. These findings extend the role of multifractal geometry in the speaker's movements to the narrative case of speech perception. In addition to posing novel basic research questions, these findings make a compelling case for calibrating multifractal structure in text-to-speech synthesizers for better perception and memory of speech.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Lane
- Department of Psychology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sánchez-Islas M, Toledo-Roy JC, Frank A. Criticality in a multisignal system using principal component analysis. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:042111. [PMID: 34005998 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.042111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In systems with dynamical transitions, criticality is usually defined by the behavior of suitable individual variables of the system. In the case of time series, the usual procedure involves the analysis of the statistical properties of the selected variable as a function of a control parameter in both the time and frequency domains. An interesting question, however, is how to identify criticality when multiple simultaneous signals are required to provide a reliable representation of the system, especially when the signals exhibit different dynamics and do not individually display the characteristic signs of criticality. In that situation, a technique that analyzes the collective behavior of the signals is necessary. In this work we show that the eigenvalues and eigenvectors obtained from principal components analysis (PCA) can be used as a way to identify collective criticality. To do this, we construct a multilayer Ising model comprised of coupled two-dimensional Ising lattices that have distinct critical temperatures when isolated. We apply PCA to the collection of magnetization signals for a range of global temperatures and study the resulting eigenvalues. We find that there exists a single global temperature at which the eigenvalue spectrum follows a power law, and identify this as an indicator of "multicriticality" for the system. We then apply the technique to electroencephalographic recordings of brain activity, as this is a prime example of multiple signals with distinct individual dynamics. The analysis reveals a power-law eigenspectrum, adding further evidence to the brain criticality hypothesis. We also show that the eigenvectors can be used to distinguish the recordings in the resting state from those during a cognitive task, and that there is important information contained in all eigenvectors, not just the first few dominant ones, establishing that PCA has great utility beyond dimensionality reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sánchez-Islas
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Claudio Toledo-Roy
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.,Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Frank
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.,Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.,El Colegio Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Błażejczyk P, Magdziarz M. Stochastic modeling of Lévy-like human eye movements. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:043129. [PMID: 34251266 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The standard model of visual search dynamics is Brownian motion. However, recent research in cognitive science reveals that standard diffusion processes seem not to be the appropriate models of human looking behavior. In particular, experimental results confirm that the superdiffusive Lévy-type dynamics appears in this context. In this paper, we analyze the diffusive properties of human eye movement in a language comprehension task. We propose a model that is a combination of a Markov chain with a finite number of states and a Lévy walk. Our model fits well the experimental data and allows one to investigate the properties of the visual search dynamics using numerical simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Błażejczyk
- Hugo Steinhaus Center, Faculty of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Magdziarz
- Hugo Steinhaus Center, Faculty of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aguilera M, Di Paolo EA. Critical integration in neural and cognitive systems: Beyond power-law scaling as the hallmark of soft assembly. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 123:230-237. [PMID: 33485887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by models of self-organized criticality, a family of measures quantifies long-range correlations in neural and behavioral activity in the form of self-similar (e.g., power-law scaled) patterns across a range of scales. Long-range correlations are often taken as evidence that a system is near a critical transition, suggesting interaction-dominant, softly assembled relations between its parts. Psychologists and neuroscientists frequently use power-law scaling as evidence of critical regimes and soft assembly in neural and cognitive activity. Critics, however, argue that this methodology operates at most at the level of an analogy between cognitive and other natural phenomena. This is because power-laws do not provide information about a particular system's organization or what makes it specifically cognitive. We respond to this criticism using recent work in Integrated Information Theory. We propose a more principled understanding of criticality as a system's susceptibility to changes in its own integration, a property cognitive agents are expected to manifest. We contrast critical integration with power-law measures and find the former more informative about the underlying processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Aguilera
- IAS-Research Center for Life, Mind and Society, Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain; Department of Informatics & Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK; ISAAC Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ezequiel A Di Paolo
- IAS-Research Center for Life, Mind and Society, Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Spain; Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Likens AD, Kent JA, Sloan CI, Wurdeman SR, Stergiou N. Stochastic Resonance Reduces Sway and Gait Variability in Individuals With Unilateral Transtibial Amputation: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2020; 11:573700. [PMID: 33192576 PMCID: PMC7604354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.573700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-threshold (imperceptible) vibration, applied to parts of the body, impacts how people move and perceive our world. Could this idea help someone who has lost part of their limb? Sub-threshold vibration was applied to the thigh of the affected limb of 20 people with unilateral transtibial amputation. Vibration conditions tested included two noise structures: pink and white. Center of pressure (COP) excursion (range and root-mean-square displacements) during quiet standing, and speed and spatial stride measures (mean and standard deviations of step length and width) during walking were assessed. Pink noise vibration decreased COP displacements in standing, and white noise vibration decreased sound limb step length standard deviation in walking. Sub-threshold vibration positively impacted aspects of both posture and gait; however, different noise structures had different effects. The current study represents foundational work in understanding the potential benefits of incorporating stochastic resonance as an intervention for individuals with amputation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Likens
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jenny A Kent
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Prosthetics-Orthotics Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - C Ian Sloan
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shane R Wurdeman
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Clinical and Scientific Affairs, Hanger Clinic, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Olthof M, Hasselman F, Lichtwarck-Aschoff A. Complexity in psychological self-ratings: implications for research and practice. BMC Med 2020; 18:317. [PMID: 33028317 PMCID: PMC7542948 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathology research is changing focus from group-based "disease models" to a personalized approach inspired by complex systems theories. This approach, which has already produced novel and valuable insights into the complex nature of psychopathology, often relies on repeated self-ratings of individual patients. So far, it has been unknown whether such self-ratings, the presumed observables of the individual patient as a complex system, actually display complex dynamics. We examine this basic assumption of a complex systems approach to psychopathology by testing repeated self-ratings for three markers of complexity: memory, the presence of (time-varying) short- and long-range temporal correlations; regime shifts, transitions between different dynamic regimes; and sensitive dependence on initial conditions, also known as the "butterfly effect," the divergence of initially similar trajectories. METHODS We analyzed repeated self-ratings (1476 time points) from a single patient for the three markers of complexity using Bartels rank test, (partial) autocorrelation functions, time-varying autoregression, a non-stationarity test, change point analysis, and the Sugihara-May algorithm. RESULTS Self-ratings concerning psychological states (e.g., the item "I feel down") exhibited all complexity markers: time-varying short- and long-term memory, multiple regime shifts, and sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Unexpectedly, self-ratings concerning physical sensations (e.g., the item "I am hungry") exhibited less complex dynamics and their behavior was more similar to random variables. CONCLUSIONS Psychological self-ratings display complex dynamics. The presence of complexity in repeated self-ratings means that we have to acknowledge that (1) repeated self-ratings yield a complex pattern of data and not a set of (nearly) independent data points, (2) humans are "moving targets" whose self-ratings display non-stationary change processes including regime shifts, and (3) long-term prediction of individual trajectories may be fundamentally impossible. These findings point to a limitation of popular statistical time series models whose assumptions are violated by the presence of these complexity markers. We conclude that a complex systems approach to mental health should appreciate complexity as a fundamental aspect of psychopathology research by adopting the models and methods of complexity science. Promising first steps in this direction, such as research on real-time process monitoring, short-term prediction, and just-in-time interventions, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn Olthof
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred Hasselman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pietruszka M, Olszewska M. Extracellular ionic fluxes suggest the basis for cellular life at the 1/f ridge of extended criticality. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2020; 49:239-252. [PMID: 32211933 PMCID: PMC7244616 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The criticality hypothesis states that a system may be poised in a critical state at the boundary between different types of dynamics. Previous studies have suggested that criticality has been evolutionarily selected, and examples have been found in cortical cell cultures and in the human nervous system. However, no one has yet reported a single- or multi-cell ensemble that was investigated ex vivo and found to be in the critical state. Here, the precise 1/f noise was found for pollen tube cells of optimum growth and for the physiological ("healthy") state of blood cells. We show that the multi-scale processes that arise from the so-called critical phenomena can be a fundamental property of a living cell. Our results reveal that cell life is conducted at the border between order and disorder, and that the dynamics themselves drive a system towards a critical state. Moreover, a temperature-driven re-entrant state transition, manifest in the form of a Lorentz resonance, was found in the fluctuation amplitude of the extracellular ionic fluxes for the ensemble of elongating pollen tubes of Nicotiana tabacum L. or Hyacintus orientalis L. Since this system is fine-tuned for rapid expansion to reach the ovule at a critical temperature which results in fertilisation, the core nature of criticality (long-range coherence) offers an explanation for its potential in cell growth. We suggest that the autonomous organisation of expansive growth is accomplished by self-organised criticality, which is an orchestrated instability that occurs in an evolving cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Pietruszka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Str., 40032, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Monika Olszewska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Str., 40032, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Calcagni G, Caballero-Garrido E, Pellón R. Behavior Stability and Individual Differences in Pavlovian Extended Conditioning. Front Psychol 2020; 11:612. [PMID: 32390896 PMCID: PMC7189120 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
How stable and general is behavior once maximum learning is reached? To answer this question and understand post-acquisition behavior and its related individual differences, we propose a psychological principle that naturally extends associative models of Pavlovian conditioning to a dynamical oscillatory model where subjects have a greater memory capacity than usually postulated, but with greater forecast uncertainty. This results in a greater resistance to learning in the first few sessions followed by an over-optimal response peak and a sequence of progressively damped response oscillations. We detected the first peak and trough of the new learning curve in our data, but their dispersion was too large to also check the presence of oscillations with smaller amplitude. We ran an unusually long experiment with 32 rats over 3,960 trials, where we excluded habituation and other well-known phenomena as sources of variability in the subjects' performance. Using the data of this and another Pavlovian experiment by Harris et al. (2015), as an illustration of the principle we tested the theory against the basic associative single-cue Rescorla–Wagner (RW) model. We found evidence that the RW model is the best non-linear regression to data only for a minority of the subjects, while its dynamical extension can explain the almost totality of data with strong to very strong evidence. Finally, an analysis of short-scale fluctuations of individual responses showed that they are described by random white noise, in contrast with the colored-noise findings in human performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Calcagni
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Gianluca Calcagni
| | | | - Ricardo Pellón
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mayo O, Gordon I. In and out of synchrony-Behavioral and physiological dynamics of dyadic interpersonal coordination. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13574. [PMID: 32221984 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal synchrony, the temporal coordination of actions, emotions, thoughts and physiological processes, is a widely studied ubiquitous phenomenon. Research has already established that more synchrony is not always more beneficial, especially in the fields of emotional and physiological synchrony. Despite this fact, the dominant tone in the literature is that behavioral interpersonal synchrony is a pro-social phenomenon, and hence, in social contexts, more behavioral synchrony is generally considered better. In accordance with that tone, the naturally occurring dynamics of moving in and out of synchrony have rarely been studied or considered as an adaptive state. In the present article, we aim to present a new model of interpersonal synchrony, based on the existing literature assessing synchrony as well as the ideas of complex dynamical systems. At the core of our model is the idea that two tendencies exist simultaneously, one to synchronize with others and another to move out of synchrony and act independently. We suggest that an adaptive interpersonal system is a flexible one, able to continuously adjust itself to the social context. We suggest that the concept of meta-stability might be a marker of such a flexible interpersonal system. Moreover, the model considers both behavioral and physiological aspects in order to provide a more extensive account. We present research implications of the model, as well as a demonstration of the model's applicability to data, and provide code researchers can use to analyze their own data in these methods. Finally, we discuss future directions in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oded Mayo
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ilanit Gordon
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huber SE, Sachse P, Mauracher A, Marksteiner J, Pohl W, Weiss EM, Canazei M. Assessment of Fractal Characteristics of Locomotor Activity of Geriatric In-Patients With Alzheimer's Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:272. [PMID: 31636559 PMCID: PMC6787148 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many physiological signals yield fractal characteristics, i.e., finer details at higher magnifications resemble details of the whole. Evidence has been accumulating that such fractal scaling is basically a consequence of interaction-dominant feedback mechanisms that cooperatively generate those signals. Neurodegenerative diseases provide a natural framework to evaluate this paradigm when this cooperative function declines. However, methodological issues need to be cautiously taken into account in order to be able to provide reliable as well as valid interpretations of such signal analyses. METHODS Two conceptually different fractal analyses, i.e., detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and analysis of cumulative distributions of durations (CDDs), are applied to actigraphy data of 36 geriatric in-patients diagnosed with dementia. The impact of the used time resolution for data acquisition on the assessed fractal outcome parameters is particularly investigated. Moreover, associations between these parameters and scores from the Mini-Mental-State-Examination and circadian activity parameters are explored. RESULTS Both analyses yield significant deviations from (mono-)fractal scaling over the entire considered time range. DFA provides robust measures for the observed break-down of fractal scaling. In contrast, analysis of CDDs results in measures which highly fluctuate with respect to the time resolution of the assessed data which affects also further derived quantities such as scaling exponents or associations with other (clinically relevant) assessed parameters. DISCUSSION To scrutinize actigraphic signal characteristics and especially their (deviations from) fractal scaling may be a useful tool for aiding diagnosis, characterization, and monitoring of dementia. However, results may, besides contextual aspects, also substantially depend on specific methodological choices. In order to arrive at both reliable and valid interpretations, these complications need to be carefully elaborated in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E. Huber
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Bartenbach GmbH, Aldrans, Austria
| | - Pierre Sachse
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Mauracher
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef Marksteiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy A, State Hospital Hall, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schloesser DS, Kello CT, Marmelat V. Complexity matching and coordination in individual and dyadic performance. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:258-272. [PMID: 31078945 PMCID: PMC6842078 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complexity matching is a measure of coordination based on information exchange between complex networks. To date, studies have focused mainly on interpersonal coordination, but complexity matching may generalize to interacting networks within individuals. The present study examined complexity matching in a double, coordinated Fitts' perceptual-motor task with comparable individual and dyadic conditions. Participants alternated touching targets with their left and right hands in the individual condition, or analogously with the left hand of one partner and the right hand of another in the dyadic condition. In Experiment 1, response coupling was manipulated by making targets drift either randomly or contingently based on prior responses. Here, drift refers to the variability in the target movements between response locations. Long-range correlations in time series of inter-response intervals exhibited complexity matching between the left and right hands of dyads and individuals. Response coupling was necessary for complexity matching in dyads but not individuals. When response coupling was absent in the dyadic condition, the degree of complexity matching was significantly reduced. Experiment 2 showed that the effect of coupling was due to interactions between left and right responses. Results also showed a weak, negative relationship between complexity matching and performance as measured by total response time. In conclusion, principles and measures of complexity matching apply similarly within and between individuals, and perceptual-motor performance can be facilitated by loose response coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Schloesser
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States.
| | - Christopher T Kello
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States
| | - Vivien Marmelat
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Colley ID, Dean RT. Origins of 1/f noise in human music performance from short-range autocorrelations related to rhythmic structures. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216088. [PMID: 31059519 PMCID: PMC6502337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
1/f fluctuations have been described in numerous physical and biological processes. This noise structure describes an inverse relationship between the intensity and frequency of events in a time series (for example reflected in power spectra), and is believed to indicate long-range dependence, whereby events at one time point influence events many observations later. 1/f has been identified in rhythmic behaviors, such as music, and is typically attributed to long-range correlations. However short-range dependence in musical performance is a well-established finding and past research has suggested that 1/f can arise from multiple continuing short-range processes. We tested this possibility using simulations and time-series modeling, complemented by traditional analyses using power spectra and detrended fluctuation analysis (as often adopted more recently). Our results show that 1/f-type fluctuations in musical contexts may be explained by short-range models involving multiple time lags, and the temporal ranges in which rhythmic hierarchies are expressed are apt to create these fluctuations through such short-range autocorrelations. We also analyzed gait, heartbeat, and resting-state EEG data, demonstrating the coexistence of multiple short-range processes and 1/f fluctuation in a variety of phenomena. This suggests that 1/f fluctuation might not indicate long-range correlations, and points to its likely origins in musical rhythm and related structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Colley
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger T. Dean
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Can knowledge accumulated in systems biology on mechanisms governing cell behavior help us to elucidate cognitive processes, such as human creative search? To address this, we focus on the property of scale invariance, which allows sensory systems to adapt to environmental signals spanning orders of magnitude. For example, bacteria search for nutrients, by responding to relative changes in nutrient concentration rather than absolute levels, via a sensory mechanism termed fold-change detection (FCD). Scale invariance is prevalent in cognition, yet the specific mechanisms are mostly unknown. Here, we screen many possible dynamic equation topologies, to find that an FCD model best describes creative search dynamics. The model further predicts robustness to variations in meaning perception, in agreement with behavioral data. We thus suggest FCD as a specific mechanism for scale invariant search, connecting sensory processes of cells and cognitive processes in human.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Irrmischer M, van der Wal CN, Mansvelder HD, Linkenkaer-Hansen K. Negative mood and mind wandering increase long-range temporal correlations in attention fluctuations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196907. [PMID: 29746529 PMCID: PMC5945053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the intermittent nature of mind wandering episodes and mood have a pronounced influence on trial-to-trial variability in performance. Nevertheless, the temporal dynamics and significance of such lapses in attention remains inadequately understood. Here, we hypothesize that the dynamics of fluctuations in sustained attention between external and internal sources of information obey so-called critical-state dynamics, characterized by trial-to-trial dependencies with long-range temporal correlations. To test this, we performed behavioral investigations measuring reaction times in a visual sustained attention task and cued introspection in probe-caught reports of mind wandering. We show that trial-to-trial variability in reaction times exhibit long-range temporal correlations in agreement with the criticality hypothesis. Interestingly, we observed the fastest responses in subjects with the weakest long-range temporal correlations and show the vital effect of mind wandering and bad mood on this response variability. The implications of these results stress the importance of future research to increase focus on behavioral variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Irrmischer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C. Natalie van der Wal
- Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Department Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Decision Research, University of Leeds Business School, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Huibert D. Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Plat R, Lowie W, de Bot K. Word Naming in the L1 and L2: A Dynamic Perspective on Automatization and the Degree of Semantic Involvement in Naming. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2256. [PMID: 29403404 PMCID: PMC5777451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction time data have long been collected in order to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms involved in language processing. Means analyses often attempt to break down what factors relate to what portion of the total reaction time. From a dynamic systems theory perspective or an interaction dominant view of language processing, it is impossible to isolate discrete factors contributing to language processing, since these continually and interactively play a role. Non-linear analyses offer the tools to investigate the underlying process of language use in time, without having to isolate discrete factors. Patterns of variability in reaction time data may disclose the relative contribution of automatic (grapheme-to-phoneme conversion) processing and attention-demanding (semantic) processing. The presence of a fractal structure in the variability of a reaction time series indicates automaticity in the mental structures contributing to a task. A decorrelated pattern of variability will indicate a higher degree of attention-demanding processing. A focus on variability patterns allows us to examine the relative contribution of automatic and attention-demanding processing when a speaker is using the mother tongue (L1) or a second language (L2). A word naming task conducted in the L1 (Dutch) and L2 (English) shows L1 word processing to rely more on automatic spelling-to-sound conversion than L2 word processing. A word naming task with a semantic categorization subtask showed more reliance on attention-demanding semantic processing when using the L2. A comparison to L1 English data shows this was not only due to the amount of language use or language dominance, but also to the difference in orthographic depth between Dutch and English. An important implication of this finding is that when the same task is used to test and compare different languages, one cannot straightforwardly assume the same cognitive sub processes are involved to an equal degree using the same task in different languages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rika Plat
- Department of Applied Linguistics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wander Lowie
- Department of Applied Linguistics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Unit for Language Facilitation and Empowerment, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Kees de Bot
- Department of Applied Linguistics, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Borges AFT, Giraud AL, Mansvelder HD, Linkenkaer-Hansen K. Scale-Free Amplitude Modulation of Neuronal Oscillations Tracks Comprehension of Accelerated Speech. J Neurosci 2018; 38:710-722. [PMID: 29217685 PMCID: PMC6596185 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1515-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Speech comprehension is preserved up to a threefold acceleration, but deteriorates rapidly at higher speeds. Current models posit that perceptual resilience to accelerated speech is limited by the brain's ability to parse speech into syllabic units using δ/θ oscillations. Here, we investigated whether the involvement of neuronal oscillations in processing accelerated speech also relates to their scale-free amplitude modulation as indexed by the strength of long-range temporal correlations (LRTC). We recorded MEG while 24 human subjects (12 females) listened to radio news uttered at different comprehensible rates, at a mostly unintelligible rate and at this same speed interleaved with silence gaps. δ, θ, and low-γ oscillations followed the nonlinear variation of comprehension, with LRTC rising only at the highest speed. In contrast, increasing the rate was associated with a monotonic increase in LRTC in high-γ activity. When intelligibility was restored with the insertion of silence gaps, LRTC in the δ, θ, and low-γ oscillations resumed the low levels observed for intelligible speech. Remarkably, the lower the individual subject scaling exponents of δ/θ oscillations, the greater the comprehension of the fastest speech rate. Moreover, the strength of LRTC of the speech envelope decreased at the maximal rate, suggesting an inverse relationship with the LRTC of brain dynamics when comprehension halts. Our findings show that scale-free amplitude modulation of cortical oscillations and speech signals are tightly coupled to speech uptake capacity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT One may read this statement in 20-30 s, but reading it in less than five leaves us clueless. Our minds limit how much information we grasp in an instant. Understanding the neural constraints on our capacity for sensory uptake is a fundamental question in neuroscience. Here, MEG was used to investigate neuronal activity while subjects listened to radio news played faster and faster until becoming unintelligible. We found that speech comprehension is related to the scale-free dynamics of δ and θ bands, whereas this property in high-γ fluctuations mirrors speech rate. We propose that successful speech processing imposes constraints on the self-organization of synchronous cell assemblies and their scale-free dynamics adjusts to the temporal properties of spoken language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Teixeira Borges
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands, and
| | - Anne-Lise Giraud
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Biotech Campus, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands, and
| | - Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands,
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands, and
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kello CT. Editor's Introduction and Review: Coordination and Context in Cognitive Science. Top Cogn Sci 2017; 10:6-17. [PMID: 29115065 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of coordination in cognitive science has been on the rise in recent years, in terms of coordination among neurons, coordination among sensory and motor systems, and coordination among individuals. Research has shown that coordination patterns corresponding to cognitive activities depend on the various contexts in which the underlying interactions are situated. The present issue of Topics in Cognitive Science centers on studies of coordination that address the role of context in shaping or interpreting dynamical patterns of human behavior. This introductory article reviews some of the prior literature leading up to current and future research on coordination and context in cognitive science.
Collapse
|
32
|
Balasubramaniam R, Hove MJ, Médé B. Factorization of Force and Timing in Sensorimotor Performance: Long-Range Correlation Properties of Two Different Task Goals. Top Cogn Sci 2017; 10:120-132. [DOI: 10.1111/tops.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Hove
- Department of Psychological Science; Fitchburg State University
| | - Butovens Médé
- Cognitive & Information Sciences; University of California; Merced
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wiltshire TJ, Euler MJ, McKinney TL, Butner JE. Changes in Dimensionality and Fractal Scaling Suggest Soft-Assembled Dynamics in Human EEG. Front Physiol 2017; 8:633. [PMID: 28919862 PMCID: PMC5585189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are high-dimensional, complex systems consisting of many components that must coordinate in order to perform even the simplest of activities. Many behavioral studies, especially in the movement sciences, have advanced the notion of soft-assembly to describe how systems with many components coordinate to perform specific functions while also exhibiting the potential to re-structure and then perform other functions as task demands change. Consistent with this notion, within cognitive neuroscience it is increasingly accepted that the brain flexibly coordinates the networks needed to cope with changing task demands. However, evaluation of various indices of soft-assembly has so far been absent from neurophysiological research. To begin addressing this gap, we investigated task-related changes in two distinct indices of soft-assembly using the established phenomenon of EEG repetition suppression. In a repetition priming task, we assessed evidence for changes in the correlation dimension and fractal scaling exponents during stimulus-locked event-related potentials, as a function of stimulus onset and familiarity, and relative to spontaneous non-task-related activity. Consistent with predictions derived from soft-assembly, results indicated decreases in dimensionality and increases in fractal scaling exponents from resting to pre-stimulus states and following stimulus onset. However, contrary to predictions, familiarity tended to increase dimensionality estimates. Overall, the findings support the view from soft-assembly that neural dynamics should become increasingly ordered as external task demands increase, and support the broader application of soft-assembly logic in understanding human behavior and electrophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Wiltshire
- Department of Psychology, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Language and Communication, Centre for Human Interactivity, University of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Euler
- Department of Psychology, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ty L McKinney
- Department of Psychology, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jonathan E Butner
- Department of Psychology, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dotov D, Nie L, Wojcik K, Jinks A, Yu X, Chemero A. Cognitive and movement measures reflect the transition to presence-at-hand. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
35
|
Messinger DS, Mattson WI, Todd JT, Gangi DN, Myers ND, Bahrick LE. Temporal Dependency and the Structure of Early Looking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169458. [PMID: 28076362 PMCID: PMC5226676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although looking time is used to assess infant perceptual and cognitive processing, little is known about the temporal structure of infant looking. To shed light on this temporal structure, 127 three-month-olds were assessed in an infant-controlled habituation procedure and presented with a pre-recorded display of a woman addressing the infant using infant-directed speech. Previous individual look durations positively predicted subsequent look durations over a six look window, suggesting a temporal dependency between successive infant looks. The previous look duration continued to predict the subsequent look duration after accounting for habituation-linked declines in look duration, and when looks were separated by an inter-trial interval in which no stimulus was displayed. Individual differences in temporal dependency, the strength of associations between consecutive look durations, are distinct from individual differences in mean infant look duration. Nevertheless, infants with stronger temporal dependency had briefer mean look durations, a potential index of stimulus processing. Temporal dependency was evident not only between individual infant looks but between the durations of successive habituation trials (total looking within a trial). Finally, temporal dependency was evident in associations between the last look at the habituation stimulus and the first look at a novel test stimulus. Thus temporal dependency was evident across multiple timescales (individual looks and trials comprised of multiple individual looks) and persisted across conditions including brief periods of no stimulus presentation and changes from a familiar to novel stimulus. Associations between consecutive look durations over multiple timescales and stimuli suggest a temporal structure of infant attention that has been largely ignored in previous work on infant looking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Messinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Music Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Whitney I. Mattson
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - James Torrence Todd
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Devon N. Gangi
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nicholas D. Myers
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lorraine E. Bahrick
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bayesian Brains without Probabilities. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:883-893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
37
|
Ric A, Torrents C, Gonçalves B, Sampaio J, Hristovski R. Soft-assembled Multilevel Dynamics of Tactical Behaviors in Soccer. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1513. [PMID: 27761120 PMCID: PMC5050225 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the tactical patterns and the timescales of variables during a soccer match, allowing understanding the multilevel organization of tactical behaviors, and to determine the similarity of patterns performed by different groups of teammates during the first and second halves. Positional data from 20 professional male soccer players from the same team were collected using high frequency global positioning systems (5 Hz). Twenty-nine categories of tactical behaviors were determined from eight positioning-derived variables creating multivariate binary (Boolean) time-series matrices. Hierarchical principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the multilevel structure of tactical behaviors. The sequential reduction of each set level of principal components revealed a sole principal component as the slowest collective variable, forming the global basin of attraction of tactical patterns during each half of the match. In addition, the mean dwell time of each positioning-derived variable helped to understand the multilevel organization of collective tactical behavior during a soccer match. This approach warrants further investigations to analyze the influence of task constraints on the emergence of tactical behavior. Furthermore, PCA can help coaches to design representative training tasks according to those tactical patterns captured during match competitions and to compare them depending on situational variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Ric
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Lleida Lleida, Spain
| | - Carlota Torrents
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Lleida Lleida, Spain
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- CreativeLab Research Community, Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- CreativeLab Research Community, Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Saints Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, Macedonia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rączaszek-Leonardi J. How does a word become a message? An illustration on a developmental time-scale. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
39
|
Sacco RG. The Fibonacci Life-Chart Method (FLCM) as a foundation for Carl Jung's theory of synchronicity. THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 61:203-22. [PMID: 27000695 DOI: 10.1111/1468-5922.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the scientific method requires events to be subject to controlled examination it would seem that synchronicities are not scientifically investigable. Jung speculated that because these incredible events are like the random sparks of a firefly they cannot be pinned down. However, doubting Jung's doubts, the author provides a possible method of elucidating these seemingly random and elusive events. The author draws on a new method, designated the Fibonacci Life-Chart Method (FLCM), which categorizes phase transitions and Phi fractal scaling in human development based on the occurrence of Fibonacci numbers in biological cell division and self-organizing systems. The FLCM offers an orientation towards psychological experience that may have relevance to Jung's theory of synchronicity in which connections are deemed to be intrinsically meaningful rather than demonstrable consequences of cause and effect. In such a model synchronistic events can be seen to be, as the self-organizing system enlarges, manifestations of self-organized critical moments and Phi fractal scaling. Recommendations for future studies include testing the results of the FLCM using case reports of synchronistic and spiritual experiences.
Collapse
|
40
|
Patterns of interaction-dominant dynamics in individual versus collaborative memory foraging. Cogn Process 2015; 16:389-99. [PMID: 26314586 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-015-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which a cognitive system's behavioral dynamics fit a power law distribution is considered indicative of the extent to which that system's behavior is driven by multiplicative, interdependent interactions between its components. Here, we investigate the dynamics of memory processes in individual and collaborating participants. Collaborative dyads showed the characteristic collaborative inhibition effect when compared to nominal groups in terms of the number of items retrieved in a categorical recall task, but they also generate qualitatively different patterns of search behavior. To categorize search behavior, we used multi-model inference to compare the degree to which five candidate models (normal, exponential, gamma, lognormal, and Pareto) described the temporal distribution of each individual and dyad's recall processes. All individual and dyad recall processes were best fit by interaction-dominant distributions (lognormal and Pareto), but a clear difference emerged in that individual behavior is more power law, and collaborative behavior was more lognormal. We discuss these results in terms of the cocktail model (Holden et al. in Psychol Rev 116(2):318-342, 2009), which suggests that as a task becomes more constrained (such as through the necessity of collaborating), behavior can shift from power law to lognormal. This shift may reflect a decrease in the dyad's ability to flexibly shift between perseverative and explorative search patterns. Finally, our results suggest that a fruitful avenue for future research would be to investigate the constraints modulating the shift from power law to lognormal behavior in collaborative memory search.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abney DH, Kello CT, Warlaumont AS. Production and Convergence of Multiscale Clustering in Speech. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2015.1068653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
42
|
Likens AD, Fine JM, Amazeen EL, Amazeen PG. Experimental control of scaling behavior: what is not fractal? Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2813-21. [PMID: 26070902 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The list of psychological processes thought to exhibit fractal behavior is growing. Although some might argue that the seeming ubiquity of fractal patterns illustrates their significance, unchecked growth of that list jeopardizes their relevance. It is important to identify when a single behavior is and is not fractal in order to make meaningful conclusions about the processes underlying those patterns. The hypothesis tested in the present experiment is that fractal patterns reflect the enactment of control. Participants performed two steering tasks: steering on a straight track and steering on a circular track. Although each task could be accomplished by holding the steering wheel at a constant angle, steering around a curve may require more constant control, at least from a psychological standpoint. Results showed that evidence for fractal behavior was strongest for the circular track; straight tracks showed evidence of two scaling regions. We argue from those results that, going forward, the goal of the fractal literature should be to bring scaling behavior under experimental control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Likens
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Justin M Fine
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Eric L Amazeen
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Polemnia G Amazeen
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fusaroli R, Tylén K. Investigating Conversational Dynamics: Interactive Alignment, Interpersonal Synergy, and Collective Task Performance. Cogn Sci 2015; 40:145-71. [PMID: 25988263 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates interpersonal processes underlying dialog by comparing two approaches, interactive alignment and interpersonal synergy, and assesses how they predict collective performance in a joint task. While the interactive alignment approach highlights imitative patterns between interlocutors, the synergy approach points to structural organization at the level of the interaction-such as complementary patterns straddling speech turns and interlocutors. We develop a general, quantitative method to assess lexical, prosodic, and speech/pause patterns related to the two approaches and their impact on collective performance in a corpus of task-oriented conversations. The results show statistical presence of patterns relevant for both approaches. However, synergetic aspects of dialog provide the best statistical predictors of collective performance and adding aspects of the alignment approach does not improve the model. This suggests that structural organization at the level of the interaction plays a crucial role in task-oriented conversations, possibly constraining and integrating processes related to alignment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Fusaroli
- Center for Semiotics, Aarhus University.,The Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University
| | - Kristian Tylén
- Center for Semiotics, Aarhus University.,The Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Luque J, Luque B, Lacasa L. Scaling and universality in the human voice. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20141344. [PMID: 25694542 PMCID: PMC4387524 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech is a distinctive complex feature of human capabilities. In order to understand the physics underlying speech production, in this work, we empirically analyse the statistics of large human speech datasets ranging several languages. We first show that during speech, the energy is unevenly released and power-law distributed, reporting a universal robust Gutenberg-Richter-like law in speech. We further show that such 'earthquakes in speech' show temporal correlations, as the interevent statistics are again power-law distributed. As this feature takes place in the intraphoneme range, we conjecture that the process responsible for this complex phenomenon is not cognitive, but it resides in the physiological (mechanical) mechanisms of speech production. Moreover, we show that these waiting time distributions are scale invariant under a renormalization group transformation, suggesting that the process of speech generation is indeed operating close to a critical point. These results are put in contrast with current paradigms in speech processing, which point towards low dimensional deterministic chaos as the origin of nonlinear traits in speech fluctuations. As these latter fluctuations are indeed the aspects that humanize synthetic speech, these findings may have an impact in future speech synthesis technologies. Results are robust and independent of the communication language or the number of speakers, pointing towards a universal pattern and yet another hint of complexity in human speech.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Luque
- Telefonica Research, Edificio Telefonica-Diagonal 00, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bartolo Luque
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada y Estadística, EIAE, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Lacasa
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E14NS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hasselman F. Classifying acoustic signals into phoneme categories: average and dyslexic readers make use of complex dynamical patterns and multifractal scaling properties of the speech signal. PeerJ 2015; 3:e837. [PMID: 25834769 PMCID: PMC4380160 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several competing aetiologies of developmental dyslexia suggest that the problems with acquiring literacy skills are causally entailed by low-level auditory and/or speech perception processes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diverging claims about the specific deficient peceptual processes under conditions of strong inference. Theoretically relevant acoustic features were extracted from a set of artificial speech stimuli that lie on a /bAk/-/dAk/ continuum. The features were tested on their ability to enable a simple classifier (Quadratic Discriminant Analysis) to reproduce the observed classification performance of average and dyslexic readers in a speech perception experiment. The ‘classical’ features examined were based on component process accounts of developmental dyslexia such as the supposed deficit in Envelope Rise Time detection and the deficit in the detection of rapid changes in the distribution of energy in the frequency spectrum (formant transitions). Studies examining these temporal processing deficit hypotheses do not employ measures that quantify the temporal dynamics of stimuli. It is shown that measures based on quantification of the dynamics of complex, interaction-dominant systems (Recurrence Quantification Analysis and the multifractal spectrum) enable QDA to classify the stimuli almost identically as observed in dyslexic and average reading participants. It seems unlikely that participants used any of the features that are traditionally associated with accounts of (impaired) speech perception. The nature of the variables quantifying the temporal dynamics of the speech stimuli imply that the classification of speech stimuli cannot be regarded as a linear aggregate of component processes that each parse the acoustic signal independent of one another, as is assumed by the ‘classical’ aetiologies of developmental dyslexia. It is suggested that the results imply that the differences in speech perception performance between average and dyslexic readers represent a scaled continuum rather than being caused by a specific deficient component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Hasselman
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Science, Radboud University Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
The complexities of keeping the beat: dynamical structure in the nested behaviors of finger tapping. Atten Percept Psychophys 2015; 77:1423-39. [PMID: 25762303 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-015-0842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
47
|
Hudetz AG, Humphries CJ, Binder JR. Spin-glass model predicts metastable brain states that diminish in anesthesia. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:234. [PMID: 25565989 PMCID: PMC4263076 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of resting state connectivity change dynamically and may represent modes of cognitive information processing. The diversity of connectivity patterns (global brain states) reflects the information capacity of the brain and determines the state of consciousness. In this work, computer simulation was used to explore the repertoire of global brain states as a function of cortical activation level. We implemented a modified spin glass model to describe UP/DOWN state transitions of neuronal populations at a mesoscopic scale based on resting state BOLD fMRI data. Resting state fMRI was recorded in 20 participants and mapped to 10,000 cortical regions (sites) defined on a group-aligned cortical surface map. Each site represented the population activity of a ~20 mm(2) area of the cortex. Cross-correlation matrices of the mapped BOLD time courses of the set of sites were calculated and averaged across subjects. In the model, each cortical site was allowed to interact with the 16 other sites that had the highest pair-wise correlation values. All sites stochastically transitioned between UP and DOWN states under the net influence of their 16 pairs. The probability of local state transitions was controlled by a single parameter T corresponding to the level of global cortical activation. To estimate the number of distinct global states, first we ran 10,000 simulations at T = 0. Simulations were started from random configurations that converged to one of several distinct patterns. Using hierarchical clustering, at 99% similarity, close to 300 distinct states were found. At intermediate T, metastable state configurations were formed suggesting critical behavior with a sharp increase in the number of metastable states at an optimal T. Both reduced activation (anesthesia, sleep) and increased activation (hyper-activation) moved the system away from equilibrium, presumably incompatible with conscious mentation. During equilibrium, the diversity of large-scale brain states was maximum, compatible with maximum information capacity-a presumed condition of consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Hudetz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Colin J Humphries
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Binder
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Laroche J, Berardi AM, Brangier E. Embodiment of intersubjective time: relational dynamics as attractors in the temporal coordination of interpersonal behaviors and experiences. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1180. [PMID: 25400598 PMCID: PMC4215825 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of “being together,” and more specifically the issue of “being together in time.” We provide with an integrative framework that is inspired by phenomenology, the enactive approach and dynamical systems theories. To do so, we first define embodiment as a living and lived phenomenon that emerges from agent-world coupling. We then show that embodiment is essentially dynamical and therefore we describe experiential, behavioral and brain dynamics. Both lived temporality and the temporality of the living appear to be complex, multiscale phenomena. Next we discuss embodied dynamics in the context of interpersonal interactions, and briefly review the empirical literature on between-persons temporal coordination. Overall, we propose that being together in time emerges from the relational dynamics of embodied interactions and their flexible co-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laroche
- Akoustic Arts R&D Laboratory Paris, France ; PErSEUs, Université de Lorraine Metz, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rigoli LM, Holman D, Spivey MJ, Kello CT. Spectral convergence in tapping and physiological fluctuations: coupling and independence of 1/f noise in the central and autonomic nervous systems. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:713. [PMID: 25309389 PMCID: PMC4160925 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
When humans perform a response task or timing task repeatedly, fluctuations in measures of timing from one action to the next exhibit long-range correlations known as 1/f noise. The origins of 1/f noise in timing have been debated for over 20 years, with one common explanation serving as a default: humans are composed of physiological processes throughout the brain and body that operate over a wide range of timescales, and these processes combine to be expressed as a general source of 1/f noise. To test this explanation, the present study investigated the coupling vs. independence of 1/f noise in timing deviations, key-press durations, pupil dilations, and heartbeat intervals while tapping to an audiovisual metronome. All four dependent measures exhibited clear 1/f noise, regardless of whether tapping was synchronized or syncopated. 1/f spectra for timing deviations were found to match those for key-press durations on an individual basis, and 1/f spectra for pupil dilations matched those in heartbeat intervals. Results indicate a complex, multiscale relationship among 1/f noises arising from common sources, such as those arising from timing functions vs. those arising from autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions. Results also provide further evidence against the default hypothesis that 1/f noise in human timing is just the additive combination of processes throughout the brain and body. Our findings are better accommodated by theories of complexity matching that begin to formalize multiscale coordination as a foundation of human behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian M Rigoli
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California Merced, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Holman
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California Merced, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Spivey
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California Merced, CA, USA
| | - Christopher T Kello
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California Merced, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lowie W, Plat R, de Bot K. Pink Noise in Language Production: A Nonlinear Approach to the Multilingual Lexicon. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2014.929479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|