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Monferrer-Marín J, Roldán A, Monteagudo P, Chulvi-Medrano I, Blasco-Lafarga C. Impact of Ageing on Female Metabolic Flexibility: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study in over-60 Active Women. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:97. [PMID: 35907092 PMCID: PMC9339052 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Ageing affects metabolic flexibility, although physical status could influence this relationship. This cross-sectional study aims to describe and analyse the metabolic flexibility/inflexibility in a group of active older women, together with the impact of ageing and physical status on their oxidation rates and maximal fat oxidation (MFO). Methods Fifteen volunteers (69.00 ± 6.97 years)—from 24 women—completed an incremental cycling test until the second ventilatory threshold. Intensity increased 10 W each 3 min 15 s, starting at 30 W. Gas exchange, heart rate, rate of perceived effort, pain scale and muscle power were registered, together with lactate. VO2 and VCO2 were considered for fat and carbohydrate oxidation (FATox and CHOox; Frayn’s equation) at intensities 60%, 80% and 100% from the peak power in the test (P100). Psychophysiological parameters were compared at MFO/FATmax and P100, together with the energy expenditure calculations around MFO (included FAT and CHO contributions), and the main correlation analyses, with and without P100 and VO2 as covariates. Results FATox was low at MFO (0.13; 95% CI [0.09–0.17] mg/min/kgFFM; 3.50; 95% CI [2.49–4.50] mg/min/kgFFM), with short oxidation-rate curves shifting down and leftward. CHOox and FATox were both low for reduced power with age (77.14 ± 18.58 W and 39.29 ± 9.17 W at P100 and MFO, respectively), all accompanied by a fall in energy expenditure (5.44 ± 2.58 kcal/min and 3.32 ± 1.55 kcal/min at P100 and MFO, respectively). Power appears as a determinant factor, given its strong and negative significant association with age (r = − 0.85, p < 0.005; R2 = 0.72) and moderate with MFO (r = − 0.54, p = 0.04; R2 = 0.29). In turn, energy expenditure shows a positive and moderate association with muscle power (r = 52, p = 0.04). Conclusions Despite the drop in substrates oxidation with age, physical status (i.e. larger muscular power and energy expenditure) suggests a key role in the preservation of metabolic health with ageing in active women.
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Houfek A, Garden-Robinson J, Hilliard E, Rhee Y, Stastny S, Belury MA, Cawthon PM, McGrath R. Older American Women May Especially Benefit from Distributing and Consuming Protein for Decreasing Odds of Functional Limitations. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:1025-1032. [PMID: 36437771 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protein is a key macronutrient for preserving physical function, but the role of protein intake on functional status may differ in men and women. We sought to examine the associations of daily protein intake and distribution on functional limitations in older American men and women. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Population-based survey. PARTICIPANTS The analytic sample included 3,976 men and 4,081 women aged ≥60-years from the 2007-2016 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MEASUREMENTS Participants reported their ability to perform basic activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, leisure and social activities, lower extremity mobility activities, and general physical tasks. Those reporting difficulty or an inability in completing such functional tasks were considered as having a functional limitation. Protein intake was determined with dietary recalls and participants revealed functional limitations. Protein recommendations of ≥0.80, ≥1.00, and ≥1.50 g/kg/day were used. Based on these cut-points, we also investigated distribution of protein across 4 eating occasions at ≥0.20, ≥0.25, and ≥0.38 g/kg/meal, respectively. RESULTS Older women meeting each recommendation had decreased odds for functional limitations: 0.55 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40-0.75) for ≥0.80 g/kg/day, 0.75 (CI: 0.58-0.97) for ≥1.00 g/kg/day, and 0.72 (CI: 0.55-0.94) for ≥1.5 g/kg/day. No significant associations were observed in older men. Further, older women with protein consumption ≥0.20 g/kg/meal had decreased odds for functional limitations: 0.24 (CI: 0.10-0.61) for 1 occasion, 0.20 (CI: 0.08-0.49) for 2 occasions, 0.16 (CI: 0.07-0.40) for 3 occasions, and 0.12 (CI: 0.04-0.32) for 4 occasions. A similar trend was observed for intake ≥0.25 g/kg/meal: 0.31 (CI: 0.16-0.62) for 2 occasions, 0.30 (CI: 0.14-0.61) for 3 occasions, and 0.31 (CI: 0.12-0.78) for 4 occasions. Women with 1 and 2 eating occasions at ≥0.38 g/kg/meal of protein had 0.66 (CI: 0.48-0.91) and 0.54 (CI: 0.37-0.79) decreased odds for functional limitations, respectively. CONCLUSION Trials that are powered to detect the effects of protein on functional status in women will help to establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Houfek
- Ryan McGrath, Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept 2620, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 Phone: 701-231-7474, Fax: 701-231-8872,
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Matsumoto C, Yamada C, Sadakane C, Nahata M, Hattori T, Takeda H. Psychological stress in aged female mice causes acute hypophagia independent of central serotonin 2C receptor activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187937. [PMID: 29125864 PMCID: PMC5695286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences exist in the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis following exposure to stress, and the stress response is further affected by aging. This study was conducted to elucidate the mechanism of hypophagia in aged female mice exposed to stress. Immediately after a stress load, aged female mice exhibited acute hypophagia and a rise in plasma corticosterone levels. The administration of a serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) antagonist suppressed plasma corticosterone but did not affect the reduction in food intake. In contrast, an endogenous ghrelin enhancer, rikkunshito (RKT), significantly inhibited the reduction in food intake. An increase in peripheral acylated ghrelin levels during fasting, which occurs in young mice, was not observed in aged female mice. Moreover, in these mice, significantly increased levels of ghrelin and gastric preproghrelin mRNA expression were observed in the fed status. Moreover, plasma ghrelin levels were elevated by RKT and not by the 5-HT2CR antagonist. In female mice, the hypothalamic non-edited (INI) and partially edited mRNA 5-HT2CR isoforms (VNV, VNI, VSV or VSI) decreased with age, while in male mice, the editing isoform was unchanged by aging or stress. Estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive cell counts in the arcuate nucleus of young male mice exposed to stress and control aged male mice were increased compared with those in young control mice. In aged male mice exposed to stress, the number of ERα-expressing cells in the paraventricular nucleus were significantly increased compared with those in aged control mice; in female mice, there was no increase in the number of ERα-positive cells. Hypophagia in aged female mice exposed to stress may be independent of 5-HT2CR activation. It seems likely that the mechanisms may be caused by sex dependent, differential regulation in 5-HT2CR mRNA expression, peripheral acylated ghrelin secretion and/or hypothalamic ERα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Oh YS, Seo EH, Lee YS, Cho SC, Jung HS, Park SC, Jun HS. Increase of Calcium Sensing Receptor Expression Is Related to Compensatory Insulin Secretion during Aging in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159689. [PMID: 27441644 PMCID: PMC4956240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is caused by both insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. To investigate age-related changes in glucose metabolism and development of type 2 diabetes, we compared glucose homeostasis in different groups of C57BL/6J mice ranging in age from 4 months to 20 months (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 months). Interestingly, we observed that non-fasting glucose levels were not significantly changed, but glucose tolerance gradually increased by 20 months of age, whereas insulin sensitivity declined with age. We found that the size of islets and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion increased with aging. However, mRNA expression of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 and granuphilin was decreased in islets of older mice compared with that of 4-month-old mice. Serum calcium (Ca2+) levels were significantly decreased at 12, 20 and 28 months of age compared with 4 months and calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) mRNA expression in the islets significantly increased with age. An extracellular calcium depletion agent upregulated CaSR mRNA expression and consequently enhanced insulin secretion in INS-1 cells and mouse islets. In conclusion, we suggest that decreased Ca2+ levels and increased CaSR expression might be involved in increased insulin secretion to compensate for insulin resistance in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Sin Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Hui Seo
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sung Chun Cho
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Yamada C, Sadakane C, Nahata M, Saegusa Y, Nakagawa K, Okubo N, Ohnishi S, Hattori T, Takeda H. Serotonin 2C receptor contributes to gender differences in stress-induced hypophagia in aged mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 55:81-93. [PMID: 25732068 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The combination of depression and anorexia may influence morbidity and progressive physical disability in the elderly. Gender differences exist in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation following stress exposure. The objective of this study was to investigate gender differences in feeding behavior under novelty stress in aged mice. Food intake measurement, immunohistochemical assessment, and mRNA expression analysis were conducted to investigate the role of serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT(2C)R) and its relationship with ghrelin in stress-induced suppression of feeding behavior in aged mice. After exposure to novelty stress, a 21-fold increase in plasma corticosterone and remarkable suppression of food intake were observed in aged male mice. Furthermore, a 5-HT(2C)R agonist suppressed food intake in aged male mice. Novelty stress induced a 7-fold increase in 5-HT(2C)R and c-Fos co-expressing cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in aged male mice but caused no change in aged female mice. Plasma acylated ghrelin levels decreased in stressed aged male mice and administration of the 5-HT(2C)R antagonist inhibited this decrease. The 5-HT(2C)R antagonist also reversed the suppression of food intake in estrogen receptor α agonist-treated aged male mice. Therefore, conspicuously suppressed feeding behavior in novelty stress-exposed aged male mice may be mediated by 5-HT(2C)R hypersensitivity, leading to hypoghrelinemia. The hypersensitivity may partly be due to estrogen receptor activation in aged male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Chiharu Sadakane
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Yayoi Saegusa
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Koji Nakagawa
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12 W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Naoto Okubo
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12 W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12 W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
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Kikutani T, Yoshida M, Enoki H, Yamashita Y, Akifusa S, Shimazaki Y, Hirano H, Tamura F. Relationship between nutrition status and dental occlusion in community-dwelling frail elderly people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 13:50-4. [PMID: 22489562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to determine the risk of malnutrition in some communities where the frail elderly receive public long-term care insurance. We also clarified the dental problems in those at risk of malnutrition. METHODS A total of 716 frail elderly who lived in eight cities in Japan (240 males and 476 females with a mean age of 83.2±8.6 years) were divided into three groups according to Mini Nutritional Assessment short form results: well nourished, at risk of malnutrition and malnourished. They were also divided into three groups in terms of remaining teeth occlusion and denture occlusion: group A, natural dentition with adequate function; group B, partially or fully edentulous, but maintaining functional occlusion with dentures in either or both jaws; and group C, functionally inadequate occlusion with no dentures. The relationship between nutrition status and dental occlusion was evaluated using logistic regression analysis with sex, age, activities of daily living and cognitive function as covariates. RESULTS The number of participants in each of the groups was as follows: 251 well nourished, 370 at risk of malnutrition and 95 malnourished. When they were divided into just two groups, (i) well nourished and (ii) at risk of malnutrition plus malnourished, in order to study malnutrition risk factors, there were significant relationships between their nutritious status and sex, Barthel index, and occlusion. CONCLUSION This large-scale cross-sectional survey showed that loss of natural teeth occlusion was a risk factor for malnutrition among community-dwelling frail elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kikutani
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, the Nippon Dental University Graduate School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
There is a physiological decline in food intake with aging. The reasons for the decline in food intake are multifactorial and involve both peripheral and central mechanisms. Altered hedonic qualities of food occur due to alterations in taste and, more particularly, smell with aging. A decline in adaptive relaxation of the fundus of the stomach and an increased rate of antral filling appear to play a role in the early satiation seen in many older persons. Cholecystokinin levels are increased with aging and older persons are more sensitive to the satiating effects of this gut hormone. The decline in testosterone levels in older males leads to increased leptin levels and this may explain the greater decline in food intake with aging in the male. Within the hypothalamus, decreased activity of both the dynorphin (kappa opioid) and neuropeptide Y systems occurs in aging rodents. Cytokines are potent anorectic agents. Many older persons have mild inflammatory disorders that lead to anorexia. Exercise may increase food intake in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Morley
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Saint Louis VA Medical Center, Missouri 63104, USA.
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Zimmerman DR, Jewell KE, Karon SL. Using resident assessment data to improve nutritional care in nursing homes: the power of information. Nutrition 1998; 14:410-5. [PMID: 9591319 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(97)00461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D R Zimmerman
- Center for Health Systems Research and Analysis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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Perry HM, Morley JE, Horowitz M, Kaiser FE, Miller DK, Wittert G. Body composition and age in African-American and Caucasian women: relationship to plasma leptin levels. Metabolism 1997; 46:1399-405. [PMID: 9439533 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is a recently isolated peptide hormone released from adipocytes that has been postulated to play a role in appetite regulation and energy metabolism. Aging affects both food intake and body composition. Body composition is also affected by ethnicity. We have evaluated the relationships between serum leptin levels, age, body composition (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and hormonal parameters in a cross-sectional study of 94 women, 53 African-American (AAF) and 41 Caucasian (CF). Our hypotheses were as follows: (1) changes in body composition would be related to age in a sinusoidal pattern, (2) changes in serum leptin would parallel changes in body fat, (3) serum leptin levels would be influenced by body fat distribution, and (4) serum leptin would be related to serum concentrations of sex hormones. Serum leptin paralleled changes in body fat and body mass index (BMI) with age. In the entire group, serum leptin correlated closely with measures of body fat, including BMI and total fat mass, and there was no difference in leptin levels between the two ethnic groups. In simple regression analysis, serum leptin was related to both serum estradiol and testosterone. The relationship between serum leptin and trunk fat was linear in both groups, but significantly different in AAF and CF (P = .014). Serum leptin was associated with the trunk to lower-extremity fat ratio in CF (r = .67, P = .001) but not in AAF. Body fat was increased with advancing age until about 65 years and then declined. Measures of lean body mass declined linearly with age in the entire group, as well as both subgroups. In the entire group, total lean body mass and lean body mass corrected for BMI (lean body mass/BMI) were inversely related to age. In subjects aged less than 60 years AAF were stronger (P < .05) and had both a larger BMI and fat mass (P < .05) than CF. However, the patterns of age-related changes in fat body mass, lean body mass, and BMI were similar in both groups. In the entire group, multiple regression analysis indicated that the age, free thyroxine index (FTI), and leptin concentration were predictors of the body composition and distribution of trunk to lower-body fat. These observations indicate that there is a sinusoidal relationship between body fat and age, with a decline in body fat in extreme old age in both AAF and CF, and that serum leptin concentrations are more closely related to body fat and BMI than to age or ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Perry
- Education and Clinical Center, St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, MO, USA
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