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Burns JL, Bhattacharjee A, Darlington G, Haines J, Ma DWL, The Guelph Family Health Study. Parental Cooking Confidence is Associated with Children's Intake of Fish and Seafood. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2024; 85:54-57. [PMID: 37403973 DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2023-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Fish and seafood consumption by North American children is low. This is concerning, given the critical role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), found in fish and seafood, in early development. This study aimed to determine whether parental factors related to fish and seafood consumption are associated with frequency of fish and seafood consumption in Canadian children.Methods: A subgroup of parents (n = 28) participating in the Guelph Family Health Study Pilot reported their perceptions and history of fish and seafood consumption, confidence in preparing fish and seafood dishes, and the frequency of intake for their children (n = 40).Results: This study found that 20% of children consumed one serving of saltwater fish, freshwater fish, or shellfish weekly and 63% consumed at least one type of fish or seafood monthly. Parental cooking confidence preparing fish and seafood was positively associated with at least monthly fish and seafood intake in children.Conclusions: These findings suggest that some children may have low intakes of fish and seafood due to a lack of parental cooking confidence when preparing fish and seafood dishes. Therefore, future research and interventions focused on addressing this barrier may aid in improving fish and seafood intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L Burns
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - Aritra Bhattacharjee
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - Gerarda Darlington
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
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Mulder KA, Dyer RA, Elango R, Innis SM. Complexity of understanding the role of dietary and erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the cognitive performance of school-age children. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzac099. [PMID: 35854937 PMCID: PMC9283108 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood is a period of rapid brain development, with increases in synapses rich in the omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid, DHA (22:6ω-3) continuing well beyond infancy. Despite the importance of DHA to neural phospholipids, the requirement of dietary DHA for neurodevelopment remains unclear. Objectives The aim was to assess the dietary DHA and DHA status of young children, and determine the association with cognitive performance. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of healthy children (5-6 y), some of whom were enrolled in a follow-up of a clinical trial (NCT00620672). Dietary intake data (n = 285) were assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and three 24-h recalls. Family characteristics were collected by questionnaire, and anthropometric data measured. Venous blood was collected, cognitive performance assessed using several age-appropriate tools including the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. The relation between dietary DHA, RBC DHA, and child neurodevelopment test scores was determined using Pearson's correlation or Spearman's rho, and quintiles of test scores compared by Mann-Whitney U test. Results Child DHA intakes were highly variable, with a stronger association between RBC DHA and DHA intake assessed by FFQ (rho = 0.383, P < 0.001) compared with one or three 24-h recalls. Observed ethnic differences in DHA intake status as well as neurodevelopmental test scores led to analysis of the association between DHA intake and status with neurodevelopment test scores for White children only (n = 190). Child RBC DHA status was associated with neurodevelopment test scores, including language (rho = 0.211, P = 0.009) and short-term memory (rho = 0.187, P = 0.019), but only short-term memory was associated with dietary DHA (rho = 0.221, P = 0.003). Conclusions Child RBC DHA but not dietary DHA was associated with multiple tests of cognitive performance. In addition, DHA intake was only moderately associated with RBC DHA, raising complex questions on the relation between diet, DHA transfer to membrane lipids, and neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Roger A Dyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Analytical Core for Metabolics and Nutrition (ACMaN), BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sheila M Innis
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Song S, Shim JE. Increasing trends in dietary total fat and fatty acid intake among Korean children: using the 2007–2017 national data. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:260-271. [PMID: 35392526 PMCID: PMC8971817 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.2.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- SuJin Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea
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Abou El Fadl DK, Ahmed MA, Aly YAF, Darweesh EAG, Sabri NA. Impact of Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on proinflammatory cytokines release and the development of Necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm Neonates: A randomized controlled study. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:1314-1322. [PMID: 34819793 PMCID: PMC8596146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preterm neonates have under-developed immune-regulatory system; consequently, there is a risk for developing chronic inflammation. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute devastating neonatal intestinal inflammatory disorder. Due to the obscure multifactorial etiology, early diagnosis and effective treatment of NEC are limited. Consequently, effective strategies in the prevention of NEC, including nutritional approaches, are critically needed. The current study was conducted to assess the potential immunomodulatory effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) supplementation in preterm neonates at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and subsequently its effect on preventing or reducing NEC incidence. METHODS This was a prospective randomized controlled study. A total of 67 neonates, with gestational age equal or less than 32 weeks at birth and weight less than or equal 1500 g, were randomly assigned to either DHA group or the control group. Modified Bell's staging criteria for NEC was used as an objective tool for diagnosis and staging of NEC. Levels of Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) were measured at baseline and after 10 days. Mortality and NICU length of stay (LOS) were also monitored. RESULTS Thirty neonates of each group completed the study. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding diagnosis and staging of NEC (p = 0.0001). There was also a statistically significant difference between DHA group 22(73.3), 95% CI [55.9, 86.5] and the control group 8 (26.7), 95% CI [13.5, 44.1] in the percentage change in IL-1β levels (p = 0.0001).A statistically significant association was found between IL and 1 β change and NEC diagnosis (p = 0.001). NICU LOS was significantly lower among DHA group 21.63 ± 6.67 compared to the control group 25.07 ± 4.67 (p = 0.025). Mortality n (%) among the control group 4 (11.8) was higher than DHA group 3 (9.1), however, no significant difference was detected (p = 1.0). CONCLUSION Findings of this study suggest that enteral DHA supplementation can reduce NEC incidence in preterm neonates through its immunoregulatory effect that modulates production of regulatory cytokines.Trial registration: Registered at clinical trials.gov (NCT03700957), 6 October 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Khaled Abou El Fadl
- Pharmacy Practice & Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Adel Ahmed
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmin AF Aly
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtissam Abdel Ghaffar Darweesh
- Pharmacy Practice & Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa A. Sabri
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Monnard C, Fleith M. Total Fat and Fatty Acid Intake among 1-7-Year-Old Children from 33 Countries: Comparison with International Recommendations. Nutrients 2021; 13:3547. [PMID: 34684548 PMCID: PMC8537778 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews available data on dietary intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in children in different countries worldwide and for the first time, compares them with recent international recommendations. Studies published before June 2021 reporting total fat, total SFA and individual PUFA intakes in children aged 1-7 y were included. Observed intakes were evaluated against FAO/WHO and EFSA recommendations. 65 studies from 33 countries were included. Fat intake was too low in 88% of studies in young children (1-3 y). SFA intake was >10%E in 69-73% of children, especially in Europe. Linoleic acid intake was <3%E in 24% of studies in 1-2 y olds and within FAO/WHO recommendations among all other ages. Alpha-linolenic acid intake was <0.5%E in almost half of studies. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid + DHA intakes were below recommendations in most studies. In summary, while total fat intake was too low among younger children, SFA intake was above, especially in Europe and n-3 PUFA intake, especially DHA, were below recommendations for all ages. Intake of n-3 PUFA, especially DHA, is generally suboptimal. More data, particularly from developing countries, are required to refine these findings and guide implementation of adapted nutrition policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona Monnard
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Parasannanavar D, Gaddam I, Bukya T, Ibrahim S A, Reddy K S, Banjara SK, Salvadi BPP, Kumar B N, Rao SF, Geddam JJB, Rajkumar H. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and plasma fatty acids of school going Indian children - a cross-sectional study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 170:102294. [PMID: 34052598 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) play an essential role in cognitive and behavioural changes among school going children. This study delineates the dietary omega-3 PUFA [alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA), DHA, and EPA] intake and plasma fatty acids levels among school-going children. This is a cross-sectional study purely observational in nature, wherein 625 apparently healthy boys and girls aged between 7 and 13 years were selected from five different schools of Hyderabad. Dietary information on omega-3 PUFA (ALA, DHA, and EPA) intake was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma fatty acid concentrations were measured in 34% of sub-sample using standard gas chromatography. The study revealed that the average dietary intakes of omega-3 PUFA, ALA, DHA, and EPA were 55.46, 15.82, 35.59, 4.06 mg/day, respectively. There was a significant difference in mean DHA intake among gender and age group [girls (38.64±1.45 mg/day), boys (31.80±1.38 mg/day) p < 0.001] and [7-10 years (31.75±1.38 mg/day), 11-13 years (38.07±1.40 mg/day) p < 0.01]. The mean plasma DHA and DPA levels of overall subjects were 0.98 nmol% and 0.18nmol% respectively which was comparable among different gender, age and BMI-for age groups. There was a positive correlation between dietary DHA intake and plasma DHA level [ρ=0.376 (p < 0.001)]. The current study demonstrated that the omega-3 PUFA intake in school going children was less and reinforces the importance of increasing the omega-3 PUFA intake through diet and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Parasannanavar
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Indraja Gaddam
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Tulja Bukya
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Ahamed Ibrahim S
- Lipid Chemistry Department, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Suryam Reddy K
- Lipid Chemistry Department, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Santosh Kumar Banjara
- Clinical Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Blessy P Priyanka Salvadi
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Naveen Kumar B
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Sylvia Fernandez Rao
- Behavioral Science Unit, Extension & Training Division, (ICMR)-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - J J Babu Geddam
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Hemalatha Rajkumar
- Scientist 'G' and The Director, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana-500007.
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Sambra V, Echeverria F, Valenzuela A, Chouinard-Watkins R, Valenzuela R. Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids as Neuroprotective Nutrients throughout the Life Cycle. Nutrients 2021; 13:986. [PMID: 33803760 PMCID: PMC8003191 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure and function of membranes, among others. DHA and AA are deposited into the lipids of cell membranes that form the gray matter representing approximately 25% of the total content of brain fatty acids. Both fatty acids have effects on neuronal growth and differentiation through the modulation of the physical properties of neuronal membranes, signal transduction associated with G proteins, and gene expression. DHA and AA have a relevant role in neuroprotection against neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which are associated with characteristic pathological expressions as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The present review analyzes the neuroprotective role of DHA and AA in the extreme stages of life, emphasizing the importance of these LCPUFA during the first year of life and in the developing/prevention of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sambra
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Francisca Echeverria
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Nutrition, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
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Patel D, Orsso CE, Haqq AM, Field CJ. Are There Benefits to Growth with Supplementing Long-Chain PUFAs to Toddlers Born Prematurely? J Nutr 2019; 149:2075-2076. [PMID: 31599950 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvesh Patel
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Camila E Orsso
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Lacombe RS, Kratz RJ, Holub BJ. Directly quantified dietary n-3 fatty acid intakes of Canadian toddlers are lower than current dietary recommendations. Nutr Res 2018; 53:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Reduction of Arachidonate Is Associated With Increase in B-Cell Activation Marker in Infants: A Randomized Trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:446-453. [PMID: 27276431 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants who are not breast-fed benefit from formula with both docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) and arachidonic acid (ARA; C20:4n6). The amount of ARA needed to support immune function is unknown. Infants who carry specific fatty acid desaturase (FADS) polymorphisms may require more dietary ARA to maintain adequate ARA status. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether ARA intake or FADS polymorphisms alter ARA levels of lymphocytes, plasma, and red blood cells in term infants fed infant formula. METHODS Infants (N = 89) were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind controlled study. Infants were randomized to consume formula containing 17 mg docosahexaenoic acid and 0, 25, or 34 mg ARA/100 kcal for 10 weeks. Fatty acid composition of plasma phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, total fatty acids of lymphocytes and red blood cells, activation markers of lymphocytes, and polymorphisms in FADS1 and FADS2 were determined. RESULTS Lymphocyte ARA was higher in the 25-ARA formula group than in the 0- or 34-ARA groups. In plasma, 16:0/20:4 and 18:0/20:4 species of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were highest and 16:0/18:2 and 18:0/18:2 were lowest in the 34-ARA formula group. In minor allele carriers of FADS1 and FADS2, plasma ARA content was elevated only at the highest level of ARA consumed. B-cell activation marker CD54 was elevated in infants who consumed formula containing no ARA. CONCLUSIONS ARA level in plasma is reduced by low ARA consumption and by minor alleles in FADS. Dietary ARA may exert an immunoregulatory role on B-cell activation by decreasing 16:0/18:2 and 18:0/18:2 species of phospholipids. ARA intake from 25 to 34 mg/100 kcal is sufficient to maintain cell ARA level in infants across genotypes.
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Hadley KB, Ryan AS, Forsyth S, Gautier S, Salem N. The Essentiality of Arachidonic Acid in Infant Development. Nutrients 2016; 8:216. [PMID: 27077882 PMCID: PMC4848685 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) is an n-6 polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid formed by the biosynthesis from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6). This review considers the essential role that ARA plays in infant development. ARA is always present in human milk at a relatively fixed level and is accumulated in tissues throughout the body where it serves several important functions. Without the provision of preformed ARA in human milk or infant formula the growing infant cannot maintain ARA levels from synthetic pathways alone that are sufficient to meet metabolic demand. During late infancy and early childhood the amount of dietary ARA provided by solid foods is low. ARA serves as a precursor to leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes, collectively known as eicosanoids which are important for immunity and immune response. There is strong evidence based on animal and human studies that ARA is critical for infant growth, brain development, and health. These studies also demonstrate the importance of balancing the amounts of ARA and DHA as too much DHA may suppress the benefits provided by ARA. Both ARA and DHA have been added to infant formulas and follow-on formulas for more than two decades. The amounts and ratios of ARA and DHA needed in infant formula are discussed based on an in depth review of the available scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Hadley
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Alan S Ryan
- Clinical Research Consulting, 9809 Halston Manor, Boynton Beach, FL 33473, USA.
| | - Stewart Forsyth
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
| | - Sheila Gautier
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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Koo HC, Poh BK, Lee ST, Chong KH, Bragt MCE, Abd Talib R. Are Malaysian Children Achieving Dietary Guideline Recommendations? Asia Pac J Public Health 2016; 28:8S-20S. [PMID: 27073200 DOI: 10.1177/1010539516641504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large body of epidemiological data has demonstrated that diet quality follows a sociodemographic gradient. Little is known, however, about food group intake patterns among Malaysian children. This study aimed to assess consumption pattern of 7 food groups, including cereals/grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, fish, meat/poultry, and milk/dairy products, among children 7 to 12 years of age. A total of 1773 children who participated in SEANUTS Malaysia and who completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire were included in this study. A greater proportion of children aged 10 to 12 years have an inadequate intake of cereals/grains, meat/poultry, legumes, and milk/dairy products compared with children 7 to 9 years old. With the exception of meat/poultry, food consumption of Malaysian children did not meet Malaysian Dietary Guidelines recommendations for the other 6 food groups, irrespective of sociodemographic backgrounds. Efforts are needed to promote healthy and balanced dietary habits, particularly for foods that fall short of recommended intake level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chin Koo
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Management and Science University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bee Koon Poh
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kar Hau Chong
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Daily Enteral DHA Supplementation Alleviates Deficiency in Premature Infants. Lipids 2016; 51:423-33. [PMID: 26846324 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid (FA) important for health and neurodevelopment. Premature infants are at risk of DHA deficiency and circulating levels directly correlate with health outcomes. Most supplementation strategies have focused on increasing DHA content in mother's milk or infant formula. However, extremely premature infants may not reach full feedings for weeks and commercially available parenteral lipid emulsions do not contain preformed DHA, so blood levels decline rapidly after birth. Our objective was to develop a DHA supplementation strategy to overcome these barriers. This double-blind, randomized, controlled trial determined feasibility, tolerability and efficacy of daily enteral DHA supplementation (50 mg/day) in addition to standard nutrition for preterm infants (24-34 weeks gestational age) beginning in the first week of life. Blood FA levels were analyzed at baseline, full feedings and near discharge in DHA (n = 31) or placebo supplemented (n = 29) preterm infants. Term peers (n = 30) were analyzed for comparison. Preterm infants had lower baseline DHA levels (p < 0.0001). Those receiving DHA had a progressive increase in circulating DHA over time (from 3.33 to 4.09 wt% or 2.88 to 3.55 mol%, p < 0.0001) while placebo-supplemented infants (receiving standard neonatal nutrition) had no increase over time (from 3.35 to 3.32 wt% or 2.91 to 2.87 mol%). Although levels increased with additional DHA supplementation, preterm infants still had lower blood DHA levels than term peers (4.97 wt% or 4.31 mol%) at discharge (p = 0.0002). No differences in adverse events were observed between the groups. Overall, daily enteral DHA supplementation is feasible and alleviates deficiency in premature infants.
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Keim SA, Branum AM. Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish among US children 12-60 months of age. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2015; 11:987-98. [PMID: 24034437 PMCID: PMC4745899 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study aimed to estimate intake of individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), identify major dietary sources of PUFAs and estimate the proportion of individuals consuming fish among US children 12-60 months of age, by age and race and ethnicity. The study employed a cross-sectional design using US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Representative sample of US population based on selected counties. SUBJECTS 2496 US children aged 12-60 months. Mean daily intake of n-6 PUFAs and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) varied by age, with children 12-24 months of age having lower average intakes (mg or g day(-1) ) than children 49-60 months of age and the lowest n6 : n3 ratio, upon adjustment for energy intake. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was low (20 mg day(-1) ) compared to typical infant intake and did not change with age. Compared to non-Hispanic white children, Mexican American children had higher DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) intake. In the previous 30 days, 53.7% of children ever consumed fish. Non-Hispanic black children were more likely than non-Hispanic white children to have consumed fish (64.0% vs. 53.0%). Results indicate low prevalence of fish intake and key n-3 PUFAs, relative to n-6 fatty acids, which suggests room for improvement in the diets of US children. More research is needed to determine how increasing dietary intakes of n-3 PUFAs like DHA could benefit child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Keim
- Center for Biobehavioral HealthThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of PediatricsCollege of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Division of EpidemiologyCollege of Public HealthThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Amy M. Branum
- National Center for Health StatisticsOffice of Analysis and Epidemiology, Infant, Children, and Women's Health Statistics BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionHyattsvilleMarylandUSA
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15
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Ran-Ressler RR, Bae S, Lawrence P, Wang DH, Brenna JT. Branched-chain fatty acid content of foods and estimated intake in the USA. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:565-72. [PMID: 24830474 PMCID: PMC4381348 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) are bioactive food components that constitute about 2 % of fatty acids in cows' milk fat. There are few systematic data available on the BCFA content of other foods to estimate dietary intakes. In the present study, we report BCFA distribution and content of fresh and processed foods representing the major foods in the American diet and estimate BCFA intake. BCFA are primarily components of dairy and ruminant food products, and are absent from chicken, pork and salmon. The mean BCFA intake of 500 mg/d was delivered primarily from dairy and beef food products; by comparison, average intake of the widely studied long-chain PUFA EPA and DHA has been estimated to be 100 mg/d. Common adjustments in the diet could double the daily intake of BCFA. The fermented foods sauerkraut and miso had appreciable fractions of BCFA, but, overall, they are low-fat foods providing very small amounts of BCFA in the diet, and other fermented foods did not contain BCFA as might have been expected from the influence of microbial exposure. These data support the quantitative importance of BCFA delivered primarily from dairy and beef food products and highlight the need for research into their effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - SangEun Bae
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University,Ithaca,NY14853,USA
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University,Ithaca,NY14853,USA
| | - Dong Hao Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University,Ithaca,NY14853,USA
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University,Ithaca,NY14853,USA
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Wine O, Osornio-Vargas AR, Buka IS. Fish consumption by children in Canada: Review of evidence, challenges and future goals. Paediatr Child Health 2013; 17:241-5. [PMID: 23633896 DOI: 10.1093/pch/17.5.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish consumption is of great importance to children's health and is essential for neurodevelopment, which begins in pregnancy and continues throughout early childhood and into adolescence. However, fish consumption presents conflicting health outcomes associated with its nutritional benefits and its adverse contaminant risks, because both avoiding fish as well as the consumption of contaminated fish can potentially harm children. This may be challenging to communicate. The present review was performed to assess the current knowledge and recommendations around 'smart' fish-consumption decisions. Health Canada advises, as well as other advisories and guides, that fish should be consumed for its health benefits, while also informing consumers, especially women and children, to limit certain fish consumption. The current literature must attempt to handle the challenges inherent in communicating the dilemmas of children's fish consumption. Incorporation of new knowledge translation strategies are proposed as a means to raise the level of knowledge about optimal fish consumption practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Wine
- Children's Environmental Health Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta
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17
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Arachidonic acid supplementation during gestational, lactational and post-weaning periods prevents retinal degeneration induced in a rodent model. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1424-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids and their derivatives play a role in the response to retinal injury. The effects of dietary arachidonic acid (AA) supplementation on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration was investigated in young Lewis rats during the gestational, lactational and post-weaning periods. Dams were fed 0·1, 0·5 or 2·0 % AA diets or a basal ( < 0·01 % AA) diet. On postnatal day 21 (at weaning), male pups received a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg MNU/kg or vehicle, and were fed the same diet as their mother for 7 d. Retinal apoptosis was analysed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP digoxigenin nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay 24 h after the MNU treatment, and retinal morphology was examined 7 d post-MNU. Histologically, all rats that received MNU and were fed the basal and 0·1 % AA diets developed retinal degeneration characterised by the loss of photoreceptor cells (disappearance of the outer nuclear layer and the photoreceptor layer) in the central retina. The 0·5 and 2·0 % AA diets rescued rats from retinal damage. Morphometrically, in parallel with the AA dose (0·5 and 2·0 % AA), the photoreceptor ratio significantly increased and the retinal damage ratio decreased in the central retina, compared with the corresponding ratios in basal diet-fed rats. In parallel with the increase in serum and retinal AA levels and the AA:DHA ratio, the apoptotic index in the central retina was dose-dependently decreased in rats fed the 0·5 and 2·0 % AA diets. In conclusion, an AA-rich diet during the gestation, lactation and post-weaning periods rescued young Lewis rats from MNU-induced retinal degeneration via the inhibition of photoreceptor apoptosis. Therefore, an AA-enriched diet in the prenatal and postnatal periods may be an important strategy to suppress the degree of photoreceptor injury in humans.
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Patterson AC, Hogg RC, Kishi DM, Stark KD. Biomarker and dietary validation of a Canadian food frequency questionnaire to measure eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid intakes from whole food, functional food, and nutraceutical sources. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:1005-14. [PMID: 22583924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canadian dietary sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) include marine and non-marine whole foods, functional foods, and nutraceuticals. OBJECTIVE/DESIGN In the present study, these sources were incorporated into a nutrient-specific, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the ability to measure the EPA and DHA intakes of Canadian adults was assessed. Specifically, the EPA and DHA intakes estimated by FFQ of 78 men and women, 20 to 60 years of age, were compared with EPA and DHA measurements from 3-day food records and measures of EPA and DHA in fasting whole blood. RESULTS Mean (±standard deviation) and median intakes of EPA+DHA were 0.34±0.34 and 0.21 g/day by FFQ and 0.47±0.71 and 0.13 g/day by food record, with no significant differences between mean intakes (P=0.93). The FFQ provided higher estimates than the food record at low intakes of EPA and DHA and lower estimates at high intakes based on Bland-Altman plots. The FFQ was moderately correlated with food record (r=0.31 to 0.49) and with blood biomarker measures of EPA and DHA (r=0.31 to 0.51). Agreement analysis revealed that 42% of participants were classified in the same and 77% into same or adjacent quartile when EPA and DHA intake was assessed by food record and by FFQ. Similar quartile agreement was found for EPA and DHA intakes by FFQ with blood biomarker EPA and DHA. The range of the validity coefficients, calculated using the method of triads, was 0.43 to 0.71 for FFQ measurement of EPA+DHA. CONCLUSIONS The FFQ is an adequate tool for estimating usual EPA and DHA intakes and ranking Canadian adults by their intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Patterson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Burrows T, Berthon B, Garg ML, Collins CE. A comparative validation of a child food frequency questionnaire using red blood cell membrane fatty acids. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:825-9. [PMID: 22378224 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES There are limited validated tools available for the assessment of dietary intake in pediatric populations. This report describes a comparative validation study of selected fatty acid intakes in children assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), compared with erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. SUBJECTS/METHODS Overall, 46 overweight and 47 healthy-weight children aged 5-12 years (mean±SD, 9.1±1.3years, body mass index 20.5±4.0) were recruited; dietary fatty acid intakes assessed by parent report using a 135-item semi-quantitative FFQ, were compared with selected child erythrocyte membrane fatty acids assessed from fasting samples using gas chromatography. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated between fatty acid intake estimates (% of energy) and erythrocyte membrane concentrations (%mol/mol). RESULTS Significant correlations were found between dietary and erythrocyte eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) concentration (r=0.24, P<0.05) with a statistical trend for total omega three (∑n-3) fatty acids (r=0.22, P=0.06) and linoleic acid (r=0.32, P=0.07) in the healthy-weight children only. CONCLUSION Parental report of selected child fatty acid intakes using an FFQ can be used to provide an estimate of child intake of EPA, but further work is required to quantify this relationship for other fatty acids and in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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Clandinin MT, Larsen BM. Docosahexaenoic acid is essential to development of critical functions in infants. J Pediatr 2010; 157:875-6. [PMID: 20828713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Importancia del ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA): funciones y recomendaciones para su ingesta en la infancia. An Pediatr (Barc) 2010; 73:142.e1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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n-3s from Fish and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:1014-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ryan AS, Astwood JD, Gautier S, Kuratko CN, Nelson EB, Salem N. Effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on neurodevelopment in childhood: a review of human studies. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:305-14. [PMID: 20188533 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 and omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are critical for infant and childhood brain development, but levels of the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are often low in the Western diet. Increasing evidence from both epidemiological and intervention studies, reviewed here, indicates that DHA supplementation, during pregnancy, lactation, or childhood plays an important role in childhood neurodevelopment. Arachidonic acid (ARA) is also important for infant growth and development. Several studies have demonstrated positive associations between blood DHA levels and improvements on tests of cognitive and visual function in healthy children. Controlled trials also have shown that supplementation with DHA and EPA may help in the management of childhood psychiatric disorders, and improve visual and motor functions in children with phenylketonuria. In all studies, DHA and EPA supplementation is typically well tolerated. Further research is needed to determine optimal doses for efficacy at different developmental ages. The potential long-term benefits of early LCPUFA supplementation also require consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Ryan
- Martek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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Minns LM, Kerling EH, Neely MR, Sullivan DK, Wampler JL, Harris CL, Berseth CL, Carlson SE. Toddler formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves DHA status and respiratory health in a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of US children less than 3 years of age. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:287-93. [PMID: 20207123 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Studies of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake and status in US toddlers are lacking. One national survey found low DHA intakes. The objectives of this double-blind, randomized study were to (a) determine usual DHA intakes, (b) measure the effect of consuming formulas with DHA on red blood cell (RBC) and plasma DHA and (c) record adverse events in US children between 18 and 36 months of age. Children aged 18-36 months were provided 237-ml formula with 0, 43, or 130 mg DHA per day for 60 days. Blood was obtained at 0 and 60 days and 24-hour dietary recalls at 0, 30 and 60 days. Usual median daily DHA intake was 13.3 mg. RBC DHA increased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing DHA intake (p<0.05). Toddlers consuming the formula with 130 mg DHA per day have fewer adverse events (p=0.007) and a lower incidence of respiratory illness (p=0.024), compared to the formula without DHA. US toddlers have low DHA intake and status. Modest increases in DHA intake in toddlers might improve development, including respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Minns
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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