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Jegadheeshwari S, Velayutham M, Gunasekaran K, Kesavan M. DbGTi: Thermostable trypsin inhibitor from Dioscorea bulbifera L. ground tubers: assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity evaluation using zebrafish model. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130244. [PMID: 38387638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress disorders and diseases caused by drug-resistant bacteria have emerged as significant public health concerns. Plant-based medications like protease inhibitors are growing despite adverse effects therapies. Consecutively, in this study, trypsin inhibitors from Dioscorea bulbifera L. (DbGTi trypsin inhibitor) ground tubers were isolated, purified, characterized, and evaluated for their potential cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. DbGTi protein was purified by Q-Sepharose matrix, followed by trypsin inhibitory activity. The molecular weight of the DbGTi protein was found to be approximately 31 kDa by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The secondary structure analysis by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed that the DbGTi protein predominantly comprises β sheets followed by α helix. DbGTi protein showed competitive type of inhibition with Vmax = 2.1372 × 10-1 μM/min, Km = 1.1805 × 102 μM, & Ki = 8.4 × 10-9 M and was stable up to 70 °C. DbGTi protein exhibited 58 % similarity with Dioscorin protein isolated from Dioscorea alata L. as revealed by LC-MS/MS analysis. DbGTi protein showed a non-toxic effect, analyzed by MTT, Haemolytic assay and in vivo studies on zebrafish model. DbGTi protein significantly inhibited K. pneumoniae and has excellent antioxidant properties, confirmed by various antioxidant assays. The results of anti-microbial, cytotoxicity and antioxidant assays demonstrate its bioactive potential and non-toxic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jegadheeshwari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India; Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Velayutham
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Integrative Physiology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Kanchipuram, India
| | - K Gunasekaran
- Department of Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - M Kesavan
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Cheng L, Wei S, Liu K, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Identification of the inducible activity in the promoter of the soybean BBI-DII gene exposed to abiotic stress or abscisic acid. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:947-957. [PMID: 37649883 PMCID: PMC10462593 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the soybean Bowman-Birk proteinase isoinhibitor DII (BBI-DII) gene and the inducible activity of its promoter were studied under salt, drought, low temperature, and abscisic acid (ABA) exposure conditions. The BBI-DII gene was induced by salt, drought, low temperature, and ABA, and the relative expression levels were 103.09-, 107.01-, 17.25- and 27.24-fold, respectively, compared with the untreated control. The putative promoter, designated BP1 (- 1255 to + 872 bp), located 5'-upstream of the BBI-DII gene was cloned. The expression of the GUS gene in pCAM-BP1 transgenic tobacco plants was highest at 5 h after treatment with salt, drought, low temperature and ABA, especially under salt and drought. Using histochemical staining and fluorescence analysis of GUS, BP1 activity under salt and drought conditions after 5 h was 1.03 and 1.07-fold, respectively, compared with that of the CaMV35S promoter. Based on a 5' deletion analysis, the segment (+ 41 to + 474 bp) was the basal region that responded to salt and drought, whereas the segment (- 820 to + 41 bp) was the area that responded to increased salt and drought activity. The BP2 (- 820 to + 872) activities were 0.98- and 1.02-fold compared with that of BP1 under salt and drought conditions and was 435 bp shorter than BP1. The salt- and drought-inducible activities of the BP2 promoter in the roots, stems, and leaves of transgenic tobacco plants were stable. Taken together, BP2 is more suitable than the BP1 promoter for the study and molecular breeding of stress-resistant soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Cheng
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street, No. 42, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang China
| | - Shuang Wei
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street, No. 42, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang China
| | - Kuocheng Liu
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street, No. 42, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Jilin Province Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, 161005 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street, No. 42, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang China
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3
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Guerra Y, Armijos‐Jaramillo V, Pons T, Tejera E, Berry C. Canonical or noncanonical? Structural plasticity of serine protease-binding loops in Kunitz-STI protease inhibitors. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4570. [PMID: 36660780 PMCID: PMC9885459 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Kunitz-Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor (Kunitz-STI) family is a large family of proteins with most of its members being protease inhibitors. The versatility of the inhibitory profile and the structural plasticity of these proteins, make this family a promising scaffold for designing new multifunctional proteins. Historically, Kunitz-STI inhibitors have been classified as canonical serine protease inhibitors, but new inhibitors with novel inhibition mechanisms have been described in recent years. Different inhibition mechanisms could be the result of different evolutionary pathways. In the present work, we performed a structural analysis of all the crystallographic structures available for Kunitz-STI inhibitors to characterize serine protease-binding loop structural features and locations. Our study suggests a relationship between the conformation of serine protease-binding loops and the inhibition mechanism, their location in the β-trefoil fold, and the plant source of the inhibitors. The classical canonical inhibitors of this family are restricted to plants from the Fabales order and bind their targets via the β4-β5 loop, whereas serine protease-binding loops in inhibitors from other plants lie mainly in the β5-β6 and β9-β10 loops. In addition, we found that the β5-β6 loop is used to inhibit two different families of serine proteases through a steric blockade inhibition mechanism. This work will help to change the general perception that all Kunitz-STI inhibitors are canonical inhibitors and proteins with protease-binding loops adopting noncanonical conformations are exceptions. Additionally, our results will help in the identification of protease-binding loops in uncharacterized or newly discovered inhibitors, and in the design of multifunctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasel Guerra
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AplicadasUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
- Grupo de Bio‐QuimioinformáticaUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
| | - Vinicio Armijos‐Jaramillo
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AplicadasUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
- Grupo de Bio‐QuimioinformáticaUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
| | - Tirso Pons
- Department of Immunology and OncologyNational Centre for Biotechnology (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AplicadasUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
- Grupo de Bio‐QuimioinformáticaUniversidad de Las AméricasQuitoEcuador
| | - Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Moradi M, Golmohammadi R, Najafi A, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Mirnejad R. In Silico Analysis of Inhibiting Papain-like Protease from SARS-CoV-2 by Using Plant-Derived Peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 28:24. [PMID: 34903959 PMCID: PMC8655715 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a corona virus that has been the cause for one of the deadliest pandemics of history, started since 2019. Suppressing the activity of the critical enzymes in the SARS-CoV-2 could potentially inhibit a vital step in viral life cycle. Papain-like protease (PLpro) could be regarded as a critical enzyme in viral replication of SARS-CoV-2. In this research, it was aimed to suppress the activity of PLpro enzyme by using potential plant-derived protease inhibitor peptides. For this purpose, 11 plant derived peptides that could potentially inhibit protease activity were selected from literature. The structures of the PLpro and the peptide ligands were acquired from PDB (protein data bank) and after structural optimization, were docked by using HADDOCK 2.4 program. Analyzing the results indicated that VcTI from Veronica hederifolia provides effective molecular interactions at both liable Zn site and classic active site of PLpro, making it a potential inhibitory ligand for this enzyme that could be used for halting the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Molecular dynamic assay confirmed that the selected receptor and ligand complex was stable. Future in vitro and in vivo investigations are required to verify the efficiency of this compound as a potential therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 infection. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10989-021-10331-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moradi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Golmohammadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Najafi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chen Y, Xi X, Ma C, Zhou M, Chen X, Ye Z, Ge L, Wu Q, Chen T, Wang L, Kwok HF. Structure-Activity Relationship and Molecular Docking of a Kunitz-Like Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitzin-AH, from the Skin Secretion of Amolops hainanensis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070966. [PMID: 34206897 PMCID: PMC8309051 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kunitz-like trypsin inhibitors are one of the most noteworthy research objects owing to their significance in pharmacological studies, including anticarcinogenic activity, obesity regulation and anticoagulation. In the current study, a novel Kunitz-like trypsin inhibitor, Kunitzin-AH, was isolated from the skin secretion of Amolops hainanensis. The novel peptide displayed a modest trypsin inhibitory activity with the inhibitor constant (Ki) value of 1.18 ± 0.08 µM without inducing damage to healthy horse erythrocytes. Then, a series of shortened variants of Kunitzin-AH were designed by truncating a peptide loop and site mutation inside the loop to illustrate the structure–activity relationship of the trypsin inhibition function. Among the variants, a significant decrease was observed for the Cys-Cys loop domain, while the extension of an Arg at N-terminus (RCKAAFC) retained the inhibitory activity, indicating that the -RCK-motif is essential in forming the reactive domain for exerting the inhibitory activity. Furthermore, substitutions of Ala by hydrophobic or hydrophilic residues decreased the activity, indicating suitable steric hindrance provides convenience for the combination of trypsin. Additionally, the conformational simulation of the analogues processed with Chimera and Gromacs and further combination simulations between the peptides and trypsin conducted with HDOCK offered a potential opportunity for the natural trypsin inhibitory drug design. The truncated sequence, AH-798, may be a good replacement for the full-length peptide, and can be optimized via cyclization for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (Y.C.); (C.M.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (T.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Xinping Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (Y.C.); (C.M.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (T.C.); (L.W.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (H.F.K.)
| | - Chengbang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (Y.C.); (C.M.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (T.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Mei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (Y.C.); (C.M.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (T.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (Y.C.); (C.M.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (T.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Zhuming Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (Y.C.); (C.M.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (T.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Lilin Ge
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qinan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Q.W.)
| | - Tianbao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (Y.C.); (C.M.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (T.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (Y.C.); (C.M.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (T.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (H.F.K.)
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6
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Wang B, He T, Zheng X, Song B, Chen H. Proteomic Analysis of Potato Responding to the Invasion of Ralstonia solanacearum UW551 and Its Type III Secretion System Mutant. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:337-350. [PMID: 33332146 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0144-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The infection of potato with Ralstonia solanacearum UW551 gives rise to bacterial wilt disease via colonization of roots. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a determinant factor for the pathogenicity of R. solanacearum. To fully understand perturbations in potato by R. solanacearum type III effectors(T3Es), we used proteomics to measure differences in potato root protein abundance after inoculation with R. solanacearum UW551 and the T3SS mutant (UW551△HrcV). We identified 21 differentially accumulated proteins. Compared with inoculation with UW551△HrcV, 10 proteins showed significantly lower abundance in potato roots after inoculation with UW551, indicating that those proteins were significantly downregulated by T3Es during the invasion. To identify their functions in immunity, we silenced those genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and tested the resistance of the silenced plants to the pathogen. Results showed that miraculin, HBP2, and TOM20 contribute to immunity to R. solanacearum. In contrast, PP1 contributes to susceptibility. Notably, none of four downregulated proteins (HBP2, PP1, HSP22, and TOM20) were downregulated at the transcriptional level, suggesting that they were significantly downregulated at the posttranscriptional level. We further coexpressed those four proteins with 33 core T3Es. To our surprise, multiple effectors were able to significantly decrease the studied protein abundances. In conclusion, our data showed that T3Es of R. solanacearum could subvert potato root immune-related proteins in a redundant manner.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tianjiu He
- Guizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Xueao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Bendre AD, Shukla E, Ramasamy S. Functional Stability and Structural Transitions of a Kunitz trypsin Inhibitor from Chickpea (CaTI2). Protein J 2020; 39:350-357. [PMID: 32671517 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are important tools for various applications. We have studied structural transitions and functional stability of a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Chickpea (CaTI2), a potent insect gut-protease inhibitor, under different stress conditions like non-neutral pH, elevated temperature and co-solvent concentrations. CaTI2 was cloned and expressed in an eukaryotic system P. pastoris and was investigated for conformational transitions using circular dichroism spectroscopy, differential scanning fluorimetry and activity assay. Native CaTI2 has a sheet dominant structure with 40% β sheets and possess a single tryptophan residue situated in the hydrophobic core of the enzyme. The recombinant inhibitor maintained its maximum activity under alkaline pH with its secondary structure intact between pH 6-10. CaTI2 was observed to be thermally stable up to 55 °C with a Tm of 61.3 °C above which the protein unfolds. On treating with chemical denaturant (urea), the CaTI2 lost its inhibitory potential and native conformation beyond 2 M urea concentration. Moreover, the protein unfolded at lower temperatures as the concentration of denaturant increased, suggesting more complex structural changes. Further, the stability of the inhibitor was found to be directly proportional to the solvent polarity. The data, herein offers significant information of inhibitor stability and activity which could be exploited for its further development into an effective pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya D Bendre
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India. .,National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Ekta Shukla
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Jain A, Kumar A, Shikhi M, Kumar A, Nair DT, Salunke DM. The structure of MP-4 from Mucuna pruriens at 2.22 Å resolution. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:47-57. [PMID: 32039885 PMCID: PMC7010354 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the MP-4 protein was previously determined at a resolution of 2.8 Å. Owing to the unavailability of gene-sequence information at the time, the side-chain assignment was carried out on the basis of a partial sequence available through Edman degradation, sequence homology to orthologs and electron density. The structure of MP-4 has now been determined at a higher resolution (2.22 Å) in another space group and all of the structural inferences that were presented in the previous report of the structure were validated. In addition, the present data allowed an improved assignment of side chains and enabled further analysis of the MP-4 structure, and the accuracy of the assignment was confirmed by the recently available gene sequence. The study reinforces the traditional concept that conservative interpretations of relatively low-resolution structures remain correct even with the availability of high-resolution data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Jain
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad–Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121 001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Meha Shikhi
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad–Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121 001, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751 024, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad–Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121 001, India
| | - Deepak T. Nair
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad–Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121 001, India
| | - Dinakar M. Salunke
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
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Hellinger R, Gruber CW. Peptide-based protease inhibitors from plants. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1877-1889. [PMID: 31170506 PMCID: PMC6753016 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases have an important role in homeostasis, and dysregulation of protease function can lead to pathogenesis. Therefore, proteases are promising drug targets in cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disease research. Although there are well-established pharmaceuticals on the market, drug development for proteases is challenging. This is often caused by the limited selectivity of currently available lead compounds. Proteinaceous plant protease inhibitors are a diverse family of (poly)peptides that are important to maintain physiological homeostasis and to serve the innate defense machinery of the plant. In this review, we provide an overview of the diversity of plant peptide- and protein-based protease inhibitors (PIs), provide examples of such compounds that target human proteases, and discuss opportunities for these molecules in protease drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hellinger
- Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian W Gruber
- Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Xu Q, Qu J, Song B, Liu F, Chen P, Krishnan HB. Lathyrus sativus Originating from Different Geographical Regions Reveals Striking Differences in Kunitz and Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8119-8129. [PMID: 31265283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is an important legume commonly grown in arid and semi-arid regions. This protein-rich legume performs well even under harsh environmental conditions and is considered to be a strategic famine food in developing countries. Unfortunately, its potential usage is greatly limited as a result of the presence of antinutritional factors, including the neuroexcitatory amino acid β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) and protease inhibitors. β-ODAP is responsible for a neurodegenerative syndrome that results in the paralysis of lower limbs, while protease inhibitors affect protein digestibility, resulting in reduced growth. Concerted research efforts have led to development of grass pea cultivars with reduced β-ODAP content. In contrast, very little information is available on the protease inhibitors of L. sativus. In this study, we have conducted biochemical characterization of 51 L. sativus accessions originating from different geographical regions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of seed globulins and prolamins revealed striking similarity in their protein profile, although geographic-specific variations in profiles was also evident. Measurement of Bowman-Birk chymotrypsin inhibitor (BBi) and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTi) activities in accessions revealed striking differences among them. Amino acid sequence alignment of grass pea BBi and KTi revealed significant homology to protease inhibitors from several legumes. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated high-level expression of BBi and KTi in dry seeds and weak expression in other organs. Our study demonstrates substantial variation in BBi and KTi among grass pea accessions that could be exploited in breeding programs for the development of grass pea lines that are devoid of these antinutritional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanle Xu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
- Plant Genetics Research, United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Jinmiao Qu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Plant Genetics Research, United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology at the Chinese Ministry of Education , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research, United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
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