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Barley BK, Gao C, Luster T, Porro A, Parizi-Robinson M, Quigley D, Zinke P, Scullin MK. Chronotype in college science students is associated with behavioral choices and can fluctuate across a semester. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:710-724. [PMID: 37080776 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2203251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Many students self-report that they are "night owls," which can result from neurodevelopmental delays in the circadian timing system. However, whether an individual considers themselves to be an evening-type versus a morning-type (self-reported chronotype) may also be influenced by academic demands (e.g. class start times, course load) and behavioral habits (e.g. bedtime social media use, late caffeine consumption, daytime napping). If so, then chronotype should be malleable. We surveyed 858 undergraduate students enrolled in demanding science courses at up to three time points. The survey assessed morning/evening chronotype, global sleep quality, academics, and behavioral habits. Evening and morning-type students showed similar demographics, stress levels, and academic demands. At baseline measurements, relative to morning-types, evening-types showed significantly worse sleep quality and duration as well as 22% greater bedtime social media usage, 27% greater daytime napping duration, and 46% greater likelihood of consuming caffeine after 5pm. These behavioral habits partially mediated the effects of self-reported chronotype on sleep quality/duration, even after controlling for demographic factors. Interestingly, 54 students reported switching from being at least moderate evening-types at baseline to being at least moderate morning-types later in the semester and 56 students showed the reverse pattern (6.3% of students switched from "definitely" one chronotype to the other chronotype). Evening-to-morning "chrono-switchers" consumed less caffeine after 5pm and showed significantly better sleep quantity/quality at the later timepoint. Thus, some students may consider themselves to be night owls in part because they consume caffeine later, take more daytime naps, or use more social media at bedtime. Experimental work is needed to determine whether nudging night owls to behave like morning larks results in better sleep health or academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake K Barley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Chenlu Gao
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taylor Luster
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Abbye Porro
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | | | - Dena Quigley
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Zinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Michael K Scullin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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2
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Hoshikawa M. Relationships between the Munich Chronotype questionnaire index and time at minimum core temperature. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2022.2041797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Hoshikawa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Player Chronotype Does Not Affect In-Game Performance during the Evening (>18:00 h) in Professional Male Basketball Players. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:615-623. [PMID: 34940023 PMCID: PMC8700237 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport-specific skills display diurnal variation across various team sports such as badminton and tennis serving accuracy and soccer dribbling, volleying, and chipping execution. However, the effects of athlete chronotype on in-game sport-specific skill performance according to time of day across team sports is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of player chronotype on in-game basketball performance during evening games. Professional male basketball players (n = 11) completed a morningness-eveningness questionnaire and were categorized according to chronotype (morning-type: n = 4; neither-type: n = 6; evening-type: n = 1). Box score data from the 2019/20 season were utilized to determine individual in-game performance during evening games played after 18:00 h. Composite metrics (i.e., effective field goal percentage, offensive rating, defensive rating, and player efficiency) were used as indicators of player performance. Non-significant (p ≥ 0.21) differences were evident between M-types and N-types for most performance measures. Small to very large effects were observed in the number of rebounds favoring M-types, and three-point shots attempted and made, assists, and steals favored N-types. In-game performance appeared to not be affected by chronotype (i.e., M-type vs. N-type) in evening games among professional male basketball players. The lack of observed effect between chronotype and in-game performance suggest coaching staff may not need to consider player chronotype when developing a match strategy or assigning player roles if largely dealing with M-types and N-types. However, to ensure the greatest specificity, coaching staff may endeavor to schedule habitual training times in line with that of competition in an effort to align player circadian rhythms to games.
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4
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Wright SE, Palmer C. Does chronotype explain daily timing of music behaviors? Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:186-197. [PMID: 34674591 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1989449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We addressed how circadian rhythms influence daily musical activities of performing musicians, who exhibit fine temporal control. Music performances often occur in the evening and late at night; evidence suggests that composing musicians tend to be later chronotypes than non-composing musicians. However, chronotype and daily music-making in performing musicians have yet to be investigated. The current study examined chronotype in actively practicing and/or performing musicians and non-musicians, and whether it was related to the daily timing of music performance. To test influences of daily changes due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, disruptions to musical, athletic, social, and sleep habits were also measured. Performing musicians, active (practicing but non-performing) musicians, inactive musicians, and non-musicians, residing in Canada, completed a 7-day online daily activity and sleep diary in Summer 2020. There were more evening chronotypes than morning chronotypes in the sample. Active/performing musicians tended to be earlier chronotypes than all other groups. Musicians' chronotype, but not nightly sleep timing, predicted the time of day that musicians made music: Late chronotypes made music later in the day and early chronotypes made music earlier in the day. Music performance and practice amount decreased during the COVID-19 period, but the daily timing of these activities did not change. All participants reported later sleep onset during the COVID-19 period; the amount of social interaction decreased during the COVID-19 period, while exercise increased for some and decreased for others. No changes in the daily timing of exercise, social interaction, or morning wake-up were reported. These findings suggest that performing musicians may be slightly earlier chronotypes than non-performing musicians and non-musicians, despite music performances often occurring in the evening. Chronotype was related to the time of day of music-making independent of nightly sleep timing, suggesting that times of day for making music reflect an individual's circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Palmer
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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Smithies TD, Eastwood PR, Walsh J, Murray K, Markwick W, Dunican IC. Around the world in 16 days: the effect of long-distance transmeridian travel on the sleep habits and behaviours of a professional Super Rugby team. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2596-2602. [PMID: 34193014 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1947617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of research examining the effects of long-distance transmeridian travel (LDTT) on the sleep and match performance of team sport players. To address this, 37 elite male rugby union players from a Super Rugby team undertaking LDTT were recruited. The participants completed validated sleep questionnaires and wore a wrist-worn activity monitor (Readiband™) during a Super Rugby season (including during periods of LDTT crossing 5, 6, and 13 time-zones) to ascertain objective measures of sleep. Sleep measures were compared using mixed model analysis to ascertain the effects of competition and LDTT on sleep. Total sleep time (TST) increased in the days prior to matches, and decreased following matches (accompanied by a later time at sleep onset), particularly when next-day early-morning flights were required. TST was decreased when sleep was attempted during LDTT, except for in the last travel bout where players napped in addition to achieving night-time sleep. TST was also reduced for the night immediately following LDTT, except for in Condition 3 where players delayed wake time and also achieved naps. This study exemplifies the challenges that team-sport athletes face in obtaining regular sleep when LDTT is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Smithies
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA Australia
| | - Peter R Eastwood
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA Australia
| | - Jennifer Walsh
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA Australia
| | - Kevin Murray
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA Australia
| | - Will Markwick
- Western Force, Rugby Western Australia, Floreat WA Australia
| | - Ian C Dunican
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA Australia
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Pivovarnicek P, Kondratova D, Kentiba E, Jancokova L, Maly T. Does the chronotype distribution vary between different level football leagues? Insights gained from Czech elite football players. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1162-1169. [PMID: 33843384 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1912075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronotype refer to individuals' time-of-day preferences for activities, which can be classified as "morning types = (M-types)", "evening types = (E-types)", and "neither types (N-types)". The primary aim of this study was to compare the chronotype distribution of Czech First League (1L) and Czech National Football League (2L) male elite football players, which was divided into two secondary aims: (i) statistically identify and compare the number (presence) of particular chronotypes in 1L, and (ii) statistically identify and compare the number (presence) of particular chronotypes in 2L. The present cross-sectional study employed a self-reported standardized questionnaire, the Composite Scale of Morningness, to study the chronotype distribution among the male elite football players. The chronotype distribution of 139 (85 from 1L with mean age ± S.D. = 25.5 ± 3.7 years and 54 from 2L age = 24.4 ± 4.5 years) players was assessed. Overall, 61 (71.8%) of the participants from 1L were mainly N-types, followed by M- and E-types. Similarly, 40 (74.1%) participants from 2L were mainly N-types, followed by M- and E-types. The statistical analysis of the 1L players showed a significantly higher presence of N-types compared to M- and E-types (χ2(2) = 57.62, p < .05, V = .58). The same results were detected in 2L, where the N-type was identified in the majority of football players (χ2(2) = 57.62, p < .05, V = .58). The statistical comparison of the number of presented chronotypes did not show a significant difference (F = 3.29, p > .05, V = .16) between players of the 1L and 2L. Thus, N-types are dominant among Czech elite football players, and the chronotype distribution of male elite football players from the Czech First League and the Czech National Football League does not vary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Pivovarnicek
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Dominika Kondratova
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic.,Department of Physical Education, Grammar School of Andrej Kmeť, Banská Štiavnica, Slovak Republic
| | - Efrem Kentiba
- Department of Sports Science, Arba Minch College of Teachers' Education, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Ludmila Jancokova
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Maly
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hoshikawa M. Chronotypes in elite Japanese athletes: assessed by the reduced Morningness-Eveningness and Munich ChronoType Questionnaires. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:820-829. [PMID: 33715552 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1897608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to test in elite athletes the correlation between the chronotype determined by the reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) and that determined by the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ). In total, 351 elite athletes filled out the rMEQ questionnaire, 59 athletes filled out the MCTQ questionnaire, and 39 athletes filled out both questionnaires. The rMEQ score and the corrected midpoint of sleep from the MCTQ correlated weakly (|r| = 0.360, p < .05); however, some cases were mismatched. The MSFsc also weakly correlated with age (|r| = 0.374, p < .05), while rMEQ did not. Our results may suggest that the choice of questionnaire to determine chronotype should depend on the purpose and the type of sport athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Hoshikawa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Basti A, Yalçin M, Herms D, Hesse J, Aboumanify O, Li Y, Aretz Z, Garmshausen J, El-Athman R, Hastermann M, Blottner D, Relógio A. Diurnal variations in the expression of core-clock genes correlate with resting muscle properties and predict fluctuations in exercise performance across the day. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000876. [PMID: 33680499 PMCID: PMC7878143 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In this study, we investigated daily fluctuations in molecular (gene expression) and physiological (biomechanical muscle properties) features in human peripheral cells and their correlation with exercise performance. Methods 21 healthy participants (13 men and 8 women) took part in three test series: for the molecular analysis, 15 participants provided hair, blood or saliva time-course sampling for the rhythmicity analysis of core-clock gene expression via RT-PCR. For the exercise tests, 16 participants conducted strength and endurance exercises at different times of the day (9h, 12h, 15h and 18h). Myotonometry was carried out using a digital palpation device (MyotonPRO), five muscles were measured in 11 participants. A computational analysis was performed to relate core-clock gene expression, resting muscle tone and exercise performance. Results Core-clock genes show daily fluctuations in expression in all biological samples tested for all participants. Exercise performance peaks in the late afternoon (15–18 hours for both men and women) and shows variations in performance, depending on the type of exercise (eg, strength vs endurance). Muscle tone varies across the day and higher muscle tone correlates with better performance. Molecular daily profiles correlate with daily variation in exercise performance. Conclusion Training programmes can profit from these findings to increase efficiency and fine-tune timing of training sessions based on the individual molecular data. Our results can benefit both professional athletes, where a fraction of seconds may allow for a gold medal, and rehabilitation in clinical settings to increase therapy efficacy and reduce recovery times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Basti
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Systems Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Müge Yalçin
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Herms
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Karate Department, Berliner Turn- und Sportclub e.V, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Hesse
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Systems Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ouda Aboumanify
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yin Li
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zita Aretz
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefin Garmshausen
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rukeia El-Athman
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, NeuroMuscular Group and Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Blottner
- Center of Space Medicine Berlin, NeuroMuscular Group and Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Relógio
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Systems Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Carvalho MVD, Guimarães JB, Bicalho CCF, Machado FSM, Lopes BB, Coimbra CC. Women amateur street runners have a higher level of chronotype self- perception than men. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742021003621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Filardi M, Morini S, Plazzi G. Pre-Race Sleep Management Strategy and Chronotype of Offshore Solo Sailors. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12:263-269. [PMID: 32440242 PMCID: PMC7210035 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s241162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate chronotype and the sleep management strategy adopted by sailors before the offshore solo sailing race "Mini Transat La Boulangère". As secondary aim, we assessed whether adopting pre-race sleep management strategy influences performance at race. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two solo sailors completed questionnaires on sleep quality, sleepiness, chronotype and an ad hoc questionnaire on the pre-race sleep management strategy adopted. Arrival times, separately for each race's leg, were provided by the race organization team. RESULTS Solo sailors present mainly with a morning-type (40%) and intermediate-type (60%) chronotype, while none have an evening-type chronotype. Fifty-five percent of sailors adopted pre-race sleep management strategy. Sailors that adopted strategy have travelled more miles in offshore compared to sailors that did not adopt strategy (p<0.05). Significant differences emerged in rMEQ scores, with sailors that adopted strategy presenting lower score compared to sailors that did not adopt sleep strategy (p<0.05), as well as in chronotype distribution with morning-type sailors that are less likely to adopt pre-race sleep management strategy compared to intermediate type sailors (p<0.05). No differences emerged in final arrival times and in arrival time at leg1 and leg2. The most commonly adopted strategy (52% of sailors) consists of sleep extension, followed by the polyphasic sleep (26%), and sleep deprivation (22%) strategy. Sailors trained in polyphasic sleep have higher ESS than sailors trained in sleep deprivation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Morning-type chronotype is overrepresented in this large cohort of solo sailors compared to the general population; moreover, chronotype seems to influence the adoption of sleep management strategy. A little over half of solo sailors participating in the Mini Transat trained in sleep management strategy before the race; however, neither the general adoption of pre-race sleep management strategy nor the adoption of a specific sleep strategy seems to significantly influence final arrival times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Filardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Morini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, AUSL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Sławińska M, Stolarski M, Jankowski KS. Effects of chronotype and time of day on mood responses to CrossFit training. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:237-249. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1531016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Diurnal preference, or chronotype, determined partly by genetics and modified by age, activity, and the environment, defines the time of day at which one feels at his/her best, when one feels sleepy, and when one would prefer to start his/her day. Chronotype affects the phase relationship of an individual's circadian clock with the environment such that morning types have earlier-phased circadian rhythms than evening types. The phases of circadian rhythms are synchronized to the environment on a daily basis, undergoing minor adjustments of phase each day. Light is the most potent time cue for phase-shifting circadian rhythms, but the timing and amount of solar irradiation vary dynamically with season, especially with increasing distance from the equator. There is evidence that chronotype is modified by seasonal change, most likely due to the changes in the light environment, but interindividual differences in photoperiod responsiveness mean that some people are more affected than others. Differences in circadian light sensitivity due to endogenous biological reasons and/or previous light history are responsible for the natural variation in photoperiod responsiveness. Modern lifestyles that include access to artificial light at night, temperature-controlled environments, and spending much less time outdoors offer a buffer to the environmental changes of the seasons and may contribute to humans becoming less responsive to seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyambura Shawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,
| | - Dale E Rae
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura C Roden
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,
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