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Ono M, Burgess DE, Johnson SR, Elayi CS, Esser KA, Seward TS, Boychuk CR, Carreño AP, Stalcup RA, Prabhat A, Schroder EA, Delisle BP. Feeding behavior modifies the circadian variation in RR and QT intervals by distinct mechanisms in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 327:R109-R121. [PMID: 38766772 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00025.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Rhythmic feeding behavior is critical for regulating phase and amplitude in the ≈24-h variation of heart rate (RR intervals), ventricular repolarization (QT intervals), and core body temperature in mice. We hypothesized changes in cardiac electrophysiology associated with feeding behavior were secondary to changes in core body temperature. Telemetry was used to record electrocardiograms and core body temperature in mice during ad libitum-fed conditions and after inverting normal feeding behavior by restricting food access to the light cycle. Light cycle-restricted feeding modified the phase and amplitude of 24-h rhythms in RR and QT intervals, and core body temperature to realign with the new feeding time. Changes in core body temperature alone could not account for changes in phase and amplitude in the ≈24-h variation of the RR intervals. Heart rate variability analysis and inhibiting β-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors suggested that changes in the phase and amplitude of 24-h rhythms in RR intervals were secondary to changes in autonomic signaling. In contrast, changes in QT intervals closely mirrored changes in core body temperature. Studies at thermoneutrality confirmed that the daily variation in QT interval, but not RR interval, primarily reflected daily changes in core body temperature (even in ad libitum-fed conditions). Correcting the QT interval for differences in core body temperature helped unmask QT interval prolongation after starting light cycle-restricted feeding and in a mouse model of long QT syndrome. We conclude feeding behavior alters autonomic signaling and core body temperature to regulate phase and amplitude in RR and QT intervals, respectively.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used time-restricted feeding and thermoneutrality to demonstrate that different mechanisms regulate the 24-h rhythms in heart rate and ventricular repolarization. The daily rhythm in heart rate reflects changes in autonomic input, whereas daily rhythms in ventricular repolarization reflect changes in core body temperature. This novel finding has major implications for understanding 24-h rhythms in mouse cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmia susceptibility in transgenic mouse models, and interpretability of cardiac electrophysiological data acquired in thermoneutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ono
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Don E Burgess
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Sidney R Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Claude S Elayi
- CHI Saint Joseph Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Tanya S Seward
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Carie R Boychuk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Andrés P Carreño
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Rebecca A Stalcup
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Abhilash Prabhat
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Schroder
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Brian P Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Ono M, Burgess DE, Johnson SR, Elayi CS, Esser KA, Seward TS, Boychuk CR, Carreño AP, Stalcup RA, Prabhat A, Schroder EA, Delisle BP. Feeding Behavior Modifies the Circadian Variation in RR and QT intervals by Distinct Mechanisms in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.02.565372. [PMID: 37961515 PMCID: PMC10635091 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhythmic feeding behavior is critical for regulating the phase and amplitude in the ≍24-hour variation of the heart rate (RR intervals), ventricular repolarization (QT intervals), and core body temperature in mice. We hypothesized the changes in cardiac electrophysiology associated with feeding behavior were secondary to changes in core body temperature. Telemetry was used to record electrocardiograms and core body temperature in mice during ad libitum-fed conditions and after inverting normal feeding behavior by restricting food access to the light cycle. Light cycle-restricted feeding quickly modified the phase and amplitude of the 24-hour rhythms in RR intervals, QT intervals, and core body temperature to realign with the new feeding time. Heart rate variability analysis and inhibiting β-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors suggested that the changes in the phase and amplitude of the 24-hour rhythms in RR intervals were secondary to changes in autonomic signaling. In contrast, the changes in the QT intervals closely mirrored changes in core body temperature. Studies at thermoneutrality confirmed the daily variation in the QT interval, but not the RR interval, and reflected daily changes in core body temperature (even in ad libitum-fed conditions). Correcting the QT interval for differences in core body temperature helped to unmask QT interval prolongation after starting light cycle-restricted feeding and in a mouse model of long QT syndrome. We conclude feeding behavior alters autonomic signaling and core body temperature to regulate the phase and amplitude in RR and QT intervals, respectively.
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Delisle BP, Prabhat A, Burgess DE, Ono M, Esser KA, Schroder EA. Circadian Regulation of Cardiac Arrhythmias and Electrophysiology. Circ Res 2024; 134:659-674. [PMID: 38484028 PMCID: PMC11177776 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior are ≈24-hour biological cycles regulated by internal biological clocks (ie, circadian clocks) that optimize organismal homeostasis in response to predictable environmental changes. These clocks are present in virtually all cells in the body, including cardiomyocytes. Many decades ago, clinicians and researchers became interested in studying daily patterns of triggers for sudden cardiac death, the incidence of sudden cardiac death, and cardiac arrhythmias. This review highlights historical and contemporary studies examining the role of day/night rhythms in the timing of cardiovascular events, delves into changes in the timing of these events over the last few decades, and discusses cardiovascular disease-specific differences in the timing of cardiovascular events. The current understanding of the environmental, behavioral, and circadian mechanisms that regulate cardiac electrophysiology is examined with a focus on the circadian regulation of cardiac ion channels and ion channel regulatory genes. Understanding the contribution of environmental, behavioral, and circadian rhythms on arrhythmia susceptibility and the incidence of sudden cardiac death will be essential in developing future chronotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Abhilash Prabhat
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Don E. Burgess
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Makoto Ono
- Division of Cardiology and Rehabilitation, Tamaki Hospital, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami A Martino
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian P Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA,
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Petersen MC, Gallop MR, Flores Ramos S, Zarrinpar A, Broussard JL, Chondronikola M, Chaix A, Klein S. Complex physiology and clinical implications of time-restricted eating. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1991-2034. [PMID: 35834774 PMCID: PMC9423781 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a dietary intervention that limits food consumption to a specific time window each day. The effect of TRE on body weight and physiological functions has been extensively studied in rodent models, which have shown considerable therapeutic effects of TRE and important interactions among time of eating, circadian biology, and metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, it is difficult to make firm conclusions regarding the effect of TRE in people because of the heterogeneity in results, TRE regimens, and study populations. In this review, we 1) provide a background of the history of meal consumption in people and the normal physiology of eating and fasting; 2) discuss the interaction between circadian molecular metabolism and TRE; 3) integrate the results of preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated the effects of TRE on body weight and physiological functions; 4) summarize other time-related dietary interventions that have been studied in people; and 4) identify current gaps in knowledge and provide a framework for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Molly R Gallop
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephany Flores Ramos
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
| | - Josiane L Broussard
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Maria Chondronikola
- Departments of Nutrition and Radiology, University of California, Davis, California
- Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea, Greece
| | - Amandine Chaix
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Schroder EA, Ono M, Johnson SR, Rozmus ER, Burgess DE, Esser KA, Delisle BP. The role of the cardiomyocyte circadian clocks in ion channel regulation and cardiac electrophysiology. J Physiol 2022; 600:2037-2048. [PMID: 35301719 PMCID: PMC9980729 DOI: 10.1113/jp282402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily variations in cardiac electrophysiology and the incidence for different types of arrhythmias reflect ≈24 h changes in the environment, behaviour and internal circadian rhythms. This article focuses on studies that use animal models to separate the impact that circadian rhythms, as well as changes in the environment and behaviour, have on 24 h rhythms in heart rate and ventricular repolarization. Circadian rhythms are initiated at the cellular level by circadian clocks, transcription-translation feedback loops that cycle with a periodicity of 24 h. Several studies now show that the circadian clock in cardiomyocytes regulates the expression of cardiac ion channels by multiple mechanisms; underlies time-of-day changes in sinoatrial node excitability/intrinsic heart rate; and limits the duration of the ventricular action potential waveform. However, the 24 h rhythms in heart rate and ventricular repolarization are primarily driven by autonomic signalling. A functional role for the cardiomyocyte circadian clock appears to buffer the heart against perturbations. For example, the cardiomyocyte circadian clock limits QT-interval prolongation (especially at slower heart rates), and it may facilitate the realignment of the 24 h rhythm in heart rate to abrupt changes in the light cycle. Additional studies show that modifying rhythmic behaviours (including feeding behaviour) can dramatically impact the 24 h rhythms in heart rate and ventricular repolarization. If these mechanisms are conserved, these studies suggest that targeting endogenous circadian mechanisms in the heart, as well as modifying the timing of certain rhythmic behaviours, could emerge as therapeutic strategies to support heart function against perturbations and regulate 24 h rhythms in cardiac electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Schroder
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, MN508, Lexington, KY 40536-0298,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kentucky, 740 S. Limestone Street, L543, Lexington, KY 40536-0284
| | - Makoto Ono
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, MN508, Lexington, KY 40536-0298
| | - Sidney R. Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, MN508, Lexington, KY 40536-0298
| | - Ezekiel R. Rozmus
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, MN508, Lexington, KY 40536-0298
| | - Don E. Burgess
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, MN508, Lexington, KY 40536-0298
| | - Karyn A. Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian P. Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, MN508, Lexington, KY 40536-0298
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Schroder EA, Delisle BP. Time Restricted Feeding to the Light Cycle Dissociates Canonical Circadian Clocks and Physiological Rhythms in Heart Rate. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:910195. [PMID: 35645828 PMCID: PMC9133719 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.910195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are approximate 24-h biological cycles that optimize molecular and physiological functions to predictable daily environmental changes in order to maintain internal and organismal homeostasis. Environmental stimuli (light, feeding, activity) capable of altering the phase of molecular rhythms are important tools employed by circadian biologists to increase understanding of the synchronization of circadian rhythms to the environment and to each other within multicellular systems. The central circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is largely responsive to light and is thought to entrain the phase of peripheral clocks via neurohumoral signals. Mice are nocturnal and consume most of their food during the dark cycle. Early studies demonstrated that altered metabolic cues in the form of time restricted feeding, specifically, feeding mice during the light cycle, resulted in an uncoupling of molecular clocks in peripheral tissues with those from the SCN. These studies showed as much as a 12-h shift in gene expression in some peripheral tissues but not others. The shifts occurred without corresponding changes in the central clock in the brain. More recent studies have demonstrated that changes in cardiac physiology (heart rate, MAP) in response to time of food intake occur independent of the cardiac molecular clock. Understanding differences in the physiology/function and gene expression in other organs both independently and in relation to the heart in response to altered feeding will be important in dissecting the roles of the various clocks throughout the body, as well as, understanding their links to cardiovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Schroder
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth A. Schroder, ; Brian P. Delisle,
| | - Brian P. Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth A. Schroder, ; Brian P. Delisle,
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