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Mirabito G, Verhaeghen P. Changes in State Mindfulness are the Key to Success in Mindfulness Interventions: Ecological Momentary Assessments of Predictors, Mediators, and Outcomes in a Four-Week Koru Mindfulness Intervention. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231216899. [PMID: 37972393 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231216899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
It is often assumed that changes in state mindfulness coupled with a decrease in intrusive thinking (e.g., rumination or worry) are the crucial ingredients in mindfulness interventions. We investigate this claim by examining within-person day-to-day changes and causal relationships among these changes in state measures of mindfulness, cognitive interference (a measure of intrusive thinking), depression, well-being, stress, sleep, physical activity, and quality of formal and informal mindfulness practice in a four-week randomized controlled mindfulness intervention with a sample of college students using the Koru mindfulness program; n = 55 for intervention, n = 57 for control; mean age = 21.4). The intervention was effective in improving day-to-day state mindfulness, cognitive interference, and sleep (the effects on all three were linear), but the effects on physical activity, depression, and well-being were not significant. Day-to-day mindfulness (the independent variable) was a predictor of change in daily cognitive interference (the mediating variable), which in turn predicted depression and well-being (dependent variables). The beneficial effects of state mindfulness were demonstrable over a lag of four days, suggesting it is indeed a key ingredient in the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions. Physical activity, sleep, and practice quality did not mediate any effects. One clear implication is that maintaining or restoring high levels of mindfulness, for instance by engaging in meditation or in more informal mindfulness exercises, would be of obvious and direct benefit to mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Mirabito
- Department of psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul Verhaeghen
- Department of psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Anderson S, Haraldsdottir K, Sanfilippo J, McGehee C, Watson A. Mindfulness training is associated with improved quality of life in female collegiate athletes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37856360 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2252512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a mindfulness intervention on health-related quality of life in female Division I collegiate athletes. PARTICIPANTS 135 female collegiate athletes, ages 18 - 23 years. METHODS Health related quality of life (HRQoL) was reported twice/year in approximately January and July from January 2017 to 2020 with the 12-question Veterans Rand survey (VR-12). Twenty-three of the participants received a 6-week, in-person, group mindfulness training in spring 2019, while 112 did not. RESULTS A significant interaction between time and mindfulness was identified with respect to the mental component score of the VR-12 of the VR-12 (MCS; β = 3.86 ± 1 .56, p = 0.012) but no significant relationships were identified with respect to time (pre-mindfulness: β = -2.36 ± 1.38, p = 0.074), mindfulness (yes: β = -2.26 ± 1.54, p = 0.14) or season (winter: β = -0.84 ± 0.57, p = 0.14). With respect to the physical component score (PCS), no significant relationships were identified with respect to time (pre-mindfulness: β = -1.09 ± 1.21, p = 0.37), mindfulness (yes: β = 1.30 ± 1.31, p = 0.32), season (winter: β = 0.50 ± 0.50, p = 0.32), or the interaction between time and mindfulness (β = 0.35 ± 1 .36, p = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS Among female collegiate athletes, mindfulness training is associated with significant improvements in mental HRQoL, but not physical HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - K Haraldsdottir
- Watson Human Performance Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - J Sanfilippo
- Division of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - C McGehee
- Division of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - A Watson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Watson Human Performance Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Sports Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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O'Donnell K, Dunbar M, Speelman D. Effectiveness of Daily Mindfulness Meditation App Usage to Reduce Anxiety and Improve Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus 2023; 15:e42432. [PMID: 37637657 PMCID: PMC10448000 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the effect of 10-minute daily meditation app usage for 30 days on adult anxiety and mental well-being during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Participants were randomized into intervention (10 minutes of daily usage of the Insight Timer app) or control groups. Participants completed surveys to assess anxiety and well-being pre- and post-study. Data were analyzed using t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), or nonparametric equivalents. Results Pre-study results were comparable between groups. The pre- vs. post-study General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scores for anxiety decreased in the intervention group (n=18, median 5.5 vs. 3.0 (pre vs. post), p=0.0233, d=0.50), but not in the control group (n=28). The intervention group had a lower median GAD-7 score than the control group post-study (3.0 vs. 8.0, p=0.0223, d=0.35). Pre- vs. post-study mean 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) scores were improved in both the control (11.6 vs. 12.9 (pre vs. post), p=0.0408, d=0.36) and intervention groups (12.0 vs. 16.3 (pre vs. post), p=0.0001, d=0.77), although it was higher in the intervention group (16.3 vs. 12.9, p=0.0056, d=0.88). Conclusion Ten minutes of daily meditation app usage for 30 days may reduce anxiety and improve well-being in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie O'Donnell
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
| | - Melanie Dunbar
- Behavioral Health, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
| | - Diana Speelman
- Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
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Deshpande AG, Johnson JR, Casta AM, Marien MS, Reiff M. The impact of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on university students' mental health: A mixed-methods evaluation. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37053589 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2198028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate an eight-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program's impact on university students' mental health. Participants: Undergraduate and graduate students. Methods: Ninety participants completed pre-, mid-, and post-program surveys. Mindfulness, Satisfaction with Life, Psychological Distress, and Perceived Stress scores were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and pairwise comparisons. Additionally, 115 participants completed post-survey open-ended responses addressing their subjective experiences, which were thematically examined. Results: Participants showed significant improvements in all outcome measures from pre- to post- [p < 0.001] and mid- to post-program [p < 0.05]. All measures, except Satisfaction with Life, showed significant improvement from pre- to mid-program. Participants reported high program satisfaction. Facilitators of the participants' practice included program structure, perception of outcomes, and group setting; however, busy schedules posed a prominent barrier. Conclusion: This evaluation supports MBSR as a public health, group-based approach to improving students' mental health and building a more positive campus community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami G Deshpande
- Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jill R Johnson
- Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aurora M Casta
- Student Health and Counseling, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marilia S Marien
- Student Health and Counseling, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marian Reiff
- Student Health and Counseling, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ma Y, Yang H, Vazquez M, Buraks O, Haack M, Mullington JM, Goldstein MR. Dismantling the Component-Specific Effects of Yogic Breathing: Feasibility of a Fully Remote Three-Arm RCT with Virtual Laboratory Visits and Wearable Physiology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3180. [PMID: 36833875 PMCID: PMC9958552 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing research base examining the benefits and physiological mechanisms of slow-paced breathing (SPB), mindfulness (M), and their combination (as yogic breathing, SPB + M), no studies have directly compared these in a "dismantling" framework. To address this gap, we conducted a fully remote three-armed feasibility study with wearable devices and video-based laboratory visits. Eighteen healthy participants (age 18-30 years, 12 female) were randomized to one of three 8-week interventions: slow-paced breathing (SPB, N = 5), mindfulness (M, N = 6), or yogic breathing (SPB + M, N = 7). The participants began a 24-h heart rate recording with a chest-worn device prior to the first virtual laboratory visit, consisting of a 60-min intervention-specific training with guided practice and experimental stress induction using a Stroop test. The participants were then instructed to repeat their assigned intervention practice daily with a guided audio, while concurrently recording their heart rate data and completing a detailed practice log. The feasibility was determined using the rates of overall study completion (100%), daily practice adherence (73%), and the rate of fully analyzable data from virtual laboratory visits (92%). These results demonstrate feasibility for conducting larger trial studies with a similar fully remote framework, enhancing the ecological validity and sample size that could be possible with such research designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brookdale Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA
| | - Michael Vazquez
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Buraks
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monika Haack
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Janet M. Mullington
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael R. Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Smith K, Haliwa I, Chappell A, Wilson JM, Strough J. Psychological health benefits of focusing on the 'here and now' versus a limited future during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-6. [PMID: 36595616 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2155059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: College students' psychological health has been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., 1). We investigated whether students' psychological health was related to their orientation toward the future and mindfulness while considering previously-identified correlates of psychological health such as perceived risks of COVID-19. Participants: Participants were 278 college students at a mid-Atlantic US university in November and December 2020. Method: Using a self-report survey, we measured three aspects of psychological health (depression, anxiety, and stress) and future orientation, mindfulness, perceptions of risk, and the personal impact of COVID-19 on students' lives. Results: Multiple linear regression analyses showed that greater mindfulness and focusing less on a limited future were related to less depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: Encouraging students to be mindful and focus on the present instead of focusing on a limited future may be beneficial for their psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Smith
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ilana Haliwa
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Jenna M Wilson
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JoNell Strough
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Palma EMS, Reis de Sousa A, Aguiar CVN, Nilo NG, dos Santos TM. Mindfulness and psychological distress in men during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of environmental mastery and purpose in life. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2022; 24:CAPR12606. [PMID: 36721644 PMCID: PMC9880643 DOI: 10.1002/capr.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Men's mental health has been severely affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, with many studies focussing on the determinants of men's psychological distress. This study aimed at examining the relationships between mindfulness, environmental mastery (EM), purpose in life (PL) and indicators of psychological distress (i.e., common mental disorders and perceived stress). This was a cross-sectional online study in which participants were 1,006 men aged between 29 and 39 years (45.1%), residing in Brazil during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A parallel multiple mediator model was used to test the study variables' relationships, using mindfulness as the independent variable and indicators of psychological distress as the dependent variables. Results indicated that EM and PL significantly mediated the effects of mindfulness on men's psychological distress, lowering its levels and accounting for 31% of common mental disorders and 51% of perceived stress. Implications for public health policies and clinical practice are discussed.
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