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Gillard AG, Shin DH, Hampton LA, Lopez-Rivas A, Parthasarathy A, Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C. Targeting Innate Immunity in Glioma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:947. [PMID: 38256021 PMCID: PMC10815900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies for the majority of glioblastomas (GBMs), the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. While immunotherapies have shown promise in treating various types of cancers, they have had limited success in improving the overall survival of GBM patients. Therefore, advancing GBM treatment requires a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause resistance to immunotherapy. Further insights into the innate immune response are crucial for developing more potent treatments for brain tumors. Our review provides a brief overview of innate immunity. In addition, we provide a discussion of current therapies aimed at boosting the innate immunity in gliomas. These approaches encompass strategies to activate Toll-like receptors, induce stress responses, enhance the innate immune response, leverage interferon type-I therapy, therapeutic antibodies, immune checkpoint antibodies, natural killer (NK) cells, and oncolytic virotherapy, and manipulate the microbiome. Both preclinical and clinical studies indicate that a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the innate immune response in GBM could enhance immunotherapy and reinforce the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Consequently, a more comprehensive understanding of the innate immune response against cancer should lead to better prognoses and increased overall survival for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Gillard
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lethan A. Hampton
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Andres Lopez-Rivas
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akhila Parthasarathy
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kajihara N, Tanaka Y, Takeuchi R, Kobayashi T, Tanji M, Ataka T, Nakano S, Yamada T, Takaoka A, Hasegawa Y, Seino KI, Wada H. Augmented interferon regulatory factor 7 axis in whole tumor cell vaccines prevents tumor recurrence by inducing interferon gamma-secreting B cells. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2213132. [PMID: 37235066 PMCID: PMC10208210 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2213132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among cancer immunotherapy, which has received great attention in recent years, cancer vaccines can potentially prevent recurrent tumors by using the exquisite power and specificity of the immune system. Specifically, whole tumor cell vaccines (WTCVs) based on surgically resected tumors have been considered to elicit robust anti-tumor immune responses by exposing various tumor-associated antigens to host immunity. However, most tumors have little immunogenicity because of immunoediting by continuous interactions with host immunity; thus, preparing WTCVs based on patient-derived non-modified tumors cannot prevent tumor onset. Hence, the immunogenicity of tumor cells must be improved for effective WTCVs. In this study, we indicate the importance of the interferon regulatory factor 7 (Irf7) axis, including Irf7 and its downstream factors, within tumor cells in regulating immunogenicity. Indeed, WTCVs that augmented the Irf7 axis have exerted remarkable recurrence-preventive effects when vaccinated after tumor inactivation by radiation. Most notably, vaccination with murine colon cancer cells that enhanced the Irf7 axis prevented the development of challenged tumors in all mice and resulted in a 100% survival rate during the observation period. Furthermore, the mechanism leading to vaccine effectiveness was mediated by interferon-gamma-producing B cells. This study provides novel insights into how to enhance tumor immunogenicity and use WTCVs as recurrence prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Kajihara
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshino Tanaka
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Riko Takeuchi
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuto Kobayashi
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tanji
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ataka
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiho Nakano
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taisho Yamada
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Gene Sequencing Analysis, Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Seino
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruka Wada
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Koyande NP, Srivastava R, Padmakumar A, Rengan AK. Advances in Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunoprevention and Immunotherapy: A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1727. [PMID: 36298592 PMCID: PMC9610880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most effective cancer therapies, cancer immunotherapy has produced outstanding outcomes in the field of cancer treatment. However, the cost is excessive, which limits its applicability. A smart way to address this issue would be to apply the knowledge gained through immunotherapy to develop strategies for the immunoprevention of cancer. The use of cancer vaccines is one of the most popular methods of immunoprevention. This paper reviews the technologies and processes that support the advantages of cancer immunoprevention over traditional cancer immunotherapies. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems and nanoparticle-based nano-vaccines have been employed in the past for cancer immunotherapy. This paper outlines numerous immunoprevention strategies and how nanotechnology can be applied in immunoprevention. To comprehend the non-clinical and clinical evaluation of these cancer vaccines through clinical studies is essential for acceptance of the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, India
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4
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Grimmett E, Al-Share B, Alkassab MB, Zhou RW, Desai A, Rahim MMA, Woldie I. Cancer vaccines: past, present and future; a review article. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:31. [PMID: 35576080 PMCID: PMC9108694 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy and vaccines have revolutionized disease treatment and prevention. Vaccines against infectious diseases have been in use for several decades. In contrast, only few cancer vaccines have been approved for human use. These include preventative vaccines against infectious agents associated with cancers, and therapeutic vaccines used as immunotherapy agents to treat cancers. Challenges in developing cancer vaccines include heterogeneity within and between cancer types, screening and identification of appropriate tumour-specific antigens, and the choice of vaccine delivery platforms. Recent advances in all of these areas and the lessons learnt from COVID-19 vaccines have significantly boosted interest in cancer vaccines. Further advances in these areas are expected to facilitate development of effective novel cancer vaccines. In this review, we aim to discuss the past, the present, and the future of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Grimmett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Ryan Weng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Advait Desai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Mir Munir A Rahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
| | - Indryas Woldie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
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5
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Liu JQ, Zhang C, Zhang X, Yan J, Zeng C, Talebian F, Lynch K, Zhao W, Hou X, Du S, Kang DD, Deng B, McComb DW, Bai XF, Dong Y. Intratumoral delivery of IL-12 and IL-27 mRNA using lipid nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 345:306-313. [PMID: 35301053 PMCID: PMC9133152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are important immunotherapeutics with approved drugs for the treatment of human cancers. However, systemic administration of cytokines often fails to achieve adequate concentrations to immune cells in tumors due to dose-limiting toxicity. Thus, developing localized therapy that directly delivers immune-stimulatory cytokines to tumors may improve the therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we generated novel lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulated with mRNAs encoding cytokines including IL-12, IL-27 and GM-CSF, and tested their anti-tumor activity. We first synthesized ionizable lipid materials containing di-amino groups with various head groups (DALs). The novel DAL4-LNP effectively delivered different mRNAs in vitro to tumor cells and in vivo to tumors. Intratumoral injection of DAL4-LNP loaded with IL-12 mRNA was most potent in inhibiting B16F10 melanoma tumor growth compared to IL-27 or GM-CSF mRNAs in monotherapy. Furthermore, intratumoral injection of dual DAL4-LNP-IL-12 mRNA and IL-27 mRNA showed a synergistic effect in suppressing tumor growth without causing systematic toxicity. Most importantly, intratumoral delivery of IL-12 and IL-27 mRNAs induced robust infiltration of immune effector cells, including IFN-γ and TNF-α producing NK and CD8+ T cells into tumors. Thus, intratumoral administration of DAL-LNP loaded with IL-12 and IL-27 mRNA provides a new treatment strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qing Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chengxiang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jingyue Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chunxi Zeng
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fatemeh Talebian
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kimberly Lynch
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Weiyu Zhao
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xucheng Hou
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shi Du
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Diana D Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David W McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Center for Cancer Engineering, Center for Cancer Metabolism, Pelotonia Institute for Immune-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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6
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Rezaei M, Danilova ND, Soltani M, Savvateeva LV, V Tarasov V, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, V Bazhinf A, A Zamyatnin A. Cancer Vaccine in Cold Tumors: Clinical Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:437-453. [PMID: 35156572 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220214103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system to fight tumors without destroying normal cells. One of the anticancer therapy methods, among many, is based on the use of cancer vaccines that contain tumor antigens in order to induce immune responses against tumors. However, clinical trials have shown that the use of such vaccines as a monotherapy is ineffective in many cases, since they do not cause a strong immune response. Particular tumors are resistant to immunotherapy due to the absence or insufficient infiltration of tumors with CD8+ T cells, and hence, they are called cold or non-inflamed tumors. Cold tumors are characterized by a lack of CD8+ T cell infiltration, the presence of anti-inflammatory myeloid cells, tumor-associated M2 macrophages, and regulatory T cells. It is very important to understand which stage of the antitumor response does not work properly in order to use the right strategy for the treatment of patients. Applying other therapeutic methods alongside cancer vaccines can be more rational for cold tumors which do not provoke the immune system strongly. Herein, we indicate some combinational therapies that have been used or are in progress for cold tumor treatment alongside vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mozhdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alexandr V Bazhinf
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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7
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Roy S, Ghosh J, Ghosh R. Cancer Vaccine in Solid Tumors: Where We Stand. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCancer immunotherapy has achieved landmark progress in the field of medical oncology in the era of personalized medicine. In the recent past, our knowledge has expanded regarding how tumor cells escape from the immune system, introducing immunosuppressive microenvironments, and developing tolerance. Therapeutic cancer vaccine leads to activation of immune memory that is long-lasting, safe, and effective; hence, it is becoming an attractive method of immunotherapy. Various cancer vaccine trials in the past have taught us the types of target selection, magnitude of immune response, and implementation of appropriate technologies for the development of new successful cancer vaccines. Tumor-associated antigens, cancer germline antigens, oncogenic viral antigens, and tumor-specific antigens, also known as neoantigens, are potential targets for designing therapeutic cancer vaccines. Cancer vaccine could be cell based, viral vector based, peptide based, and nucleic acid based (DNA/RNA). Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, and toxicities of various types of cancer vaccines. In this article, we review the types of various tumor antigens and types of cancer vaccines tested in clinical trials and discuss the application and importance of this approach toward precision medicine in the field of immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Roy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Joydeep Ghosh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranti Ghosh
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Shahnazari M, Samadi P, Pourjafar M, Jalali A. Therapeutic vaccines for colorectal cancer: The progress and future prospect. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106944. [PMID: 33182032 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are usually derived from the patient's tumor cells or the antigens found on their surface, which may help the immune system to identify and kill these malignant cells. Current focus of many researches is designing vaccines with the hope of triggering the immune system to attack cancer cells in a more effective, reliable and safe manner. Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is recognized as the third leading cause of death by cancer, but significant advances in therapy strategies have been made in recent years, including cancer vaccine. In this review, we present various vaccine platforms that have been used in the border battle against CRC, some of which have been approved for clinical use and some are in late-stage clinical trials. Until September 2020 there is approximately 1940 clinical trials of cancer vaccines on patients with different cancer types, and also many more trials are in the planning stages, which makes it the most important period of therapeutic cancer vaccines studies in the history of the immunotherapy. In cancer vaccines clinical trials, there are several considerations that must be taken into account including engineering of antigen-presenting cells, potential toxicity of antigenic areas, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vaccines, and monitoring of the patients' immune response. Therefore, the need to overcome immunosuppression mechanisms/immune tolerance is a critical step for the success of introducing therapeutic vaccines into the widely used drugs on market. In this way, better understanding of neoantigens, tumor immune surveillance escape mechanisms and host-tumor interactions are required to develop more effective and safe cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shahnazari
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mona Pourjafar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Jalali
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Roy S, Sethi TK, Taylor D, Kim YJ, Johnson DB. Breakthrough concepts in immune-oncology: Cancer vaccines at the bedside. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1455-1489. [PMID: 32557857 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5bt0420-585rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical approval of the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) agents for multiple cancer types has reinvigorated the long-standing work on cancer vaccines. In the pre-ICB era, clinical efforts focused on the Ag, the adjuvants, the formulation, and the mode of delivery. These translational efforts on therapeutic vaccines range from cell-based (e.g., dendritic cells vaccine Sipuleucel-T) to DNA/RNA-based platforms with various formulations (liposome), vectors (Listeria monocytogenes), or modes of delivery (intratumoral, gene gun, etc.). Despite promising preclinical results, cancer vaccine trials without ICB have historically shown little clinical activity. With the anticipation and expansion of combinatorial immunotherapeutic trials with ICB, the cancer vaccine field has entered the personalized medicine arena with recent advances in immunogenic neoantigen-based vaccines. In this article, we review the literature to organize the different cancer vaccines in the clinical space, and we will discuss their advantages, limits, and recent progress to overcome their challenges. Furthermore, we will also discuss recent preclinical advances and clinical strategies to combine vaccines with checkpoint blockade to improve therapeutic outcome and present a translational perspective on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Roy
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tarsheen K Sethi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David Taylor
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Young J Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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10
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Hollingsworth RE, Jansen K. Turning the corner on therapeutic cancer vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:7. [PMID: 30774998 PMCID: PMC6368616 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in several areas are rekindling interest and enabling progress in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. These advances have been made in target selection, vaccine technology, and methods for reversing the immunosuppressive mechanisms exploited by cancers. Studies testing different tumor antigens have revealed target properties that yield high tumor versus normal cell specificity and adequate immunogenicity to affect clinical efficacy. A few tumor-associated antigens, normal host proteins that are abnormally expressed in cancer cells, have been demonstrated to serve as good targets for immunotherapies, although many do not possess the needed specificity or immunogenicity. Neoantigens, which arise from mutated proteins in cancer cells, are truly cancer-specific and can be highly immunogenic, though the vast majority are unique to each patient's cancer and thus require development of personalized therapies. Lessons from previous cancer vaccine expeditions are teaching us the type and magnitude of immune responses needed, as well as vaccine technologies that can achieve these responses. For example, we are learning which vaccine approaches elicit the potent, balanced, and durable CD4 plus CD8 T cell expansion necessary for clinical efficacy. Exploration of interactions between the immune system and cancer has elucidated the adaptations that enable cancer cells to suppress and evade immune attack. This has led to breakthroughs in the development of new drugs, and, subsequently, to opportunities to combine these with cancer vaccines and dramatically increase patient responses. Here we review this recent progress, highlighting key steps that are bringing the promise of therapeutic cancer vaccines within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Jansen
- Vaccines Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
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11
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Jahan N, Talat H, Curry WT. Agonist OX40 immunotherapy improves survival in glioma-bearing mice and is complementary with vaccination with irradiated GM-CSF-expressing tumor cells. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:44-54. [PMID: 29016879 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma immunotherapy is an active area of clinical investigation. Glioma-associated immunosuppression remains an obstacle to efficacious immunotherapy, and combination approaches are likely necessary for durable success. OX40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is upregulated on activated lymphocytes, ligation of which results in enhanced activity and may be active against cancer. We sought to confirm the efficacy of agonist anti-OX40 immunotherapy against glioma and hypothesized that it is complementary with irradiated whole tumor cell vaccination. Methods GL261 tumor cells were implanted into the right frontal lobes of syngeneic mice, which were then treated with controls, agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody, vaccination with subcutaneous injection of irradiated granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing GL261 cells (GVAX), or vaccination + agonist anti-OX40 therapy. Animals were followed for survival. On day 18, splenocytes were harvested for enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot analyses and brains were harvested for immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analyses of infiltrating lymphocytes. Results Combination immunotherapy with GVAX and systemic agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody improved survival by 14 days over controls (median survival 36 vs 22 days, P < 0.00005). Systemically, T helper cell type 1 (Th1) antitumor immunity was enhanced significantly by combination therapy. In the brain, combination immunotherapy increased the percentage of Th1 CD4+ T lymphocytes and reduced the fraction that were Th2. In the brain, vaccination improved the ratio of CD8+ to FoxP3+ T lymphocytes, while combination immunotherapy reversed intracranial T-lymphocyte exhaustion, reducing their coexpression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) as well as PD-1 and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3). Conclusions Anti-OX40 immunotherapy is active against intracranial glioma and synergizes with GVAX. Vaccination and anti-OX40 immunotherapy are mechanistically complementary, particularly in the glioma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hammad Talat
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William T Curry
- Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Butterfield LH, Zhao F, Lee S, Tarhini AA, Margolin KA, White RL, Atkins MB, Cohen GI, Whiteside TL, Kirkwood JM, Lawson DH. Immune Correlates of GM-CSF and Melanoma Peptide Vaccination in a Randomized Trial for the Adjuvant Therapy of Resected High-Risk Melanoma (E4697). Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5034-5043. [PMID: 28536308 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: E4697 was a multicenter intergroup randomized placebo-controlled phase III trial of adjuvant GM-CSF and/or a multiepitope melanoma peptide vaccine for patients with completely resected, high-risk stage III/IV melanoma.Experimental Design: A total of 815 patients were enrolled from December 1999 to October 2006 into this six-arm study. GM-CSF was chosen to promote the numbers and functions of dendritic cells (DC). The melanoma antigen peptide vaccine (Tyrosinase368-376 (370D), gp100209-217 (210M), MART-127-35) in montanide was designed to promote melanoma-specific CD8+ T-cell responses.Results: Although the overall RFS and OS were not significantly improved with the vaccine or GM-CSF when compared with placebo, immunomodulatory effects were observed in peripheral blood and served as important correlates to this therapeutic study. Peripheral blood was examined to evaluate the impact of GM-CSF and/or the peptide vaccine on peripheral blood immunity and to investigate potential predictive or prognostic biomarkers. A total of 11.3% of unvaccinated patients and 27.1% of vaccinated patients developed peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. HLA-A2+ patients who had any peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell response at day +43 tended to have poorer OS in univariate analysis. Patients receiving GM-CSF had significant reduction in percentages of circulating myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) at day +43. In a subset of patients who received GM-CSF, circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and anti-GM-CSF-neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) were also modulated. The majority of patients developed anti-GM-CSF Nabs, which correlated with improved RFS and OS.Conclusions: The assessment of cellular and humoral responses identified counterintuitive immune system changes correlating with clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res; 23(17); 5034-43. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fengmin Zhao
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute - ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandra Lee
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute - ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Richard L White
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | | | - Gary I Cohen
- Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - David H Lawson
- Winship Cancer institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Therapeutic vaccination based on side population cells transduced by the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene elicits potent antitumor immunity. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:165-174. [PMID: 28084317 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among cancer immunotherapies, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transduced tumor cell vaccine (GVAX) therapies appear promising and have been shown to be safe and effective in multiple clinical trials. However, the antitumor efficacies of GVAX therapy alone are in some cases limited. Here we showed that GVAX therapy targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) substantially suppressed tumor development in syngeneic immunocompetent mice recapitulating normal immune systems. CSCs were isolated as side population (SP) cells from 4T1 murine breast carcinoma cell line and transduced with GM-CSF gene delivered by non-transmissible Sendai virus (4T1-SP/GM). Impaired tumorigenicity of subcutaneously injected 4T1-SP/GM depended on CD8+ T cells in concert with CD4+ T cells and natural killer cells. Mice therapeutically vaccinated with irradiated 4T1-SP/GM cells had markedly suppressed tumor development of subcutaneously transplanted 4T1-SP cells compared with those treated with irradiated cells of non-transduced 4T1-SP cells or non-SP (4T1-NSP/GM) cells. Tumor suppression was accompanied by the robust accumulation of mature dendritic cells at vaccination sites and T-helper type 1-skewed systemic cellular immunity. Our results suggested that CSC cell-based GVAX immunotherapy might be clinically useful for inducing potent tumor-specific antitumor immunity.
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Fliervoet LAL, Mastrobattista E. Drug delivery with living cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:63-72. [PMID: 27129442 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The field of drug delivery has grown tremendously in the past few decades by developing a wide range of advanced drug delivery systems. An interesting category is cell-based drug delivery, which includes encapsulation of drugs inside cells or attached to the surface and subsequent transportation through the body. Another approach involves genetic engineering of cells to secrete therapeutic molecules in a controlled way. The next-generation systems integrate expertise from synthetic biology to generate therapeutic gene networks for highly advanced sensory and output devices. These developments are very exciting for the drug delivery field and could radically change the way we administer biological medicines to chronically ill patients. This review is covering the use of living cells, either as transport system or production-unit, to deliver therapeutic molecules and bioactive proteins inside the body. It describes a wide range of approaches in cell-based drug delivery and highlights exceptional examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies A L Fliervoet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Rampling R, Peoples S, Mulholland PJ, James A, Al-Salihi O, Twelves CJ, McBain C, Jefferies S, Jackson A, Stewart W, Lindner J, Kutscher S, Hilf N, McGuigan L, Peters J, Hill K, Schoor O, Singh-Jasuja H, Halford SE, Ritchie JWA. A Cancer Research UK First Time in Human Phase I Trial of IMA950 (Novel Multipeptide Therapeutic Vaccine) in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4776-4785. [PMID: 27225692 PMCID: PMC5026298 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a two-cohort, phase I safety and immunogenicity study of IMA950 in addition to standard chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. IMA950 is a novel glioblastoma-specific therapeutic vaccine containing 11 tumor-associated peptides (TUMAP), identified on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) surface receptors in primary human glioblastoma tissue. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients were HLA-A*02-positive and had undergone tumor resection. Vaccination comprised 11 intradermal injections with IMA950 plus granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) over a 24-week period, beginning 7 to 14 days prior to initiation of chemoradiotherapy (Cohort 1) or 7 days after chemoradiotherapy (Cohort 2). Safety was assessed according to NCI CTCAE Version 4.0 and TUMAP-specific T-cell immune responses determined. Secondary observations included progression-free survival (PFS), pretreatment regulatory T cell (Treg) levels, and the effect of steroids on T-cell responses. RESULTS Forty-five patients were recruited. Related adverse events included minor injection site reactions, rash, pruritus, fatigue, neutropenia and single cases of allergic reaction, anemia and anaphylaxis. Two patients experienced grade 3 dose-limiting toxicity of fatigue and anaphylaxis. Of 40 evaluable patients, 36 were TUMAP responders and 20 were multi-TUMAP responders, with no important differences between cohorts. No effect of pretreatment Treg levels on IMA950 immunogenicity was observed, and steroids did not affect TUMAP responses. PFS rates were 74% at 6 months and 31% at 9 months. CONCLUSIONS IMA950 plus GM-CSF was well-tolerated with the primary immunogenicity endpoint of observing multi-TUMAP responses in at least 30% of patients exceeded. Further development of IMA950 is encouraged. Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4776-85. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Lowenstein and Castro, p. 4760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Rampling
- University of Glasgow, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Peoples
- Edinburgh Centre for Neuro-Oncology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Mulholland
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan James
- University of Glasgow, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Al-Salihi
- Adult Neuro-Oncology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Twelves
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine McBain
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Withington, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Jefferies
- Cambridge Cancer Trials Centre, Oncology Clinical Trials, Addensbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Jackson
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Willie Stewart
- Department of Neuropathology, The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Juha Lindner
- Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Hilf
- Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lesley McGuigan
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Peters
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Hill
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sarah E Halford
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - James W A Ritchie
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, London, United Kingdom.
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Vanitha S, Chaubey N, Ghosh SS, Sanpui P. Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF): Possibility of nanoparticle-mediated delivery in cancer immunotherapy. Bioengineered 2016; 8:120-123. [PMID: 27459024 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1212136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the cancer treatment strategies from chemotherapy to radiotherapy render cancer cells apoptotic and these apoptotic cancer cells accumulate at the tumor sites. The accumulation of apoptotic cancer cells often result in inflammation and autoimmune responses causing serious health implications. Macrophages, which are effective immune combatants, can help in the clearance of these deleterious occupants. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a key cytokine, modulator of immune system and responsible for growth and differentiation of granulocytes and macrophages. In this regard, supply of recombinant GM-CSF can enhance the capability of macrophages for clearance of apoptotic cancer cells. However, delivery of the cytokine in vivo can suffer from certain disadvantages like faster depletion, less stability and low targeting efficiency. We believe that the stability and sustained release of GM-CSF can be improved through its encapsulation inside appropriately designed nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvarajan Vanitha
- a Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Nidhi Chaubey
- a Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Siddhartha S Ghosh
- a Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam , India.,b Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Pallab Sanpui
- b Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Assam , India
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Kirner A, Mayer-Mokler A, Reinhardt C. IMA901: a multi-peptide cancer vaccine for treatment of renal cell cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3179-89. [PMID: 25625928 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.983857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a major improvement in the treatment of advanced kidney cancer by the recent introduction of targeted agents such as multi-kinase inhibitors, long-term benefits are still limited and a significant unmet medical need remains for this disease. Cancer immunotherapy has shown its potential by the induction of long-lasting responses in a small subset of patients, however, the unspecific immune interventions with (high dose) cytokines used so far are associated with significant side effects. Specific cancer immunotherapy may circumvent these problems by attacking tumor cells while sparing normal tissue with the use of multi-peptide vaccination being one of the most promising strategies. We here summarize the clinical and translational data from phase I and II trials investigating IMA901. Significant associations of clinical benefit with detectable T cell responses against the IMA901 peptides and encouraging survival data in treated patients has prompted the start of a randomized, controlled phase III trial in 1st line advanced RCC with survival results expected toward the end of 2015. Potential combination strategies with the recently discovered so-called checkpoint inhibitors are also discussed.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5 fluorouracil
- AE, Adverse event
- CTL, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
- CY, Cyclophosphamide
- Cancer vaccine
- DC, Dendritic cell
- DCR, Disease control rate
- ECG, Electrocardiogram
- ELISpot, Enzyme-linked immunospot assay
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GM-CSF
- HBV, Hepatitis B virus
- HLA, Human leukocyte antigen
- IFN, Interferon
- IL, Interleukin
- IMA901
- MDSC, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, Major histocompatibility complex
- MSKCC, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- NCI-CTC, National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria
- OS, Overall survival
- PD, Progressive disease
- PFS, Progression-free survival
- PK, Pharmacokinetic
- PR, Partial response
- RCC, Renal cell carcinoma
- RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
- SAE, Serious adverse event
- SD, Stable disease
- TKI, Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- TUMAP, Tumor-associated peptides
- Tregs, Regulatory T-cells
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- ccRCC, Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- checkpoint inhibitor
- cyclophosphamide
- i.d., intradermal
- immunotherapy
- intradermally
- kidney cancer
- mRNA, Messenger ribonucleic acid
- mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin
- mg, Milligram
- n, Number
- renal cell carcinoma
- s.c., subcutaneous, subcutaneously
- tumor-associated peptides
- vaccination
- μg, Microgram
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Abstract
The search for specificity in cancers has been a holy grail in cancer immunology. Cancer geneticists have long known that cancers harbor transforming and other mutations. Immunologists have long known that inbred mice can be immunized against syngeneic cancers, indicating the existence of cancer-specific antigens. With the technological advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics, the genetic and immunologic lines of inquiry are now converging to provide definitive evidence that human cancers are vastly different from normal tissues at the genetic level, and that some of these differences are recognized by the immune system. The very vastness of genetic changes in cancers now raises different question. Which of the many cancer-specific genetic (genomic) changes are actually recognized by the immune system, and why? New observations are now beginning to probe these vital issues with unprecedented resolution and are informing a new generation of studies in human cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Srivastava
- Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.
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19
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Detchokul S, Williams ED, Parker MW, Frauman AG. Tetraspanins as regulators of the tumour microenvironment: implications for metastasis and therapeutic strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5462-90. [PMID: 23731188 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability to activate invasion and metastasis. Cancer morbidity and mortality are largely related to the spread of the primary, localized tumour to adjacent and distant sites. Appropriate management and treatment decisions based on predicting metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis is thus crucial, which supports better understanding of the metastatic process. There are components of metastasis that are common to all primary tumours: dissociation from the primary tumour mass, reorganization/remodelling of extracellular matrix, cell migration, recognition and movement through endothelial cells and the vascular circulation and lodgement and proliferation within ectopic stroma. One of the key and initial events is the increased ability of cancer cells to move, escaping the regulation of normal physiological control. The cellular cytoskeleton plays an important role in cancer cell motility and active cytoskeletal rearrangement can result in metastatic disease. This active change in cytoskeletal dynamics results in manipulation of plasma membrane and cellular balance between cellular adhesion and motility which in turn determines cancer cell movement. Members of the tetraspanin family of proteins play important roles in regulation of cancer cell migration and cancer-endothelial cell interactions, which are critical for cancer invasion and metastasis. Their involvements in active cytoskeletal dynamics, cancer metastasis and potential clinical application will be discussed in this review. In particular, the tetraspanin member, CD151, is highlighted for its major role in cancer invasion and metastasis. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Migration, Wound Healing and Related Topics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Detchokul
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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20
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Conrad SJ, El-Aswad M, Kurban E, Jeng D, Tripp BC, Nutting C, Eversole R, Mackenzie C, Essani K. Oncolytic tanapoxvirus expressing FliC causes regression of human colorectal cancer xenografts in nude mice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:19. [PMID: 25887490 PMCID: PMC4337313 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers are significant causes of morbidity and mortality and existing therapies often perform poorly for individuals afflicted with advanced disease. Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging therapeutic modality with great promise for addressing this medical need. Herein we describe the in vivo testing of recombinant variants of the tanapoxvirus (TPV). Recombinant viruses were made ablated for either the 66R gene (encoding a thymidine kinase), the 2L gene (encoding a TNF-binding protein), or both. Some of the recombinants were armed to express mouse chemotactic protein 1 (mCCL2/mMCP-1), mouse granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (mGM-CSF), or bacterial flagellin (FliC). Tumors were induced in athymic nude mice by implantation of HCT 116 cells and subsequently treated by a single intratumoral injection of one of the recombinant TPVs. Histological examination showed a common neoplastic cell type and a range of immune cell infiltration, necrosis, and tumor cell organization. Significant regression was seen in tumors treated with virus TPV/Δ2L/Δ66R/fliC, and to a lesser extent the recombinants TPV/Δ2L and TPV/Δ66R. Our results suggest that oncolytic recombinants of the TPV armed with activators of the innate immune response may be effective virotherapeutic agents for colorectal cancers in humans and should be explored further to fully realize their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Conrad
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Mohamed El-Aswad
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Esaw Kurban
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - David Jeng
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Brian C Tripp
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Charles Nutting
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Robert Eversole
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Charles Mackenzie
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
| | - Karim Essani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
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21
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Demaria S, Pilones KA, Vanpouille-Box C, Golden EB, Formenti SC. The optimal partnership of radiation and immunotherapy: from preclinical studies to clinical translation. Radiat Res 2014; 182:170-81. [PMID: 24937779 PMCID: PMC4184032 DOI: 10.1667/rr13500.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main role of the immune system is to restore tissue homeostasis when altered by pathogenic processes, including neoplastic transformation. Immune-mediated tumor rejection has been recognized as an extrinsic tumor suppressor mechanism that tumors need to overcome to progress. By the time a tumor becomes clinically apparent it has successfully escaped immune control by establishing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Ionizing radiation applied locally to a tumor alters these tumor-host interactions. Accumulating evidence indicates that standard therapeutic doses of radiation have the potential to recover tumor immunogenicity and convert the tumor into an in situ personalized vaccine. Radiotherapy induces an immunogenic tumor cell death promoting cross-presentation of tumor-derived antigens by dendritic cells to T cells. In addition, radiotherapy stimulates chemokine-mediated recruitment of effector T cells to the tumor, and cellular recognition and killing by T cells that is facilitated by upregulation of major histocompatibility antigens, NKG2D ligands, adhesion molecules and death receptors. Despite these effects, radiotherapy alone is only rarely capable of generating enough proinflammatory signals to sufficiently overcome suppression, as it can also activate immunosuppressive factors. However, our group and others have shown that when combined with targeted immunotherapy agents radiotherapy significantly contributes to a therapeutically effective anti-tumor immune response. To illustrate this partnership between radiation and immunotherapy we will discuss as an example our experience in preclinical models and the molecular mechanisms identified. Additionally, the clinical translation of these combinations will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Karsten A. Pilones
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Encouse B. Golden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Silvia C. Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
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22
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Weber GF, Chousterman BG, Hilgendorf I, Robbins CS, Theurl I, Gerhardt LMS, Iwamoto Y, Quach TD, Ali M, Chen JW, Rothstein TL, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R, Swirski FK. Pleural innate response activator B cells protect against pneumonia via a GM-CSF-IgM axis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1243-56. [PMID: 24821911 PMCID: PMC4042649 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In response to lung infection, pleural innate response activator B cells produce GM-CSF–dependent IgM and ensure a frontline defense against bacterial invasion. Pneumonia is a major cause of mortality worldwide and a serious problem in critical care medicine, but the immunophysiological processes that confer either protection or morbidity are not completely understood. We show that in response to lung infection, B1a B cells migrate from the pleural space to the lung parenchyma to secrete polyreactive emergency immunoglobulin M (IgM). The process requires innate response activator (IRA) B cells, a transitional B1a-derived inflammatory subset which controls IgM production via autocrine granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling. The strategic location of these cells, coupled with the capacity to produce GM-CSF–dependent IgM, ensures effective early frontline defense against bacteria invading the lungs. The study describes a previously unrecognized GM-CSF-IgM axis and positions IRA B cells as orchestrators of protective IgM immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg F Weber
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin G Chousterman
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Igor Theurl
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Louisa M S Gerhardt
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tam D Quach
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - John W Chen
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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23
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Khan ML, Halfdanarson TR, Borad MJ. Immunotherapeutic and oncolytic viral therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer. Future Oncol 2014; 10:1255-75. [PMID: 24947264 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease with dismal outcomes despite recent advances using combination chemotherapeutic regimens. The lack of an adequate immune response to malignant cells has been identified as a factor associated with tumor aggressiveness and refractoriness to systemic treatment. Preclinical and early clinical studies have identified numerous immunotherapeutic and oncolytic viral therapeutic strategies aimed towards amplifying the immune reaction to pancreatic cancer and have established encouraging results. Promising antitumor efficacy has been observed both in vitro and in vivo with many of these approaches. These novel applications have also led to improved understanding of the process of pancreatic tumor growth and invasion, knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and have pioneered further investigations of similar therapies. Here we review both immunotherapeutic and oncolytic viral therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan L Khan
- Mayo Clinic Arizona Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, 13400 E Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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24
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Fraser CK, Brown MP, Diener KR, Hayball JD. Unravelling the complexity of cancer–immune system interplay. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:917-34. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remains a highly lethal disease; new therapeutic modalities are urgently needed. A number of immunotherapies tested in preclinical models have shown promise. Early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated evidence of immune activation that in some cases correlates with clinical response. Moreover, recent evidence delineates the intricate role of inflammation in PDA, even at its earliest stages. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is thus ripe for immunotherapy; however, significant challenges remain before success can be realized. Future studies will need to focus on the discovery of novel PDA antigens and the identification of the multiple immune suppressive pathways within the PDA tumor microenvironment that inhibit an effective PDA-targeted immune response. Technologies are now available to rapidly advance discovery. Rapid translation of new discoveries into scientifically driven clinical trials testing combinations of immune agents will likely continue to shift the procarcinogenic tumor environment toward the most potent anticancer response.
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Depletion of regulatory T cells by targeting folate receptor 4 enhances the potency of a GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:287-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ruben JM, Visser LL, Bontkes HJ, Westers TM, Ossenkoppele GJ, de Gruijl TD, van de Loosdrecht AA. Targeting the acute myeloid leukemic stem cell compartment by enhancing tumor cell-based vaccines. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:859-68. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting the potential of the immune system in order to eradicate (residual) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells is the long pursued goal of immunotherapy in AML. Strategies using apoptotic tumor cell vaccines have been explored for many years, without significant clinical improvements. In recent years insight has been gained into the mechanisms activating and interfering with tumor-directed immunity. With the arrival of novel immune-modulating agents allowing for the interference with regulatory molecules and interaction with immune-propelling mechanisms, new doors are opening for increasing vaccination efficacy. Combined with advances in the design of apoptotic tumor-based vaccines, we are on the verge of creating an effective AML vaccine strategy, offering a much needed novel therapeutic option for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen M Ruben
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lindy L Visser
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty J Bontkes
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theresia M Westers
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J Ossenkoppele
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan A van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Paradoxical roles of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in prostate cancer biology. Prostate Cancer 2012; 2012:128965. [PMID: 23326670 PMCID: PMC3543804 DOI: 10.1155/2012/128965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with dual roles in cancer biology including prostate cancer (PCa). On the one hand, there is evidence that it stimulates tumour angiogenesis, is involved in the initiation of PCa from an androgen-dependent to a castrate resistant state, plays a role in epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity, and may contribute to the aberrant regulation of eicosanoid pathways. On the other hand, TNF has also been reported to inhibit neovascularisation, induce apoptosis of PCa cells, and stimulate antitumour immunity. Much of the confusion surrounding its seemingly paradoxical roles in cancer biology stems from the dependence of its effects on the biological model within which TNF is investigated. This paper will address some of these issues and also discuss the therapeutic implications.
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Niccolai E, Prisco D, D'Elios MM, Amedei A. What is recent in pancreatic cancer immunotherapy? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:492372. [PMID: 23509731 PMCID: PMC3591222 DOI: 10.1155/2013/492372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) represents an unresolved therapeutic challenge, due to the poor prognosis and the reduced response to currently available treatments. Pancreatic cancer is the most lethal type of digestive cancers, with a median survival of 4-6 months. Only a small proportion of PC patients is curative by surgical resection, whilst standard chemotherapy for patients in advanced disease generates only modest effects with considerable toxic damages. Thus, new therapeutic approaches, specially specific treatments such as immunotherapy, are needed. In this paper we analyze recent preclinical and clinical efforts towards immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer, including passive and active immunotherapy approaches, designed to target pancreatic-cancer-associated antigens and to elicit an antitumor response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Niccolai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence and Patologia Medica Unit Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence and Patologia Medica Unit Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence and Patologia Medica Unit Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Center of Oncologic Minimally Invasive Surgery, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence and Patologia Medica Unit Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Center of Oncologic Minimally Invasive Surgery, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Weiss EM, Wunderlich R, Ebel N, Rubner Y, Schlücker E, Meyer-Pittroff R, Ott OJ, Fietkau R, Gaipl US, Frey B. Selected anti-tumor vaccines merit a place in multimodal tumor therapies. Front Oncol 2012; 2:132. [PMID: 23087898 PMCID: PMC3466463 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal approaches are nowadays successfully applied in cancer therapy. Primary locally acting therapies such as radiotherapy (RT) and surgery are combined with systemic administration of chemotherapeutics. Nevertheless, the therapy of cancer is still a big challenge in medicine. The treatments often fail to induce long-lasting anti-tumor responses. Tumor recurrences and metastases result. Immunotherapies are therefore ideal adjuncts to standard tumor therapies since they aim to activate the patient's immune system against malignant cells even outside the primary treatment areas (abscopal effects). Especially cancer vaccines may have the potential both to train the immune system against cancer cells and to generate an immunological memory, resulting in long-lasting anti-tumor effects. However, despite promising results in phase I and II studies, most of the concepts finally failed. There are some critical aspects in development and application of cancer vaccines that may decide on their efficiency. The time point and frequency of medication, usage of an adequate immune adjuvant, the vaccine's immunogenic potential, and the tumor burden of the patient are crucial. Whole tumor cell vaccines have advantages compared to peptide-based ones since a variety of tumor antigens (TAs) are present. The master requirements of cell-based, therapeutic tumor vaccines are the complete inactivation of the tumor cells and the increase of their immunogenicity. Since the latter is highly connected with the cell death modality, the inactivation procedure of the tumor cell material may significantly influence the vaccine's efficiency. We therefore also introduce high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as an innovative inactivation technology for tumor cell-based vaccines and outline that HHP efficiently inactivates tumor cells by enhancing their immunogenicity. Finally studies are presented proving that anti-tumor immune responses can be triggered by combining RT with selected immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Weiss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Koopman G, Beenhakker N, Hofman S, Walther-Jallow L, Mäkitalo B, Mooij P, Anderson J, Verschoor E, Bogers WM, Heeney JL, Spetz AL. Immunization with apoptotic pseudovirus transduced cells induces both cellular and humoral responses: A proof of concept study in macaques. Vaccine 2012; 30:2523-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Weiss VL, Lee TH, Song H, Kouo TS, Black CM, Sgouros G, Jaffee EM, Armstrong TD. Trafficking of high avidity HER-2/neu-specific T cells into HER-2/neu-expressing tumors after depletion of effector/memory-like regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31962. [PMID: 22359647 PMCID: PMC3281086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer vaccines are designed to activate and enhance cancer-antigen-targeted T cells that are suppressed through multiple mechanisms of immune tolerance in cancer-bearing hosts. T regulatory cell (Treg) suppression of tumor-specific T cells is one barrier to effective immunization. A second mechanism is the deletion of high avidity tumor-specific T cells, which leaves a less effective low avidity tumor specific T cell repertoire available for activation by vaccines. Treg depleting agents including low dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) and antibodies that deplete CD25-expressing Tregs have been used with limited success to enhance the potency of tumor-specific vaccines. In addition, few studies have evaluated mechanisms that activate low avidity cancer antigen-specific T cells. Therefore, we developed high and low avidity HER-2/neu-specific TCR transgenic mouse colonies specific for the same HER-2/neu epitope to define the tolerance mechanisms that specifically affect high versus low avidity tumor-specific T cells. Methodology/Principal Findings High and low avidity CD8+ T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice specific for the breast cancer antigen HER-2/neu (neu) were developed to provide a purified source of naïve, tumor-specific T cells that can be used to study tolerance mechanisms. Adoptive transfer studies into tolerant FVB/N-derived HER-2/neu transgenic (neu-N) mice demonstrated that high avidity, but not low avidity, neu-specific T cells are inhibited by Tregs as the dominant tolerizing mechanism. High avidity T cells persisted, produced IFNγ, trafficked into tumors, and lysed tumors after adoptive transfer into mice treated with a neu-specific vaccine and low dose Cy to deplete Tregs. Analysis of Treg subsets revealed a Cy-sensitive CD4+Foxp3+CD25low tumor-seeking migratory phenotype, characteristic of effector/memory Tregs, and capable of high avidity T cell suppression. Conclusion/Significance Depletion of CD25low Tregs allows activation of tumor-clearing high avidity T cells. Thus, the development of agents that specifically deplete Treg subsets should translate into more effective immunotherapies while avoiding autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian L. Weiss
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy H. Lee
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong Song
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theodore S. Kouo
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chelsea M. Black
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Sgouros
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Todd D. Armstrong
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Griffith TS, Ferguson TA. Cell death in the maintenance and abrogation of tolerance: the five Ws of dying cells. Immunity 2011; 35:456-66. [PMID: 22035838 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system continually faces death in the form of its own dead and dying cells that arise during normal tissue turnover, infections, cellular damage, and cancer. Complex decisions must then be made that will permit a protective response to pathogens, while at the same time destroying tumors but not attacking vital systems of the host that could lead to autoimmunity. By using an investigative technique termed the five Ws (who, what, when, where, and why), we will examine how the immune system responds to antigens generated via cell death. This analysis will give us a better understanding of the molecular differences fundamental to tolerogenic or immunogenic cell death, the cells that sense and react to the dead cells, and the consequences of these fundamental elements on the maintenance or abrogation of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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34
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Klein O, Schmidt C, Knights A, Davis ID, Chen W, Cebon J. Melanoma vaccines: developments over the past 10 years. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:853-73. [PMID: 21692705 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Decades of preclinical evaluation and clinical trials into melanoma vaccines have yielded spectacular progress in our understanding of melanoma antigens and the immune mechanisms of tumor rejection. Key insights and the results of their clinical evaluation are reviewed in this article. Unfortunately, durable clinical benefit following vaccination remains uncommon. Two recent clinical advances that will impact on melanoma vaccine development are trials with inhibitors of CTLA-4 and oncogenic BRAF. Long-term therapeutic control of melanoma will require integration of specific active immunotherapy with these emerging successful therapies from the disparate fields of immune regulation and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Klein
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Branch, Austin Hospital, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
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35
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Aurisicchio L, Ciliberto G. Emerging cancer vaccines: the promise of genetic vectors. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3687-713. [PMID: 24212974 PMCID: PMC3759217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination against cancer is an important approach which, when combined with other therapies, can improve long-term control of cancer. In fact, the induction of adaptive immune responses against Tumor Associated Antigens (TAAs) as well as innate immunity are important factors for tumor stabilization/eradication. A variety of immunization technologies have been explored in last decades and are currently under active evaluation, such as cell-based, protein, peptide and heat-shock protein-based cancer vaccines. Genetic vaccines are emerging as promising methodologies to elicit immune responses against a wide variety of antigens, including TAAs. Amongst these, Adenovirus (Ad)-based vectors show excellent immunogenicity profile and have achieved immunological proof of concept in humans. In vivo electroporation of plasmid DNA (DNA-EP) is also a desirable vaccine technology for cancer vaccines, as it is repeatable several times, a parameter required for the long-term maintenance of anti-tumor immunity. Recent findings show that combinations of different modalities of immunization (heterologous prime/boost) are able to induce superior immune reactions as compared to single-modality vaccines. In this review, we will discuss the challenges and requirements of emerging cancer vaccines, particularly focusing on the genetic cancer vaccines currently under active development and the promise shown by Ad and DNA-EP heterologous prime-boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aurisicchio
- Takis, via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy; E-Mail:
- BIOGEM scarl, via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Takis, via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy; E-Mail:
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli studi di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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36
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Current immunotherapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:267539. [PMID: 21922022 PMCID: PMC3172984 DOI: 10.1155/2011/267539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive and notoriously difficult to treat. As the vast majority of patients are diagnosed at advanced stage of the disease, only a small population is curative by surgical resection. Although gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is typically offered as standard of care, most patients do not survive longer than 6 months. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Pancreatic cancer cells that develop gemcitabine resistance would still be suitable targets for immunotherapy. Therefore, one promising treatment approach may be immunotherapy that is designed to target pancreatic-cancer-associated antigens. In this paper, we detail recent work in immunotherapy and the advances in concept of combination therapy of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. We offer our perspective on how to increase the clinical efficacy of immunotherapies for pancreatic cancer.
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37
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Active immunotherapy combined with blockade of a coinhibitory pathway achieves regression of large tumor masses in cancer-prone mice. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1727-36. [PMID: 21587210 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that aim to expand tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells have yielded disappointing results in cancer patients although they showed efficacy in transplantable tumor mouse models. Using a system that more faithfully mimics a progressing cancer and its immunoinhibitory microenvironment, we here show that in transgenic mice, which gradually develop adenocarcinomas due to expression of HPV-16 E7 within their thyroid, a highly immunogenic vaccine expressing E7 only induces low E7-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses, which fail to affect the size of the tumors. In contrast, the same type of vaccine expressing E7 fused to herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 glycoprotein D (gD), an antagonist of the coinhibitory B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA)/CD160-herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) pathways, stimulates potent E7-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses, which can be augmented by repeated vaccination, resulting in initial regression of even large tumor masses in all mice with sustained regression in more than half of them. These results indicate that active immunization concomitantly with blockade of the immunoinhibitory HVEM-BTLA/CD160 pathways through HSV-1 gD may result in sustained tumor regression.
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38
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Detchokul S, Frauman AG. Recent developments in prostate cancer biomarker research: therapeutic implications. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71:157-74. [PMID: 21219396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to present an overview of recent clinical trials targeting biomarkers in advanced prostate cancer. We searched ClinicalTrials.gov for early phase clinical trials on treatments of prostate cancer that have been recently completed, are ongoing or are actively recruiting participants. Drug targets and their mechanism of actions were assessed and summarized. Trials were categorized according to prostate cancer biomarkers that have potential as therapeutic targets. A total of 19 new therapeutic agents for the treatment of prostate cancer are included in this review. Trials are summarized according to the targeted biomarkers and are categorized into five therapeutic approaches: prostate cancer vaccine, epigenetic therapy, pro-apoptotic agents, prostate cancer antibodies and anti-angiogenesis approach. Some of the therapeutic agents reviewed showed promising results, warranting further investigation in late phase clinical trials. Recent novel prostate cancer biomarkers that made it through clinical trials and their relevance as drug targets are summarized. This review emphasizes the importance of specific prostate cancer biomarkers and their potentials as targets of the disease. Some clinical trials of targeted treatments in prostate cancer show promising results. Better understanding of disease mechanisms should potentially lead to more specific treatments for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitra Detchokul
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), the University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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39
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Westermann J, Flörcken A, Willimsky G, van Lessen A, Kopp J, Takvorian A, Jöhrens K, Lukowsky A, Schönemann C, Sawitzki B, Pohla H, Frank R, Dörken B, Schendel DJ, Blankenstein T, Pezzutto A. Allogeneic gene-modified tumor cells (RCC-26/IL-7/CD80) as a vaccine in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer: a clinical phase-I study. Gene Ther 2010; 18:354-63. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Aurisicchio L, Ciliberto G. Patented cancer vaccines: the promising leads. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:647-60. [DOI: 10.1517/13543771003720483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Cancer vaccine by fusions of dendritic and cancer cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2009:657369. [PMID: 20182533 PMCID: PMC2825547 DOI: 10.1155/2009/657369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and play a central role in the initiation and regulation of primary immune responses. Therefore, their use for the active immunotherapy against cancers has been studied with considerable interest. The fusion of DCs with whole tumor cells represents in many ways an ideal approach to deliver, process, and subsequently present a broad array of tumor-associated antigens, including those yet to be unidentified, in the context of DCs-derived costimulatory molecules. DCs/tumor fusion vaccine stimulates potent antitumor immunity in the animal tumor models. In the human studies, T cells stimulated by DC/tumor fusion cells are effective in lysis of tumor cells that are used as the fusion partner. In the clinical trials, clinical and immunological responses were observed in patients with advanced stage of malignant tumors after being vaccinated with DC/tumor fusion cells, although the antitumor effect is not as vigorous as in the animal tumor models. This review summarizes recent advances in concepts and techniques that are providing new impulses to DCs/tumor fusions-based cancer vaccination.
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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting cellular immunotherapy in combination with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as postremission therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 2009; 114:1736-45. [PMID: 19556425 PMCID: PMC2738565 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-205278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models have demonstrated the efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting cancer immunotherapies (GVAX platform) accompanied by immunotherapy-primed lymphocytes after autologous stem cell transplantation in hematologic malignancies. We conducted a phase 2 study of this combination in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Immunotherapy consisted of autologous leukemia cells admixed with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting K562 cells. "Primed" lymphocytes were collected after a single pretransplantation dose of immunotherapy and reinfused with the stem cell graft. Fifty-four subjects were enrolled; 46 (85%) achieved a complete remission, and 28 (52%) received the pretransplantation immunotherapy. For all patients who achieved complete remission, the 3-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate was 47.4% and overall survival was 57.4%. For the 28 immunotherapy-treated patients, the RFS and overall survival rates were 61.8% and 73.4%, respectively. Posttreatment induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to autologous leukemia cells was associated with longer 3-year RFS rate (100% vs 48%). Minimal residual disease was monitored by quantitative analysis of Wilms tumor-1 (WT1), a leukemia-associated gene. A decrease in WT1 transcripts in blood was noted in 69% of patients after the first immunotherapy dose and was also associated with longer 3-year RFS (61% vs 0%). In conclusion, immunotherapy in combination with primed lymphocytes and autologous stem cell transplantation shows encouraging signals of potential activity in acute myeloid leukemia (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00116467).
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43
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Li B, Simmons A, Du T, Lin C, Moskalenko M, Gonzalez-Edick M, VanRoey M, Jooss K. Allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapies generate potent anti-tumor responses comparable to autologous tumor cell immunotherapies. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:184-97. [PMID: 19664962 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies of cell-based immunotherapies have included both patient-specific (autologous) and non-patient-specific (allogeneic) approaches. Major concerns in using allogeneic immunotherapies are that the induced immune responses may be predominantly directed against the allogeneic HLA molecules of the cellular immunotherapy and not against its potential tumor antigens and that only the allogeneic responses will be enhanced when the immunotherapies are combined with immune checkpoint regulators in an effort to enhance overall immunotherapy potency. To evaluate these possibilities, studies were performed using the GM-CSF-secreting B16F1 cell line as autologous immunotherapy (Auto) and the same cell line modified to over-express the MHC molecule K(d) to generate an immunotherapy that expresses an allogeneic component (Allo) when injected into C57/Bl6 mice. The goal was to compare the specific anti-tumor immune responses induced by these two immunotherapies, which share an identical antigen repertoire, with the exception of the allogeneic MHC class I molecule expressed by the Allo cells, and have identical GM-CSF-secretion levels. Both immunotherapies provided similar therapeutic benefit to tumor-bearing animals with a trend towards a more pronounced tumor growth delay in animals injected with the Allo immunotherapy. This correlated with a significant increase in the number of activated DCs and T-cells in the DLN of Allo-treated animals. In addition, persistent infiltration of effector CD8(+) T-cells was detected in the tumors of animals treated with the Allo immunotherapy, which correlated with a trend towards a greater antigen-specific T-cell response in these animals. When combined with the immune checkpoint regulator anti-PD-1, tumor-specific and allogeneic immune responses were equally enhanced. Thus, the ability of an allogeneic tumor cell immunotherapy to induce a therapeutic anti-tumor immune response is comparable, if not superior, to an autologous tumor cell immunotherapy and its anti-tumor potency can be enhanced when combined with immunomodulatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Li
- Cell Genesys Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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A phase 1/2 study of autologous neuroblastoma tumor cells genetically modified to secrete IL-2 in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. J Immunother 2009; 31:812-9. [PMID: 18833006 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181869893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Autologous neuroblastoma (NB) tumor cells modified to secrete interleukin (IL)-2 (auto-IL-2) can be safely given to patients with advanced neuroblastoma and generate antitumor immune responses. As the benefits of tumor immunization may be greater in patients with minimal residual disease and thus rely on surrogate markers such as immune responses to measure effect, we studied the frequency of immune changes associated with vaccination. Thirteen patients (8 in first remission and 5 after treatment for recurrent NB) received 5 to 8 subcutaneous injections of auto-IL-2 at 0.3 x 10 cells/kg. The vaccine was well tolerated. Injection site biopsies revealed increased cellularity caused by infiltration of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, eosinophils, and dendritic cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays for interferon-gamma and IL-5 demonstrated that vaccination produced a rise in circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells responsive to stimulation by autologous tumor cells. Median event-free survival was 22 months for patients in first remission and 3 months for all others. Four patients treated in first remission remain alive and 3 without disease recurrence.
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Fujii SI, Takayama T, Asakura M, Aki K, Fujimoto K, Shimizu K. Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:189-98. [PMID: 19479202 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of their unique role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems, dendritic cells (DCs) have been a logical focus for novel immunotherapies. However, strategies employing active immunization with ex vivo generated and antigen-pulsed DCs have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials. These past approaches did not take into account the complex interactions between cells of the innate immune system and DCs during DC maturation, antigen processing, and presentation to naïve T cells. By better understanding the natural sequence of events occurring in vivo during an effective immune response, we can tailor antitumor immunotherapeutic strategies to augment aspects of this response from the activation of innate immune cells to antigen uptake and DC maturation to priming of naïve T cells and, ultimately, to the establishment of antitumor immunity. Current DC vaccination strategies utilize a number of methods to recapitulate the cascade of events that culminate in a protective antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Fujii
- Research Unit for Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Synergy between dendritic cells and GM-CSF-secreting tumor cells for the treatment of a murine renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother 2009; 32:140-4. [PMID: 19238012 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181920275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy for cancer certainly holds promises but definitely needs improvements, especially for enhancing tumor-specific responses able to eradicate preexisting tumors. To this end, we investigated here, for the treatment of a preimplanted murine renal cell carcinoma Renca, a new vaccination approach combining injection of DC and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transduced tumor cells. When treatment by either DC or Renca-mGM-CSF cells alone had no therapeutic effect at all, combined vaccines induced therapeutic response in 50% of the tumor-bearing mice, in a GM-CSF dose-dependent manner. Importantly, all these cured mice were protected against a rechallenge with parental Renca cells, indicating the generation of memory immune response. The combined vaccines induced elevated cytotoxic responses in all the cured mice and half of the uncured ones and a stronger systemic CD4+ T-cell-mediated interferon-gamma production in the cured vaccinated mice as compared with uncured ones. In conclusion, vaccines associating DC and GM-CSF-secreting tumor cells induce high therapeutic effect in mice with preexisting renal cell carcinoma that are correlated to the induction of specific CD8 and CD4+ T-cell responses. This original vaccination approach should be further evaluated in a clinical trial for the treatment of metastatic human renal cell carcinoma.
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Smith KE, Fritzell S, Badn W, Eberstål S, Janelidze S, Visse E, Darabi A, Siesjö P. Cure of established GL261 mouse gliomas after combined immunotherapy with GM-CSF and IFNgamma is mediated by both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 124:630-7. [PMID: 18972433 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We were the first to demonstrate that combined immunotherapy with GM-CSF producing GL261 cells and recombinant IFNgamma of preestablished GL261 gliomas could cure 90% of immunized mice. To extend these findings and to uncover the underlying mechanisms, the ensuing experiments were undertaken. We hypothesized that immunizations combining both GM-CSF and IFNgamma systemically would increase the number of immature myeloid cells, which then would mature and differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, thereby augmenting tumor antigen presentation and T-cell activation. Indeed, the combined therapy induced a systemic increase of both immature and mature myeloid cells but also an increase in T regulatory cells (T-regs). Cytotoxic anti-tumor responses, mirrored by an increase in Granzyme B-positive cells as well as IFNgamma-producing T-cells, were augmented after immunizations with GM-CSF and IFNgamma. We also show that the combined therapy induced a long-term memory with rejection of intracerebral (i.c.) rechallenges. Depletion of T-cells showed that both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were essential for the combined GM-CSF and IFNgamma effect. Finally, when immunizations were delayed until day 5 after tumor inoculation, only mice receiving immunotherapy with both GM-CSF and IFNgamma survived. We conclude that the addition of recombinant IFNgamma to immunizations with GM-CSF producing tumor cells increased the number of activated tumoricidal T-cells, which could eradicate established intracerebral tumors. These results clearly demonstrate that the combination of cytokines in immunotherapy of brain tumors have synergistic effects that have implications for clinical immunotherapy of human malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Enell Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Glioma Immunotherapy Group, The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, BMC D14, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Hoang-Le D, Smeenk L, Anraku I, Pijlman GP, Wang XJ, de Vrij J, Liu WJ, Le TT, Schroder WA, Khromykh AA, Suhrbier A. A Kunjin replicon vector encoding granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor for intra-tumoral gene therapy. Gene Ther 2008; 16:190-9. [PMID: 19092857 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed a non-cytopathic RNA replicon-based viral vector system based on the flavivirus Kunjin. Here, we illustrate the utility of the Kunjin replicon system for gene therapy. Intra-tumoral injections of Kunjin replicon virus-like particles encoding granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were able to cure >50% of established subcutaneous CT26 colon carcinoma and B16-OVA melanomas. Regression of CT26 tumours correlated with the induction of anti-cancer CD8 T cells, and treatment of subcutaneous CT26 tumours also resulted in the regression of CT26 lung metastases. Only a few immune-based strategies are able to cure these aggressive tumours once they are of a reasonable size, illustrating the potential of this vector system for intra-tumoral gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hoang-Le
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Kakimi K, Nakajima J, Wada H. Active specific immunotherapy and cell-transfer therapy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2008; 65:1-8. [PMID: 19062127 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is an intractable disease urgently requiring more effective treatment approaches. The potential of immunotherapy in this context remains promising, although presently there are no satisfactory protocols available for lung cancer. However, encouraging evidence of clinical benefits from immunotherapy is beginning to accumulate in several lung cancer trials. Better understanding of tumor-specific immune responses, identifying tumor-associated antigens, and manipulating the immunoregulatory environment of the tumor is likely to further increase the efficacy of immune-mediated cancer therapies. Here, we review recent advances in cellular immunotherapy and vaccines for lung cancer, emphasizing an important paradigm shift in the analysis of clinical benefit away from "tumor response" towards "patient response".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics (Medinet), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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