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Ebert WM, Jost L, Jansen P. Gender stereotypes in preschoolers' mental rotation. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1284314. [PMID: 38375117 PMCID: PMC10875053 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1284314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The investigation of gender stereotypes constitutes a relevant approach to understanding the development of spatial ability and sex differences in the domain. This was the first study concerned with the presence of implicit and explicit gender stereotypes about spatial ability, and their potential relation to spatial task performance, in preschool-aged children. Our full sample consisted of 138 4- to 6-year-old kindergarten children. The experimental procedure consisted of three parts. Children completed an implicit association task, a short questionnaire on explicit stereotypes, and a chronometric mental rotation task. Preschool-aged children held explicit gender stereotypes about spatial ability linking it to boys rather than girls. Boys exhibited stronger stereotypes in this regard than girls. We also found evidence for the presence of implicit stereotypes. However, implicit stereotypes were not found in sub-group analyses. No clear relationship between stereotypes and mental rotation performance emerged, but our results suggest that implicit stereotyping affected mental rotation accuracy differently in girls compared with boys. Our main conclusion was that children already hold stereotypic beliefs about spatial ability at preschool age. There did not seem to be a relationship of stereotyping with spatial ability at this age.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Miro Ebert
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Wang F, Qu JG. A study of relationship between social support, work values and job search behavior. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1021299. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has put more pressure on the labor market, reducing employment opportunities and increasing graduate unemployment. Therefore, this study was undertaken to explore the relationship between social support, work values and job search behavior. The theoretical model was tested using the data collected from 560 Chinese fresh graduates (Mage = 23.45 years; standard deviation = 2.02). The participants completed questionnaires that assessed their social support, work values and job search behavior. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis. The results indicated that social support was positively and directly associated job search behavior and work value mediated the association between social support and job search behavior. These findings will encourage future researchers to investigate the phenomena of job search behavior.
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Hsieh CJ, Pan K, Lee HC, Shih YL. Gender Equality in Employment among Health Care Undergraduate Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030543. [PMID: 35327021 PMCID: PMC8950052 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purposes of this study were to predict the important variables associated with health care undergraduate students’ opinion of gender equality (GE) in employment. Design: This study adopted a cross-sectional design with multistage sampling and adhered to STROBE guidelines. Setting: From one of the universities of health care in northern Taiwan. Participants: We recruited 2855 health care students and the questionnaire response rate was 78.3%. Results: Female students in this study have a better concept of GE in employment. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the subjects’ gendered concept of family and GE in employment. From the results of multiple linear regressions, the important and significant variables were female, sophomore students, students who were in the division of continuing college self-attitude toward gender roles, attitude toward parental expectations of gender roles, those could explain 45.3% of the variation in GE in employment. Conclusion: Students exposed to the active cultivation of GE in health education largely benefit future professional development. Establishing a GE concept on campus will help students develop their profession in the future. Encourage the school to offer at least one “gender-related” elective subject per semester, especially in the on-the-job training programs to satisfy the needs of GE education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Hsieh
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (Y.-L.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kai Pan
- Department of Infant and Child Care, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Chen Lee
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (Y.-L.S.)
| | - Ya-Ling Shih
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (Y.-L.S.)
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Cerbara L, Ciancimino G, Tintori A. Are We Still a Sexist Society? Primary Socialisation and Adherence to Gender Roles in Childhood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063408. [PMID: 35329095 PMCID: PMC8950774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: The internalisation of gender stereotypes has long-term impacts on the aspirations, opportunities and psychosocial well-being of people. The main objective of this study is to measure the adherence to gender roles among children, analysing the link between their roles’ internalisation, the family context and the socioeconomic environment. Method: During the Spring 2021, a survey was carried in Rome on children aged 8–11 through a structured questionnaire. The explanatory dimensions of the analysed topics were identified and a survey questionnaire with an ad hoc administration method were developed. Results: The results show a widespread internalisation of traditional gender roles among the respondents and differences by sex were found, since their acceptance is higher among boys for male roles and among girls for female roles. As the age increases, the adherence to male roles decreases for both boys and girls, while high levels of prosociality resulted in a lower adherence to female roles among boys. No significant relations were found with family and environmental variables. Conclusions: These findings show how the internalisation of gender stereotypes is already traceable at this age, and due to a different path of primary socialisation, boys and girls develop their gender identity consistent with social expectations. The lack of significant relations with environmental variables could be related to the age of the respondents, as the process of primary socialisation imbued with gender stereotypes still does not overlap secondary socialisation. These trends should be monitored during late childhood since at this age children are cognitively plastic, but also vulnerable and influenceable by surrounding stimuli. This research approach, especially if extended to a wider geographical scale, can provide important knowledge to support the relational well-being of children and equal opportunities of society as a whole.
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Potas N, Açıkalın ŞN, Erçetin ŞŞ, Koçtürk N, Neyişci N, Çevik MS, Görgülü D. Technology addiction of adolescents in the COVID-19 era: Mediating effect of attitude on awareness and behavior. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 41:1687-1703. [PMID: 33613012 PMCID: PMC7881321 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents have been called the "digital natives of the technology age", but determining adolescents' awareness, attitudes and behavior with respect to technology addiction (TA) is important for developing balanced and effective approaches to support their physical and psychological well-being after the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, the present study investigates the impact of attitudes on TA behavior in 382 adolescents by gender and extent of technology use. Three scales were used to determine adolescents' TA awareness, attitude, and behavior. The results of the dual-moderated mediation model show that gender and duration of technology use (h) moderated the full mediation of attitude on awareness and behavior in TA (F = 39.29, df = 9;372, p < .01). The indirect effect in males with 16.04 h per day of technology use is stronger (.24) than the indirect effect in males with 4.90 h per day of technology use (.13). In addition, the simple slope plot shows that when attitude scores increase, addictive behavior rises in females (simple slope = .74, t = 8.79, p < .01). On the other hand, with 16.04 h per day of technology use, when attitude scores decrease, addictive behavior rises in females (simple slope = .69, t = 7.59, p < .01). Furthermore, when the attitude scores increase, addictive behavior rises in males (simple slope = .85, t = 13.26, p < .01). As a result, the psychoeducational intervention programs to be implemented for TA should not only focus on awareness, but should also encompass behavioral, cognitive and lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Potas
- Department of Health Care Management, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şuay Nilhan Açıkalın
- Department of International Relations, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Nilüfer Koçtürk
- Department of Education Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilay Neyişci
- Department of Education Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Deniz Görgülü
- Department of Education Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Thomassin K, Seddon JA, Vaughn-Coaxum R. Development and Validation of the Parents' Gendered Emotion Beliefs Scale. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2020; 29:855-866. [PMID: 34045842 PMCID: PMC8153206 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the current research was to develop and validate a parent, self-report questionnaire to measure parents' gendered beliefs about emotion. METHODS Scale items were first developed based on a previous qualitative study examining emotions, parenting, and gender in a sample of parents. The Parents' Gendered Emotion Beliefs scale (PGEB) was validated in a sample of 704 parents of middle childhood youth. RESULTS Item-response theory analyses indicated a three-factor solution with factors measuring beliefs consistent with: gendered emotion expression, gender-neutral emotion expression, and gendered emotion socialization. All factors showed good internal consistency with alphas ranging from 0.79 to 0.90. Analyses then examined convergent validity by correlating PGEB factors to established measures of broad emotion beliefs, emotion socialization, family expressiveness, and child emotion regulation and psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings support the PGEB, its factor structure and psychometric properties, and its potential to contribute to our understanding of the role of gender in emotion socialization and children's emotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Thomassin
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jessica A. Seddon
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
N1G 2W1, Canada
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Investigating Gender and Racial/Ethnic Invariance in Use of a Course Management System in Higher Education. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci5020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Parental and Secondary School Teachers’ Perceptions of ICT Professionals, Gender Differences and their Role in the Choice of Studies. SEX ROLES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Simpkins SD, Davis-Kean PE, Eccles JS. Parents' Socializing Behavior and Children's Participation in Math, Science, and Computer Out-of-School Activities. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s1532480xads0901_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Bovée C, Voogt J, Meelissen M. Computer attitudes of primary and secondary students in South Africa. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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