1
|
Neves AR, Godinho S, Gonçalves C, Gomes AS, Almeida JR, Pinto M, Sousa E, Correia-da-Silva M. A Chemical Toolbox to Unveil Synthetic Nature-Inspired Antifouling (NIAF) Compounds. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:416. [PMID: 39330297 PMCID: PMC11433177 DOI: 10.3390/md22090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The current scenario of antifouling (AF) strategies to prevent the natural process of marine biofouling is based in the use of antifouling paints containing different active ingredients, believed to be harmful to the marine environment. Compounds called booster biocides are being used with copper as an alternative to the traditionally used tributyltin (TBT); however, some of them were recently found to accumulate in coastal waters at levels that are deleterious for marine organisms. More ecological alternatives were pursued, some of them based on the marine organism mechanisms' production of specialized metabolites with AF activity. However, despite the investment in research on AF natural products and their synthetic analogues, many studies showed that natural AF alternatives do not perform as well as the traditional metal-based ones. In the search for AF agents with better performance and to understand which molecular motifs were responsible for the AF activity of natural compounds, synthetic analogues were produced and investigated for structure-AF activity relationship studies. This review is a comprehensive compilation of AF compounds synthesized in the last two decades with highlights on the data concerning their structure-activity relationship, providing a chemical toolbox for researchers to develop efficient nature-inspired AF agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Neves
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Sara Godinho
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gonçalves
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Sara Gomes
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana R Almeida
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tanikawa A, Fujihara T, Nakajima N, Maeda Y, Nogata Y, Yoshimura E, Okada Y, Chiba K, Kitano Y. Anti-Barnacle Activities of Isothiocyanates Derived from β-Citronellol and Their Structure-Activity Relationships. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200953. [PMID: 36567259 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antifouling agents with low toxicity are in high demand for sustaining marine industries and the environment. This study aimed to synthesize 15 isothiocyanates derived from β-citronellol and evaluate their antifouling activities and toxicities against cypris larvae of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. The synthesized isothiocyanates exhibited effective antifouling activities (EC50 =0.10-3.33 μg mL-1 ) with high therapeutic ratios (LC50 /EC50 >30). Four isothiocyanates with an amide or isocyano group showed great potential as effective antifouling agents (EC50 =0.10-0.32 μg mL-1 , LC50 /EC50 =104-833). The enantiomers of the isothiocyanates only slightly differed in their antifouling activities. These results may serve as a basis for further research and development of β-citronellol-derived isothiocyanates as effective low-toxic antifouling agents. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the antifouling activities of isothiocyanates derived from accessible natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aina Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takaya Fujihara
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Natsumi Nakajima
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuka Maeda
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nogata
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | | | - Yohei Okada
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brunelli F, Ceresa C, Aprile S, Coppo L, Castiglioni B, Bosetti M, Fracchia L, Tron GC. Isocyanides in med chem: A scaffold hopping approach for the identification of novel 4-isocyanophenylamides as potent antibacterial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114950. [PMID: 36462437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe the rational use of the neglected isocyano moiety as pharmacophoric group for the design of novel 4-isocyanophenylamides as antibacterial agents. This class of novel compounds showed to be highly effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. In particular, from an extensive screening, we identified compound 42 as lead compound. It has shown a potent antimicrobial activity, an additive effect with most antibiotics currently in use, the ability not to induce the formation of resistant strains after ten passages, and the ability to block the biofilm formation. A nontoxic profile on mammalian cells and a proper metabolic stability on human liver microsome complete the picture of this new weapon against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Brunelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Ceresa
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Lorenza Coppo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Michela Bosetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Fracchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effective Synthesis and Antifouling Activity of Dolastatin 16 Derivatives. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020124. [PMID: 35200652 PMCID: PMC8876244 DOI: 10.3390/md20020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some derivatives of dolastatin 16, a depsipeptide natural product first obtained from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia, were synthesized through second-generation synthesis of two unusual amino acids, dolaphenvaline and dolamethylleuine. The second-generation synthesis enabled derivatizations such as functionalization of the aromatic ring in dolaphenvaline. The derivatives of fragments and whole structures were evaluated for antifouling activity against the cypris larvae of Amphibalanus amphitrite. Small fragments inhibited the settlement of the cypris larvae at potent to moderate concentrations (EC50 = 0.60-4.62 μg/mL), although dolastatin 16 with a substituent on the aromatic ring (24) was much less potent than dolastatin 16.
Collapse
|
5
|
Massarotti A, Brunelli F, Aprile S, Giustiniano M, Tron GC. Medicinal Chemistry of Isocyanides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10742-10788. [PMID: 34197077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In eons of evolution, isocyanides carved out a niche in the ecological systems probably thanks to their metal coordinating properties. In 1859 the first isocyanide was synthesized by humans and in 1950 the first natural isocyanide was discovered. Now, at the beginning of XXI century, hundreds of isocyanides have been isolated both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and thousands have been synthesized in the laboratory. For some of them their ecological role is known, and their potent biological activity as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antifouling, and antitumoral compounds has been described. Notwithstanding, the isocyanides have not gained a good reputation among medicinal chemists who have erroneously considered them either too reactive or metabolically unstable, and this has restricted their main use to technical applications as ligands in coordination chemistry. The aim of this review is therefore to show the richness in biological activity of the isocyanide-containing molecules, to support the idea of using the isocyanide functional group as an unconventional pharmacophore especially useful as a metal coordinating warhead. The unhidden hope is to convince the skeptical medicinal chemists of the isocyanide potential in many areas of drug discovery and considering them in the design of future drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Altundas B, Marrazzo JPR, Fleming FF. Metalated isocyanides: formation, structure, and reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6467-6482. [PMID: 32766609 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metalated isocyanides are highly versatile organometallics. Central to the reactivity of metalated isocyanides is the presence of two orthogonally reactive carbons, a highly nucleophilic "carbanion" inductively stabilized by a carbene-like isocyanide carbon. The two reactivities are harnessed in the attack of metalated isocyanides on π-electrophiles where an initial nucleophilic attack leads to an electron pair that cyclizes onto the terminal isocyanide carbon in a rapid route to diverse, nitrogenous heterocycles. Harnessing the potent nucleophilicity of metalated isocyanides while preventing electrophilic attack on the terminal isocyanide carbon has largely been driven by empirical heuristics. This review provides a foundational understanding by surveying the formation, structure, and properties of metalated isocyanides. The focus on the interplay between the structure and reactivity of metalated isocyanides is anticipated to facilitate the development and deployment of these exceptional nucleophiles in complex bond constructions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Altundas
- Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Takamura H, Kikuchi T, Iwamoto K, Nakao E, Harada N, Otsu T, Endo N, Fukuda Y, Ohno O, Suenaga K, Guo YW, Kadota I. Unified Total Synthesis, Stereostructural Elucidation, and Biological Evaluation of Sarcophytonolides. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11028-11056. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Takamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kohei Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Harada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Taichi Otsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Endo
- Himeji EcoTech Co., Ltd., 841-49 Koh, Shirahama-cho, Himeji 672-8023, Japan
| | - Yuji Fukuda
- Himeji EcoTech Co., Ltd., 841-49 Koh, Shirahama-cho, Himeji 672-8023, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Isao Kadota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Takamura H, Ohashi T, Kikuchi T, Endo N, Fukuda Y, Kadota I. Late-stage divergent synthesis and antifouling activity of geraniol-butenolide hybrid molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [PMID: 28632269 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid molecules consisting of geraniol and butenolide were designed and synthesized by the late-stage divergent strategy. In the synthetic route, ring-closing metathesis was utilized for the construction of a butenolide moiety. A biological evaluation of the eight synthetic hybrid compounds revealed that these molecules exhibit antifouling activity against the cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) amphitrite with EC50 values of 0.30-1.31 μg mL-1. These results show that hybridization of the geraniol and butenolide structural motifs resulted in the enhancement of the antifouling activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Takamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Inoue Y, Takashima S, Nogata Y, Yoshimura E, Chiba K, Kitano Y. Isocyanides Derived from α,α-Disubstituted Amino Acids: Synthesis and Antifouling Activity Assessment. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1700571. [PMID: 29381256 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we contribute to the development of environmentally friendly antifoulants by synthesizing eighteen isocyanides derived from α,α-disubstituted amino acids and evaluating their antifouling activity/toxicity against the cypris larvae of the Balanus amphitrite barnacle. Almost all isocyanides showed good antifouling activity without significant toxicity and exhibited EC50 values of 0.07 - 7.30 μg/mL after 120-h exposure. The lowest EC50 values were observed for valine-, methionine-, and phenylalanine-derived isocyanides, which achieved > 95% cypris larvae settlement inhibition at concentrations of less than 30 μg/mL without exhibiting significant toxicity. Thus, the prepared isocyanides should be useful for further research focused on the development of environmentally friendly antifouling agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Inoue
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shuhei Takashima
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nogata
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Design, Synthesis, and Antifouling Activity of Glucosamine-Based Isocyanides. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15070203. [PMID: 28661419 PMCID: PMC5532645 DOI: 10.3390/md15070203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofouling, an undesirable accumulation of organisms on sea-immersed structures such as ship hulls and fishing nets, is a serious economic issue whose effects include oil wastage and clogged nets. Organotin compounds were utilized since the 1960s as an antifouling material; however, the use of such compounds was later banned by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) due to their high toxicity toward marine organisms, resulting in masculinization and imposex. Since the ban, there have been extensive efforts to develop environmentally benign antifoulants. Natural antifouling products obtained from marine creatures have been the subject of considerable attention due to their potent antifouling activity and low toxicity. These antifouling compounds often contain isocyano groups, which are well known to have natural antifouling properties. On the basis of our previous total synthesis of natural isocyanoterpenoids, we envisaged the installation of an isocyano functional group onto glucosamine to produce an environmentally friendly antifouling material. This paper describes an effective synthetic method for various glucosamine-based isocyanides and evaluation of their antifouling activity and toxicity against cypris larvae of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. Glucosamine isocyanides with an ether functionality at the anomeric position exhibited potent antifouling activity, with EC50 values below 1 μg/mL, without detectable toxicity even at a high concentration of 10 μg/mL. Two isocyanides had EC50 values of 0.23 and 0.25 μg/mL, comparable to that of CuSO4, which is used as a fouling inhibitor (EC50 = 0.27 μg/mL).
Collapse
|
11
|
Fukuda T, Wagatsuma H, Kominami Y, Nogata Y, Yoshimura E, Chiba K, Kitano Y. Anti-barnacle Activity of Isocyanides Derived from Amino Acids. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1502-1510. [PMID: 27449975 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Creation of new potent antifouling active compounds is important for the development of environmentally friendly antifouling agents. Fifteen isocyanide congeners derived from proteinogenic amino acids were synthesized, and the antifouling activity and toxicity of these compounds against cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite were investigated. All synthesized amino acid-isocyanides exhibited potent anti-barnacle activity with EC50 values of 0.07 - 10.34 μg/ml after 120 h exposure without significant toxicity. In addition, seven compounds showed more than 95% settlement inhibition of the cypris larvae at 10 μg/ml after 120 h exposure without any mortality observed. Considering their structure, these amino acid-isocyanides would eventually be biodegraded to their original nontoxic amino acids. These should be useful for further research focused on the development of environmentally friendly antifoulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fukuda
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideki Wagatsuma
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kominami
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nogata
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Chao A, Fleming FF. Isonitrile alkylations: a rapid route to imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2111-3. [PMID: 26691391 PMCID: PMC4729585 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08724d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metalated arylmethylisonitriles readily add to 2-chloropyridines to afford imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines. Analogous additions to imidoyl chlorides and a chloroquinoline provide imidazoles and an imidazo[1,5-a]quinolone which, like imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines, are valuable heterocycles for pharmaceutical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2875, USA.
| | - Allen Chao
- Department of Chemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2875, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Umezawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu S, Huang J, Gazzarrini S, He S, Chen L, Li J, Xing L, Li C, Chen L, Neochoritis CG, Liao GP, Zhou H, Dömling A, Moroni A, Wang W. Isocyanides as Influenza A Virus Subtype H5N1 Wild-Type M2 Channel Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1837-45. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis & Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology of China; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis & Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Sabrina Gazzarrini
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan and; Institute of Biophysics (IBF) Milan, National Research Council (CNR); Via Celoria 26 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Si He
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis & Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis & Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis & Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Li Xing
- Worldwide Research & Development; Pfizer Inc.; 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02421 USA
| | - Chufang Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine & Health; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Guangdong 510530 P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine & Health; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Guangdong 510530 P.R. China
| | - Constantinos G. Neochoritis
- Department of Drug Design; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - George P. Liao
- Department of Drug Design; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Haibing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis & Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anna Moroni
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan and; Institute of Biophysics (IBF) Milan, National Research Council (CNR); Via Celoria 26 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis & Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430071 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Umezawa T, Sato A, Ameda Y, Casalme LO, Matsuda F. Synthetic study on dolastatin 16: concise and scalable synthesis of two unusual amino acid units. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
16
|
Nishikawa K, Nakahara H, Shirokura Y, Nogata Y, Yoshimura E, Umezawa T, Okino T, Matsuda F. Total synthesis of 10-isocyano-4-cadinene and its stereoisomers and evaluations of antifouling activities. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6558-73. [PMID: 21755975 DOI: 10.1021/jo2008109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective total synthesis of 10-isocyano-4-cadinene, a marine sesquiterpene isolated from nudibranchs of the family Phyllidiidae, and determination of its absolute stereochemistry were achieved. 10-Isocyano-4-cadinene is expected to be a novel nontoxic antifouling agent. In the synthesis, intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction and samarium diiodide induced Barbier-type cyclization were employed as key steps. The absolute configuration of 10-isocyano-4-cadinene was determined as (1S,6S,7R,10S) by comparison of the optical rotations between natural and synthetic samples. In addition, the authors successfully synthesized 10-epi- and di-1,6-epi-10-isocyano-4-cadinene through the same synthetic pathway. Antifouling activities against Balanus amphitrite with the cadinenes were also evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nishikawa
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kitano Y, Akima C, Yoshimura E, Nogata Y. Anti-barnacle activity of novel simple alkyl isocyanides derived from citronellol. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:201-205. [PMID: 21279869 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.553282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Twenty novel simple alkyl isocyanides derived from citronellol were synthesized and evaluated for their antifouling activity and toxicity against cypris larvae of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. The anti-barnacle activity of the synthesized isocyanides was in the EC(50) range of 0.08-1.49 μg ml(-1). Simple isocyanides containing a benzoate and chloro group showed the most potent anti-barnacle activity. In addition, none of the synthesized compounds showed significant toxicity and LC(50) values were <10 μg ml(-1). The LC(50)/EC(50) ratios of almost all of the synthesized compounds were >10(2). The results indicate that these simple isocyanides are promising low-toxicity antifouling agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Endo N, Sato K, Matsumura K, Yoshimura E, Odaka Y, Nogata Y. Species-specific detection and quantification of common barnacle larvae from the Japanese coast using quantitative real-time PCR. BIOFOULING 2010; 26:901-911. [PMID: 21038150 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.531389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Species-specific detection and quantification methods for barnacle larvae using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were developed. Species-specific primers for qPCR were designed for 13 barnacle species in the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene region. Primer specificity was examined by PCR using template DNA extracted from each of the 13 barnacle species, other unidentified barnacle species, and field collected zooplankton samples. The resulting PCR products comprised single bands following agarose gel electrophoresis when the templates corresponded to primers. The amplifications were highly species-specific even for the field plankton samples. The field plankton samples were subjected to qPCR assay. The calculated DNA contents for each barnacle species were closely correlated with the number of larvae measured by microscopic examination. The method could be applied to quantify barnacle larvae in natural plankton samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Endo
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko-shi, Chiba-ken, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nishikawa K, Nakahara H, Shirokura Y, Nogata Y, Yoshimura E, Umezawa T, Okino T, Matsuda F. Total Synthesis of 10-Isocyano-4-cadinene and Determination of Its Absolute Configuration. Org Lett 2010; 12:904-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9027336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nishikawa
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan, and CERES, Inc., 1-6-1 Ogawa-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakahara
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan, and CERES, Inc., 1-6-1 Ogawa-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan
| | - Yousuke Shirokura
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan, and CERES, Inc., 1-6-1 Ogawa-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nogata
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan, and CERES, Inc., 1-6-1 Ogawa-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan
| | - Erina Yoshimura
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan, and CERES, Inc., 1-6-1 Ogawa-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan
| | - Taiki Umezawa
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan, and CERES, Inc., 1-6-1 Ogawa-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Okino
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan, and CERES, Inc., 1-6-1 Ogawa-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Matsuda
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan, and CERES, Inc., 1-6-1 Ogawa-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qian PY, Xu Y, Fusetani N. Natural products as antifouling compounds: recent progress and future perspectives. BIOFOULING 2010; 26:223-34. [PMID: 19960389 DOI: 10.1080/08927010903470815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since early 2008, an increasing number of countries have ratified an international treaty to ban the application of antifouling (AF) coatings based on organotin compounds (eg tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin). As a result, the demand for environmentally friendly, non-toxic or low-toxicity AF compounds and technologies (green AF agents) has become an urgent reality. Marine coatings based on Cu2O and various other biocides have a negative impact on the environment and they must eventually be replaced by new, effective, and environmentally friendly AF compounds. This mini-review describes important AF compounds discovered from a variety of organisms from 2004 until mid 2009, and discusses recent and general trends in the discovery of AF compounds. Finally, a perspective on the future of AF compound development is presented. The discussion is aimed at updating scientists and engineers on the current challenges facing AF research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Qian
- KAUST Global Partnership Program, Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Swamy KCK, Kumar NNB, Balaraman E, Kumar KVPP. Mitsunobu and Related Reactions: Advances and Applications. Chem Rev 2009; 109:2551-651. [PMID: 19382806 DOI: 10.1021/cr800278z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
| | - N. N. Bhuvan Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
| | - E. Balaraman
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Elbourne PD, Veater RA, Clare AS. Interaction of conspecific cues in Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia) settlement assays: continued argument for the single-larva assay. BIOFOULING 2008; 24:87-96. [PMID: 18176875 DOI: 10.1080/08927010701802565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gregariousness in marine invertebrate larvae is an important regulator of benthic community structure. Previous laboratory settlement assays employing Balanus amphitrite Darwin cyprids found gregarious effects with as few as 3 larvae well(-1), together with modulation of such effects by chemical cues. Here, the relationship between settlement rate and larval density was rigorously tested through a fully randomised design. Seawater conditioned with adult B.amphitrite was tested alongside unconditioned seawater to determine the effect of a conspecific cue on gregarious interactions. Gregarious effects were detected in both conditioned and unconditioned seawater at < or =4 larvae well(-1). In untreated seawater, settlement rate increased linearly with larval density, levelling off at densities of > or =10 larvae well(-1). In conditioned seawater, settlement induction was observed at < or =4 larvae well(-1), switching to inhibition at 6, 8 and 10 larvae well(-1), before asymptoting at the highest densities tested. These results advocate the use of individual larvae in laboratory assays that investigate factors stimulating barnacle settlement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Elbourne
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tsubokawa N. Surface Grafting of Polymers onto Nanoparticles in a Solvent-Free Dry-System and Applications of Polymer-grafted Nanoparticles as Novel Functional Hybrid Materials. Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2007035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Gribben PE, Marshall DJ, Steinberg PD. Less inhibited with age? Larval age modifies responses to natural settlement inhibitors. BIOFOULING 2006; 22:101-6. [PMID: 16581674 DOI: 10.1080/08927010600562583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As larvae of marine invertebrates age, their response to settlement cues can change. This change can have significant consequences to both the ecology of these organisms, and to their response to antifouling coatings. This study examines how larval age affects the settlement response of larvae to two naturally derived settlement inhibitors, non-polar extracts from the algae Delisea pulchra and Dilophus marginatus, the former of which contains compounds that are in commercial development as antifoulants. Two species of marine invertebrates with non-feeding larvae were investigated: the bryozoans Watersipora subtorquata and Bugula neritina. Larval age strongly affected larval settlement, with older larvae settling at much higher rates than younger larvae. Despite having strong, inhibitory effects on young larvae, the non-polar extracts did not inhibit the settlement of older larvae to the same degree for both species studied. The results show that the effects of ecologically realistic settlement inhibitors are highly dependent on larval age. Given that the age of settling larvae is likely to be variable in the field, such age specific variation in settlement response of larvae may have important consequences for host-epibiont interactions in natural communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Gribben
- Centre for Marine Biofouling & Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kitano Y, Nogata Y, Matsumura K, Yoshimura E, Chiba K, Tada M, Sakaguchi I. Design and synthesis of anti-barnacle active fluorescence-labeled probe compounds and direct observation of the target region in barnacle cypris larvae for dimethyl-isocyanoalkyl compounds. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Faimali M, Garaventa F, Mancini I, Sicurelli A, Guella G, Piazza V, Greco G. Antisettlement activity of synthetic analogues of polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts isolated from the sponge Reniera sarai. BIOFOULING 2005; 21:49-57. [PMID: 16019391 DOI: 10.1080/08927010500071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on the high, non-toxic and reversible antifouling activity of the polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts isolated from the sponge Reniera sarai, the anti-settlement activity and toxicity of a series of synthetic analogues has been studied. All the test compounds were less efficient than the natural polymers, suggesting that the high and reversible anti-macrofouling activity of the natural polymers could derive from their detergent-like properties. The values obtained for EC50sett. of inhibition of cyprid settlement and EC50imm. as naupliar toxicity for the synthetic compounds indicate that the presence of single or multiple charges in the structure is not relevant for the antifouling activity which, conversely, is favoured by increasing the length of the alkyl chain, or by the presence of uncharged pyridine units. The compound 1,8-di(3-pyridyl)octane was the most efficient (EC50sett. = 0.44 microgml(-1)), although with a higher toxicity on naupliar stage of B. amphitrite than the natural polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Faimali
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Marine ISMAR Sezione Tecnologie Marine, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kitano Y, Nogata Y, Shinshima K, Yoshimura E, Chiba K, Tada M, Sakaguchi I. Synthesis and anti-barnacle activities of novel isocyanocyclohexane compounds containing an ester or an ether functional group. BIOFOULING 2004; 20:93-100. [PMID: 15203963 DOI: 10.1080/0892701042000205334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ten novel isocyanocyclohexane compounds that possess an oxygenic functional group at the 4-position were synthesized and evaluated for their antifouling activity against the larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite with the aim of exploring the structure-activity relationships further. The anti-barnacle effect of the synthesized compounds was in the EC50 range of 0.0096-17.0 microg ml(-1). Some ester derivatives exhibited extremely high antifouling activities, and none of the synthesized isocyanocyclohexane compounds showed significant toxicity. The results suggest that the ester function is one of the important groups in the expression of potent antifouling activity in isocyano compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|