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Verma S, Kuila A, Jacob S. Role of Biofilms in Waste Water Treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5618-5642. [PMID: 36094648 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm cells have a different physiology than planktonic cells, which has been the focus of most research. Biofilms are complex biostructures that form on any surface that comes into contact with water on a regular basis. They are dynamic, structurally complex systems having characteristics of multicellular animals and multiple ecosystems. The three themes covered in this review are biofilm ecology, biofilm reactor technology and design, and biofilm modeling. Membrane-supported biofilm reactors, moving bed biofilm reactors, granular sludge, and integrated fixed-film activated sludge processes are all examples of biofilm reactors used for water treatment. Biofilm control and/or beneficial application in membrane processes are improving. Biofilm models have become critical tools for biofilm foundational research as well as biofilm reactor architecture and design. At the same time, the differences between biofilm modeling and biofilm reactor modeling methods are acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samakshi Verma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Arindam Kuila
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, 304022, India.
| | - Samuel Jacob
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Chengalpattu Dist., Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Heo S, Nam K, Woo T, Yoo C. Digitally-transformed early-warning protocol for membrane cleaning based on a fouling-cumulative sum chart: Application to a full-scale MBR plant. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Feng Z, Zhang W, Sun T. Effects of seasonal biofouling on diffusion coefficients through filter membranes with different hydrophilicities in natural waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148536. [PMID: 34225148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a major issue for the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) passive samplers during long-term deployment. Although biofilms have a negative effect on DGT samplers, the effects of seasonal biofilms on the flux of targets through different membranes are poorly understood. Herein, we evaluated the relationship between the biofilm growth and diffusion coefficients' decline rate through two membranes with different hydrophilicities during the four seasons in natural waters. Cu2+ and tetracycline were selected as the model metal and organic contaminant, respectively. Rapid biofilm growth on the membrane surface was observed, and the fouling growth rate increased in the order: winter < spring < autumn < summer. Biofouling had a negative effect on the diffusion coefficients of Cu2+ and tetracycline. Generally, the decreasing tendency of diffusion coefficients agreed with the increasing tendency of the fouling growth rate. Biofilms in a lag phase with little bacterial colonies had insignificant effect on the diffusion coefficients. After 30 days, the decline ratios of diffusion coefficients were in the range of 38.14%-53.05%, 69.63%-83.19%, 51.57-68.42%, and 19.43-35.84%, respectively, during the spring, summer, autumn and winter. The flux through the membrane with higher hydrophilicity was greater. Both the hydrophilicity of membrane and structure of target analytes had important effects on the diffusion coefficients through biofouled membranes. Owing to similar physical and chemical characteristics, there was insignificant difference in diffusion coefficients decline trend between the Yalu River water and Hunhe River water in the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Feng
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
| | - Wenya Zhang
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
| | - Ting Sun
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China.
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4
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A comprehensive review of membrane fouling and cleaning methods with emphasis on ultrasound-assisted fouling control processes. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Rashkeev SN, Shomar B. A simple reaction-diffusion model for initial stages of biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:110000. [PMID: 32771368 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a critical issue in membrane water and wastewater treatment as it greatly compromises the efficiency of the treatment processes and consequently increases operational and maintenance costs. It is difficult to control this operational challenge, so the development of effective biofouling monitoring and control methods and strategies is a critical issue for membrane technology and applications. In this work, we develop a simulation approach for evaluating the operational time of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes based on a reaction-diffusion (RD) type of model. This approach would help to understand different factors involved in the formation of biofilms including microbial population dynamics (replication and death rates of microbial cells) and nutrient consumption. The model is focused on the initial stages of the membrane biofouling that is initiated by attachment of microbial species to the membrane leading to pore blocking followed by the formation of thick cake layer. We applied this approach to study the RO membrane biofouling by Picochlorum algae, the most common biofouling agent in the seawater of the Arabian Gulf, at known contents of total organic carbon and essential nutrients. We found that the biofilm growth dynamics on an RO membrane is mainly defined by the ratio of the replication and death rates of microbial cells. The proposed approach should be useful for fast evaluation of the RO membrane performance in different environmental conditions without using significant computational resources. This methodology allows generalization for multi-microbial and multi-nutrient systems. The establishment of effective fouling control strategies should decrease operational and maintenance costs of RO membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Rashkeev
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P. O. Box, 31110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Basem Shomar
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P. O. Box, 31110, Doha, Qatar.
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6
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A Review of CFD Modelling and Performance Metrics for Osmotic Membrane Processes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100285. [PMID: 33076290 PMCID: PMC7602433 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simulation via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) offers a convenient way for visualising hydrodynamics and mass transport in spacer-filled membrane channels, facilitating further developments in spiral wound membrane (SWM) modules for desalination processes. This paper provides a review on the use of CFD modelling for the development of novel spacers used in the SWM modules for three types of osmotic membrane processes: reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Currently, the modelling of mass transfer and fouling for complex spacer geometries is still limited. Compared with RO, CFD modelling for PRO is very rare owing to the relative infancy of this osmotically driven membrane process. Despite the rising popularity of multi-scale modelling of osmotic membrane processes, CFD can only be used for predicting process performance in the absence of fouling. This paper also reviews the most common metrics used for evaluating membrane module performance at the small and large scales.
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7
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Park S, Baek SS, Pyo J, Pachepsky Y, Park J, Cho KH. Deep neural networks for modeling fouling growth and flux decline during NF/RO membrane filtration. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Su X, Li W, Palazzolo A, Ahmed S. RETRACTED: A two-dimensional numerical model for silica colloidal fouling in a spacerfilled reverse osmosis membrane system. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Nagaraj V, Skillman L, Li D, Ho G. Review - Bacteria and their extracellular polymeric substances causing biofouling on seawater reverse osmosis desalination membranes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:586-599. [PMID: 29975885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes is a critical issue faced by the desalination industry worldwide. The major cause of biofouling is the irreversible attachment of recalcitrant biofilms formed by bacteria and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on membrane surfaces. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and protobiofilms are recently identified as important precursors of membrane fouling. Despite considerable amount of research on SWRO biofouling, the control of biofouling still remains a challenge. While adoption of better pretreatment methods may help in preventing membrane biofouling in new desalination setups, it is also crucial to effectively disperse old, recalcitrant biofilms and prolong membrane life in operational plants. Most current practices employ the use of broad spectrum biocides and chemicals that target bacterial cells to disperse mature biofilms, which are evidently inefficient. EPS, being known as the strongest structural framework of biofilms, it is essential to breakdown and disintegrate the EPS components for effective biofilm removal. To achieve this, it is necessary to understand the chemical composition and key elements that constitute the EPS of major biofouling bacterial groups in multi-species, mature biofilms. However, significant gaps in understanding the complexity of EPS are evident by the failure to achieve effective prevention and mitigation of fouling in most cases. Some of the reasons may be difficulty in sampling membranes from fully operational full-scale plants, poor understanding of microbial communities and their ecological shifts under dynamic operational conditions within the desalination process, selection of inappropriate model species for laboratory-scale biofouling studies, and the laborious process of extraction and purification of EPS. This article reviews the novel findings on key aspects of SWRO membrane fouling and control measures with particular emphasis on the key sugars in EPS. As a novel strategy to alleviate biofouling, future control methods may be aimed towards specifically disintegrating and breaking down these key sugars rather than using broad spectrum chemicals such as biocides that are currently used in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Nagaraj
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Lucy Skillman
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Dan Li
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Goen Ho
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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10
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Biofouling Formation and Bacterial Community Structure in Hybrid Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor-Membrane Bioreactors: Influence of Salinity Concentration. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10091133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two pilot-scale hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-membrane bioreactors were operated in parallel for the treatment of salinity-amended urban wastewater under 6 hours of hydraulic retention time and 2500 mg L−1 total solids concentration. Two salinity conditions were tested: the constant salinity of 6.5 mS cm−1 electric conductivity (3.6 g L−1 NaCl) and the tidal-like variable salinity with maximum 6.5 mS cm−1 electric conductivity. An investigation was developed on the biofouling produced on the ultrafiltration membrane surface evaluating its bacterial community structure and its potential function in the fouling processes. The results showed that biofouling was clearly affected by salinity scenarios in terms of α-diversity and β-diversity and bacterial community structure, which confirms lower bacterial diversity under variable salinity conditions with Rhodanobacter and Dyella as dominant phylotypes. Microorganisms identified as bio-mineral formers belonged to genera Bacillus, Citrobacter, and Brevibacterium. These findings will be of help for the prevention and control of biofouling in saline wastewater treatment systems.
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Markwardt SD, Ronnie N, Camper AK. Non-destructive approaches for assessing biofouling of household reverse osmosis membranes. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:740-752. [PMID: 30270657 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1493106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study determined economic non-destructive methods to assess biofouling in point of use reverse osmosis (RO) membrane treatment systems. Three parallel household RO membrane units were operated under controlled feed water conditions to promote biofouling, inorganic fouling and a combination of both. Operational and biological parameters were monitored throughout the systems' lifespan. Membrane autopsies assessed the degree and type of fouling. Statistical models determined statistically relevant parameters for fouling types that were validated with membrane autopsies. Permeate flow rates decreased differently with biofouling vs inorganic fouling. Large increases in permeate conductivity were noted in membranes suffering from biofouling and not in inorganically fouled membranes. The concentration of cell clumps from detached biofilm in the retentate increased in membranes experiencing biofouling and no increase was seen for inorganically fouled membranes. A combination of these methods could be used to conveniently assess the types of fouling experienced by RO systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Markwardt
- a Center for Biofilm Engineering , Montana State University , Bozeman , MT , USA
| | - Nirmala Ronnie
- b Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre , Unilever R&D , Bangalore , India
| | - Anne K Camper
- a Center for Biofilm Engineering , Montana State University , Bozeman , MT , USA
- c Department of Civil Engineering , Montana State University , Bozeman , MT , USA
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12
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13
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Schmidt SI, Cuthbert MO, Schwientek M. Towards an integrated understanding of how micro scale processes shape groundwater ecosystem functions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:215-227. [PMID: 28319709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Micro scale processes are expected to have a fundamental role in shaping groundwater ecosystems and yet they remain poorly understood and under-researched. In part, this is due to the fact that sampling is rarely carried out at the scale at which microorganisms, and their grazers and predators, function and thus we lack essential information. While set within a larger scale framework in terms of geochemical features, supply with energy and nutrients, and exchange intensity and dynamics, the micro scale adds variability, by providing heterogeneous zones at the micro scale which enable a wider range of redox reactions. Here we outline how understanding micro scale processes better may lead to improved appreciation of the range of ecosystems functions taking place at all scales. Such processes are relied upon in bioremediation and we demonstrate that ecosystem modelling as well as engineering measures have to take into account, and use, understanding at the micro scale. We discuss the importance of integrating faunal processes and computational appraisals in research, in order to continue to secure sustainable water resources from groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne I Schmidt
- Centre for Systems Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Mark O Cuthbert
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, UNSW Australia, 110 King Street, Manly Vale 2093, Australia; Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marc Schwientek
- Center of Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Boltz JP, Smets BF, Rittmann BE, van Loosdrecht MCM, Morgenroth E, Daigger GT. From biofilm ecology to reactors: a focused review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:1753-1760. [PMID: 28452767 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex biostructures that appear on all surfaces that are regularly in contact with water. They are structurally complex, dynamic systems with attributes of primordial multicellular organisms and multifaceted ecosystems. The presence of biofilms may have a negative impact on the performance of various systems, but they can also be used beneficially for the treatment of water (defined herein as potable water, municipal and industrial wastewater, fresh/brackish/salt water bodies, groundwater) as well as in water stream-based biological resource recovery systems. This review addresses the following three topics: (1) biofilm ecology, (2) biofilm reactor technology and design, and (3) biofilm modeling. In so doing, it addresses the processes occurring in the biofilm, and how these affect and are affected by the broader biofilm system. The symphonic application of a suite of biological methods has led to significant advances in the understanding of biofilm ecology. New metabolic pathways, such as anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) or complete ammonium oxidation (comammox) were first observed in biofilm reactors. The functions, properties, and constituents of the biofilm extracellular polymeric substance matrix are somewhat known, but their exact composition and role in the microbial conversion kinetics and biochemical transformations are still to be resolved. Biofilm grown microorganisms may contribute to increased metabolism of micro-pollutants. Several types of biofilm reactors have been used for water treatment, with current focus on moving bed biofilm reactors, integrated fixed-film activated sludge, membrane-supported biofilm reactors, and granular sludge processes. The control and/or beneficial use of biofilms in membrane processes is advancing. Biofilm models have become essential tools for fundamental biofilm research and biofilm reactor engineering and design. At the same time, the divergence between biofilm modeling and biofilm reactor modeling approaches is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barth F Smets
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland and Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Glen T Daigger
- University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA E-mail:
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Sari MA, Chellam S. Relative contributions of organic and inorganic fouling during nanofiltration of inland brackish surface water. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Haaksman VA, Siddiqui A, Schellenberg C, Kidwell J, Vrouwenvelder JS, Picioreanu C. Characterization of feed channel spacer performance using geometries obtained by X-ray computed tomography. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Liang YY, Fimbres Weihs G, Setiawan R, Wiley D. CFD modelling of unsteady electro-osmotic permeate flux enhancement in membrane systems. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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