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Li M, Nan L, Zhang B, Kong J, Wang Y, Ba M. Polyether-Thiourea-Siloxane Copolymer Based on H-Bonding Interaction for Marine Antifouling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083574. [PMID: 37110807 PMCID: PMC10144924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By introducing thiourea and ether groups into MQ silicone resin polymer via free radical polymerization, a polyether-thiourea-siloxane (PTS) copolymer was synthesized. The characterization of the synthesized copolymer indicated the occurrence of H-bonding interactions and a narrow molecular weight polydispersity index. Antifouling coatings were produced by incorporating the synthesized copolymer and phenylmethylsilicone oil (PSO). The addition of a minute amount of copolymer enhanced the hydrophobicity of the coating by increasing its surface roughness. However, excessive addition of copolymer resulted in a significant deterioration of the coating surface smoothness. The copolymer improved the mechanical properties of the coating, but excessive addition decreased the crosslinking density and weakened the mechanical performance. With increasing copolymer addition, the leaching of PSO was significantly improved due to the change in the storage form of PSO in the coating caused by the copolymer. Based on the H-bonding interaction of the copolymer, the adhesion strength between the coating and the substrate was significantly improved. However, excessive addition of copolymer did not infinitely enhance the adhesion strength. The antifouling performance demonstrated that an appropriate amount of copolymer could obtain adequate PSO leaching efficiency, thereby effectively enhancing the antifouling performance of the coating. In this study, the prepared coating P12 (12 g of PTS in 100 g of PDMS) showed the most effective antifouling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Liyang Nan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Boxuan Zhang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Junjun Kong
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Miao Ba
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
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Sarkar PK, Pawar SS, Rath SK, Kandasubramanian B. Anti-barnacle biofouling coatings for the protection of marine vessels: synthesis and progress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26078-26112. [PMID: 35076840 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling has gnawed both mobile and non-mobile marine structures since time immemorial, leading to the deterioration of designed operational capabilities as well as a loss of valuable economic revenues. Mitigation of biofouling has been the primary focus of researchers and scientists from across the globe to save billions of dollars wasted due to the biological fouling of marine structures. The availability of an appropriate environment along with favorable substrata initiates biofilm formation within a few minutes. The crucial element in establishing a gelatinous biofilm is the excreted metabolites of destructive nature and exopolymeric substances (EPSs). These help in securing as well as signaling numerous foulants to establish themselves on this substrate. The larvae of various benthic invertebrates adhere to these suitable surfaces and transform from juveniles to adult barnacles depending upon the environment. Despite biofouling being characteristically witnessed for a month or lengthier timeframe, the preliminary phases of the fouling process typically transpire on a much lesser timescale. A few natural and synthetic additives had demonstrated excellent non-toxic anti barnacle establishment capability; however, further development into commercial products is still far-fetched. This review collates the specific anti-barnacle coatings, emphasizing natural additives, their sources of extraction, general life cycle analysis, and concluding future perspectives of this niche product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramit Kumar Sarkar
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced, Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India
- Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Ministry of Defence, Dockyard Road, Mumbai, 400010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushil S Pawar
- Protective Coatings Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Ambernath, 421506, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sangram K Rath
- Protective Coatings Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Ambernath, 421506, Maharashtra, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced, Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India.
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Kang Z, Nie Y, Yu L, Zhang S, Skov AL. Highly Sensitive Flexible Pressure Sensors Enabled by Mixing of Silicone Elastomer With Ionic Liquid-Grafted Silicone Oil. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:737500. [PMID: 34616775 PMCID: PMC8488264 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.737500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors has become crucially urgent due to the increased societal demand for wearable electronic devices capable of monitoring various human motions. The sensitivity of such sensors has been shown to be significantly enhanced by increasing the relative dielectric permittivity of the dielectric layers used in device construction via compositing with immiscible ionic conductors. Unfortunately, however, the elastomers employed for this purpose possess inhomogeneous morphologies, and thus suffer from poor long-term durability and unstable electrical response. In this study, we developed a novel, flexible, and highly sensitive pressure sensor using an elastomeric dielectric layer with particularly high permittivity and homogeneity due to the addition of synthesized ionic liquid-grafted silicone oil (denoted LMS-EIL). LMS-EIL possesses both a very high relative dielectric permittivity (9.6 × 105 at 10-1 Hz) and excellent compatibility with silicone elastomers due to the covalently connected structure of conductive ionic liquid (IL) and chloropropyl silicone oil. A silicone elastomer with a relative permittivity of 22 at 10-1 Hz, Young's modulus of 0.78 MPa, and excellent homogeneity was prepared by incorporating 10 phr (parts per hundreds rubber) of LMS-EIL into an elastomer matrix. The sensitivity of the pressure sensor produced using this optimized silicone elastomer was 0.51 kPa-1, which is 100 times higher than that of the pristine elastomer. In addition, a high durability illustrated by 100 loading-unloading cycles and a rapid response and recovery time of approximately 60 ms were achieved. The excellent performance of this novel pressure sensor suggests significant potential for use in human interfaces, soft robotics, and electronic skin applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Kang
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyun Yu
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anne Ladegaard Skov
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Fouling Release Coatings Based on Acrylate-MQ Silicone Copolymers Incorporated with Non-Reactive Phenylmethylsilicone Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183156. [PMID: 34578057 PMCID: PMC8469071 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Copolymers containing MQ silicone and acrylate were synthesized by controlling the additive amount of compositions. Subsequently, fouling release coatings based on the copolymer with the incorporation of non-reactive phenylmethylsilicone oil were prepared. The surface properties of the coating (CAMQ40) were consistent with that of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, which ensured good hydrophobicity. Moreover, the seawater volume swelling rate of all prepared coatings was less than 5%, especially for CAMQ40 with only 1.37%. Copolymers enhanced the mechanical properties of the coatings, while the enhancement was proportional to the molar content of structural units from acrylate in the copolymer. More importantly, the adhesion performance between the prepared coatings and substrates indicated that pull-off strength values were more than 1.6 MPa, meaning a high adhesion strength. The phenylmethylsilicone oil leaching observation determined that the oil leaching efficiency increased with the increase in the structural unit’s molar content from MQ silicone in the copolymer, which was mainly owing to the decrease in compatibility between oil and the cured coating, as well as the decrease in mechanical properties. High oil leaching efficiency could make up for the decrease in the biofouling removal rate due to the enhancement of the elastic modulus. For CAMQ40, it had an excellent antifouling performance at 30 days of exposure time with more than 92% of biofouling removal rate, which was confirmed by biofilm adhesion assay.
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Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Qi Y. The Compatibility of Three Silicone Oils with Polydimethylsiloxane and the Microstructure and Properties of Their Composite Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142355. [PMID: 34301112 PMCID: PMC8309578 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatibility of three types of silicone oil with polydimethylsiloxane, the phase separation of their mixture and the microstructure and properties of their composite coatings were investigated. The existing form of silicone oil in the coating and the precipitation behavior were also studied. The compatibility observed experimentally of the three silicone oils with PDMS is consistent with the results of the thermodynamic calculation. The silicone oil droplet produced by phase separation in the mixture solution can keep its shape in the cured coating, also affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating. It was found that methyl silicone oil and methyl fluoro silicone oil do not precipitate on the surface, and they have no effect on the surface properties of the coating. In contrast, phenyl silicone oil has obvious effect on the surface, which makes the water contact angle and diiodomethane contact angle of the coating decrease significantly.
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Bhuyan P, Wei Y, Sin D, Yu J, Nah C, Jeong KU, Dickey MD, Park S. Soft and Stretchable Liquid Metal Composites with Shape Memory and Healable Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28916-28924. [PMID: 34102837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory composites are fascinating materials with the ability to preserve deformed shapes that recover when triggered by certain external stimuli. Although elastomers are not inherently shape memory materials, the inclusion of phase-change materials within the elastomer can impart shape memory properties. When this filler changes the phase from liquid to solid, the effective modulus of the polymer increases significantly, enabling stiffness tuning. Using gallium, a metal with a low melting point (29.8 °C), it is possible to create elastomeric materials with metallic conductivity and shape memory properties. This concept has been used previously in core-shell (gallium-elastomer) fibers and foams, but here, we show that it can also be implemented in elastomeric films containing microchannels. Such microchannels are appealing because it is possible to control the geometry of the filler and create metallically conductive circuits. Stretching the solidified metal fractures the fillers; however, they can heal by body heat to restore conductivity. Such conductive, shape memory sheets with healable conductivity may find applications in stretchable electronics and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanuj Bhuyan
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yuwen Wei
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Dongho Sin
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Jaesang Yu
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Korea
| | - Changwoon Nah
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Bio-Nanotechnology and Bio-Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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Development of Marine Antifouling Epoxy Coating Enhanced with Clay Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244195. [PMID: 31847219 PMCID: PMC6947195 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An antifouling epoxy resin doped with natural clay nanotubes that are loaded with biocide or silver allowed extended protection against the proliferation of marine microorganisms. Compared to the 2–3 months of protection with antifoulant dichlorooctylisothiazolone (DCOIT) directly admixed into epoxy resin, the DCOIT release time of the halloysite formulations was extended to 12 months by incorporating biocide-loaded nanoclay in the polymer matrix. The protective properties of the epoxy-halloysite nanocomposites showed much less adhesion and proliferation of marine bacteria Vibrio natriegens on the resin surface after a two-month exposure to seawater than the coating formulations directly doped with non-encapsulated DCOIT. The coating formulation protection efficiency was further confirmed by twelve-month shallow field tests in the South China Sea. Replacing 2 wt.% biocide in the traditional formula with DCOIT-loaded natural environmentally friendly halloysite clay drastically improved the antifouling properties of the epoxy coating, promising scalable applications in protective marine coating. The antifouling property of epoxy resin was enhanced with silver particles synthesized on halloysite nanotubes. A natural mixture of MnO particles and halloysite could also be used as a nonbiocide additive to marine coating. The short-term White Sea water test of epoxy coating with 5% of Ag-halloysite composite of MnO-halloysite natural mixture showed no visible fouling.
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8
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Il’ina MA, Mashlyakovskii LN, Drinberg AS, Khomko EV, Garabadzhiu AV. Silicon-Containing Epoxy Composites and Their Use in Marine Coatings Technology. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427219040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang D, Liu H, Yang J, Zhou S. Seawater-Induced Healable Underwater Superoleophobic Antifouling Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1353-1362. [PMID: 30561184 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Creating an artificial surface, mimicking a live fish scale that repels oil underwater and with self-healing properties, would be significant for the development of nontoxic marine antifouling coatings. Here, we report a seawater-induced strategy to create in situ an underwater superoleophobic surface, starting from the coatings of a self-polishing polymer and seawater-responsive polymer-grafted SiO2 nanoparticles. The coatings' surfaces were able to renew in artificial seawater through the hydrolysis of the superficial self-polishing polymer and its subsequent dissolution. Particularly, the grafted poly(triisopropylsilyl acrylate- co-3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) chains could transform into hydrophilic ones via seawater-induced hydrolysis, which additionally strengthened the oil-repellency (zero oil adhesive force) and endowed the surface with excellent antiprotein adsorption characteristics. Because the hydrolysis was limited to the superficial layer of the coatings, it could avoid the water-swelling that instead occurs with conventional underwater superoleophobic coatings, with significant benefits to its durability. We believe that the seawater-induced renewal of underwater superoleophobic surfaces will be useful in extreme marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources , Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources , Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Shuxue Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
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Maskarinec SA, Parlak Z, Tu Q, Levering V, Zauscher S, López GP, Fowler VG, Perfect JR. On-demand release of Candida albicans biofilms from urinary catheters by mechanical surface deformation. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:595-604. [PMID: 29897277 PMCID: PMC6276112 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1474461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a leading cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and elimination of these biofilm-based infections without antifungal agents would constitute a significant medical advance. A novel urinary catheter prototype that utilizes on-demand surface deformation is effective at eliminating bacterial biofilms and here the broader applicability of this prototype to remove fungal biofilms has been demonstrated. C. albicans biofilms were debonded from prototypes by selectively inflating four additional intralumens surrounding the main lumen of the catheters to provide the necessary surface strain to remove the adhered biofilm. Deformable catheters eliminated significantly more biofilm than the controls (>90% eliminated vs 10% control; p < 0.001). Mechanical testing revealed that fungal biofilms have an elastic modulus of 45 ± 6.7 kPa with a fracture energy of 0.4-2 J m-2. This study underscores the potential of mechanical disruption as a materials design strategy to combat fungal device-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A. Maskarinec
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zehra Parlak
- Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qing Tu
- Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vrad Levering
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gabriel P. López
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vance G. Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John R. Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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Fouling Release Coatings Based on Polydimethylsiloxane with the Incorporation of Phenylmethylsilicone Oil. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8050153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, phenylmethylsilicone oil (PSO) with different viscosity was used for research in fouling release coatings based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The surface properties and mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated, while the leaching behavior of PSO from the coatings was studied. Subsequently, the antifouling performance of the coatings was investigated by the benthic diatom adhesion test. The results showed that the coatings with high-viscosity PSO exhibited high levels of hydrophobicity and PSO leaching, while the high PSO content significantly decreased the elastic modulus of the coatings and prolonged the release time of PSO. The antifouling results indicated that the incorporation of PSO into coatings enhanced the antifouling performance of the coating by improving the coating hydrophobicity and decreasing the coating elastic modulus, while the leaching of PSO from the coatings improved the fouling removal rate of the coating. This suggests a double enhancement effect on the antifouling performance of fouling release coatings based on PDMS with PSO incorporated.
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12
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Rittschof D. Off the Shelf Fouling Management. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15060176. [PMID: 28613232 PMCID: PMC5484126 DOI: 10.3390/md15060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This chapter tells the story of a research thread that identified and modified a pharmaceutical that could be a component of environmentally benign fouling management coatings. First, I present the background context of biofouling and how fouling is managed. The major target of the research is disrupting transduction of a complex process in all macrofouling organisms: metamorphosis. Using a bioassay directed approach we first identified a pharmaceutical candidate. Then, based on structure function studies coupled with laboratory and field bioassays, we simplified the molecule, eliminating halogens and aromatic rings to a pharmacophore that could be readily broken down by bacteria. Next, we did further structure function studies coupled to lab and field bioassays of modifications that enabled delivery of the molecule in a variety of coatings. The outcome is a different way of thinking about managing fouling and concepts in which molecules are designed to perform a function and then degrade. This work is discussed in the context of existing fouling management approaches and business models which use long-lived broad-spectrum biocides which have consequences for human, environmental health, and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rittschof
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Yang W, Lin P, Cheng D, Zhang L, Wu Y, Liu Y, Pei X, Zhou F. Contribution of Charges in Polyvinyl Alcohol Networks to Marine Antifouling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18295-18304. [PMID: 28488428 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Semi-interpenetrated polyvinyl alcohol polymer networks (SIPNs) were prepared by integrating various charged components into polyvinyl alcohol polymer. Contact angle measurement, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and tensile tests were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the prepared SIPNs. To investigate the contribution of charges to marine antifouling, the adhesion behaviors of green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta and diatoms Navicula sp. in the laboratory and of the actual marine animals in field test were studied for biofouling assays. The results suggest that less algae accumulation densities are observed for neutral-, anionic-, and zwitterionic-component-integrated SIPNs. However, for the cationic SIPNs, despite the hydration shell induced by the ion-dipole interaction, the resistance to biofouling largely depends on the amount of cationic component because of the possible favorable electrostatic attraction between the cationic groups in SIPNs and the negatively charged algae. Considering that the preparation of novel nontoxic antifouling coating is a long-standing and cosmopolitan industrial challenge, the SIPNs may provide a useful reference for marine antifouling and some other relevant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wufang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daocang Cheng
- China Nuclear Power Design Company Ltd. , Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Longzhou Zhang
- China Nuclear Power Design Company Ltd. , Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaowei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
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