1
|
Santos-Simón M, Ferrario J, Benaduce-Ortiz B, Ortiz-Zarragoitia M, Marchini A. Assessment of the effectiveness of antifouling solutions for recreational boats in the context of marine bioinvasions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116108. [PMID: 38335634 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The recreational boating sector is a major vector for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) via biofouling. Despite applying control measures to prevent the growth of fouling communities, most vessels are NIS carriers. This study assessed the effectiveness of different antifouling strategies in a manipulative experiment by testing two common coating typologies (biocide-based and foul-release coatings), accompanied with simulated maintenance practices. The experiment was carried out in the Gulf of La Spezia (Italy) and samples were collected at two different periods. Results showed significant differences among antifouling treatments regarding community structure, diversity, coverage and biovolume of the sessile component, alongside a significant decrease in the performance of biocide-based coating with time. Interestingly, peracarid NIS/native species ratio was higher for biocide-based treatments, suggesting potential biocide resistance. This study highlights the urgent need to develop common and feasible biofouling management plans and provides insights towards identification of best practices for recreational vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Santos-Simón
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Jasmine Ferrario
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Maren Ortiz-Zarragoitia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | - Agnese Marchini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fluorescence Analysis of Biocide Efficiency in Antifouling Coatings against Cyanobacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054972. [PMID: 36902403 PMCID: PMC10003456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the antifouling effect of copper oxide (Cu2O)- and zineb-based coatings against Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 by analysing photosynthetic activity using chlorophyll fluorescence. The photoautotrophically grown cyanobacterium was exposed to toxic coatings over a short-term period of 32 h. The study showed that Cyanothece cultures are particularly sensitive to biocides (i) released from antifouling paints and (ii) exhibited by contact with the coated surfaces. Changes in the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (FV/FM) were observed within the first 12 h of exposure to the coatings. Partial recovery of FV/FM in Cyanothece was revealed 24 h post exposure to a copper- and zineb-free coating. In this research, we proposed an analysis of the evaluation of fluorescence data to study the initial response of cyanobacterial cells to copper- and non-copper-based antifouling coatings formulated with zineb. We evaluated the dynamics of coating toxicity by determining the characteristic time constants of changes in the FV/FM. Within the most toxic paints studied, those formulated with the highest concentration of Cu2O and zineb, the estimated time constants were 3.9 times lower compared to the copper- and zineb-free paint. The use of zineb in copper-based antifouling coatings enhanced the toxic effect of paints and contributed to a faster decline in photosystem II activity in Cyanothece cells. The analysis we proposed, along with the fluorescence screening results, may be useful in evaluating the initial antifouling dynamic action against photosynthetic aquacultures.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lagerström M, Wrange AL, Oliveira DR, Granhag L, Larsson AI, Ytreberg E. Are silicone foul-release coatings a viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to biocidal antifouling coatings in the Baltic Sea region? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114102. [PMID: 36113175 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To combat unwanted fouling on immersed hulls, biocidal antifouling coatings are commonly applied to vessels trafficking the Baltic Sea. Here, the efficacy, environmental sustainability and market barriers of silicone foul-release coatings (FRCs) was assessed for this region to evaluate their viability as replacements for biocidal coatings. Coated panels were exposed statically over a 1 year period at three locations in the Baltic Sea region to assess the long-term performance of a biocide-free FRC and two copper coatings. The FRC was found to perform equally well or significantly better than the copper coatings. Even though most silicone FRCs on the market are biocide-free, a review of the literature regarding toxic effects and the identity and environmental fate of leachables shows that they may not be completely environmentally benign, simply for the lack of biocides. Nonetheless, FRCs are substantially less toxic compared to biocidal antifouling coatings and their use should be promoted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lagerström
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna-Lisa Wrange
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Kristineberg 566, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
| | - Dinis Reis Oliveira
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lena Granhag
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ann I Larsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, 452 96 Strömstad, Sweden.
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ytreberg E, Hansson K, Hermansson AL, Parsmo R, Lagerström M, Jalkanen JP, Hassellöv IM. Metal and PAH loads from ships and boats, relative other sources, in the Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113904. [PMID: 35878478 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic Sea is a sensitive environment that is affected by chemical pollution derived from multiple natural and anthropogenic sources. The overall aim of this study was to estimate the load of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from shipping and leisure boating, relative other sources, to the Baltic Sea and to identify possible measures that could lead to major reductions in the loads of hazardous substances from maritime shipping and leisure boating. The use of copper-based antifouling paints, and operation of scrubbers in open loop mode, were the two most dominant identified sources of hazardous substances to the Baltic Sea. Open loop scrubbers accounted for 8.5 % of the total input of anthracene to the sea. More than a third of the total load of copper can be reduced if copper-free antifouling paints or other biocide-free antifouling strategies are used on ships and leisure boats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ytreberg
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, SE 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Katarina Hansson
- IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, 40014 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Lunde Hermansson
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, SE 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Parsmo
- IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, 40014 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Lagerström
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, SE 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida-Maja Hassellöv
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, SE 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morling K, Fuchs S. Modelling copper emissions from antifouling paints applied on leisure boats into German water bodies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117961. [PMID: 34426196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper-containing antifouling paints (AFP) are widely used for leisure boat maintenance. Cu emitted from AFP into German surface water bodies has been suggested to be a significant source of heavy metal pollution, threatening water quality. We developed two scenarios to model Cu emissions from AFP applied on leisure boats on national scale, which allow identifying regional hotspots. The top-down approach (scenario A) was based on a previous study on national AFP consumption, while in the bottom-up approach (scenario B), median and interquartile range of Cu release rates depending on salinity conditions were considered for emission estimation. Both scenarios clearly highlighted the locally high emission pressure on inland waters in popular watersport regions, identifying these as requiring intense protection. Scenario B generally predicted lower Cu emissions (sea: 11.05-25.53 t a-1, inland: 14.15-34.59 t a-1) than scenario A (sea: 22.53 t a-1, inland: 47.97 t a-1). To evaluate their relevance, scenario results were compared to emissions modelled with MoRE (Modelling of Regionalized Emissions), which is used as reporting tool on substance emissions by Germany. According to scenarios A and B, the emission from AFP accounted for 13 % and 4-9 % of the total Cu emissions into inland waters in 2016, respectively. Scenario results were similar or higher than other emission pathways such as industrial direct dischargers. Thus, we consider Cu emissions from AFP as a significant pathway to be included in the MoRE emission inventory. We recommend scenario B for implementation as it allows a more flexible adaptation for future modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Morling
- Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luoma E, Nevalainen L, Altarriba E, Helle I, Lehikoinen A. Developing a conceptual influence diagram for socio-eco-technical systems analysis of biofouling management in shipping - A Baltic Sea case study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112614. [PMID: 34175696 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ship hulls create a vector for the transportation of harmful non-indigenous species (NIS) all over the world. To sustainably prevent NIS introductions, the joint consideration of environmental, economic and social aspects in the search of optimal biofouling management strategies is needed. This article presents a multi-perspective soft systems analysis of the biofouling management problem, based on an extensive literature review and expert knowledge collected in the Baltic Sea area during 2018-2020. The resulting conceptual influence diagram (CID) reveals the multidimensionality of the problem by visualizing the causal relations between the key elements and demonstrating the entanglement of social, ecological and technical aspects. Seen as a boundary object, we suggest the CID can support open dialogue and better risk communication among stakeholders by providing an illustrative and directly applicable starting point for the discussions. It also provides a basis for quantitative management optimization in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Luoma
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lauri Nevalainen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Elias Altarriba
- South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences (Xamk), Logistics and Seafaring, Kotka, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland.
| | - Inari Helle
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Annukka Lehikoinen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wan Z, MacVicar BT, Wyatt S, Varela DE, Padmawar R, Hore DK. An automated image analysis platform for the study of weakly -adhered cells. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:387-396. [PMID: 34078183 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1917555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Details of the design and implementation of an open-source platform for studying the adhesion of cells attached to solid substrata are provided. The hardware is based on a laser-cut flow channel connected to a programmable syringe pump. The software automates all aspects of the flow rate profile, data acquisition and image analysis. An example of the pelagic diatom Thalassiosira rotula adhered to poly(dimethyl siloxane) surfaces is provided. The procedure described enables the shear rate to be converted to drag force for arbitrary-shaped objects, of utility to the study of many cell species, especially ones that are obviously non-spherical. It was determined that 90% of cells are removed with the application of drag forces < 3×10-12 N, and that this value is relatively independent of the incubation time on the surface. This result is important to understand how marine species interact with polymer surfaces that are used in electrical insulator applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ben T MacVicar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Shea Wyatt
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Diana E Varela
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Dennis K Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kamensky KM, Hellum AM, Mukherjee R, Naik A, Moisander PH. Underwater shear-based grooming of marine biofouling using a non-contact Bernoulli pad device. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:951-964. [PMID: 33103474 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1834539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biofouling removal ability of a shear-based device was tested on two submerged surface types, Garolite G-10 and Intersleek 1100SR. Each surface was groomed at four frequencies along with a control group. The seven-week grooming study was conducted in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The Bernoulli pad device uses confined radial outflow to generate both surface-normal forces to grip the submerged surface and shear stress to groom the surface without contact. An image-processing algorithm was developed and used to assess the effectiveness of the various grooming protocols, along with direct measurements of chlorophyll a per surface area. The image-processing data showed that the grooming resulted in ∼50% cleanliness on the Garolite at the end of the study whereas the Intersleek was continuously restored to nearly its initial clean state. Chlorophyll a data supported these overall conclusions. These results indicate that surface cleanliness can be maintained effectively on Intersleek using frequent shear-based grooming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Kamensky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Ranjan Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Abhishek Naik
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Pia H Moisander
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|