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Konstantinou P, Kyprianidou M, Christodoulou A, McHugh L, Constantinou M, Epiphaniou E, Vahey N, Nicolaou C, Middleton N, Karekla M, Kassianos AP. Behavioral, cognitive and emotional determinants of getting vaccinated for COVID-19 and the mediating role of institutional trust among young adults in Cyprus. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2336. [PMID: 39198798 PMCID: PMC11351732 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination uptake is a complex behavior, influenced by numerous factors. Behavioral science theories are commonly used to explain the psychosocial determinants of an individual's health behavior. This study examined the behavioural, cognitive, and emotional determinants of COVID-19 vaccination intention based on well-established theoretical models: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) and the Health Belief Model (HBM). Additionally, it examined the mediating role of institutional trust in the relationship between determinants of these models and vaccination intentions. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2022, where university students in Cyprus completed an online survey. RESULTS A total of 484 university students completed the online survey, with 23.8% reporting being vaccinated with fewer than three vaccination doses and/or no intention to vaccinate further. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that higher scores in institutional trust, perceived severity, motivation, physical and psychological capability were significantly associated with higher odds of intending to vaccinate. Higher psychological flexibility and not being infected with COVID-19 were also associated with higher odds of vaccination intention, but not in the final model when all determinants were included. Additionally, significant indirect effects of psychological and physical capability, motivation and perceived severity on vaccination intention were found to be mediated by institutional trust. CONCLUSIONS When tackling COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, behavioural, cognitive, and emotional aspects should be considered. Stakeholders and policymakers are advised to implement targeted vaccination programs in young people while at the same time building trust and improving their capabilities and motivation towards getting vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Konstantinou
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Psychology, School of Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - Maria Kyprianidou
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andria Christodoulou
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Louise McHugh
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Eleni Epiphaniou
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nigel Vahey
- Department of Psychology, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christiana Nicolaou
- Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, 3041, Cyprus
| | - Nicos Middleton
- Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, 3041, Cyprus
| | - Maria Karekla
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Angelos P Kassianos
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, 3041, Cyprus.
- Department of Applied Health Research, UCL, London, UK.
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Marleau JD, Landaverde E, Généreux M. Évaluation de la structure factorielle et des qualités psychométriques de l'Échelle de Fatigue Pandémique parmi la population adulte québécoise: Evaluation of the factorial structure and psychometric qualities of the Pandemic Fatigue Scale among Quebec adult population. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2024; 69:395-403. [PMID: 38193199 PMCID: PMC11107445 DOI: 10.1177/07067437231223331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to evaluate the factorial structure and the psychometric qualities of the Pandemic Fatigue Scale among the Quebec adult population. METHOD The data analyzed come from a web survey conducted in October 2021 among 10 368 adults residing in Quebec. The scale's factor structure and invariance by gender, age and language used to complete the questionnaire were tested using confirmatory factor analyses. Convergent and divergent validity were also assessed. Finally, the reliability of the scale was estimated from the alpha and omega coefficients. RESULTS The analyzes suggest the presence of a bidimensional structure in the sample of Quebec adults with informational fatigue and behavioral fatigue. The invariance of the measure is noted for sex, for age subgroups and for the language used for the questionnaire. The results of convergent and divergent validity provide additional evidence for the validity of the scale. Finally, the reliability of the scale scores is excellent. CONCLUSION The results support the presence of a bidimensional structure as in the initial work of Lilleholt et al. They also confirm that the scale has good psychometric qualities and that it can be used among the adult population of Quebec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques D. Marleau
- Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l’Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Landaverde
- Département des sciences de la santé communautaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélissa Généreux
- Département des sciences de la santé communautaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l’Estrie—Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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3
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Scholz DD, Bader M, Betsch C, Böhm R, Lilleholt L, Sprengholz P, Zettler I. The moderating role of trust in pandemic-relevant institutions on the relation between pandemic fatigue and vaccination intentions. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:358-364. [PMID: 37830761 PMCID: PMC10958744 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231201038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This research helps to clarify the relation between pandemic fatigue (PF) and vaccination intentions (VI). Theoretically, two patterns seem plausible. First, as with any other health protective measure, PF might reduce the motivation to get vaccinated. Second, PF might increase the motivation to get vaccinated because vaccination reduces the number of (other) health protective measure needed. We tested these two opposing predictions and further explored the moderating role of trust in pandemic-relevant institutions on the link between PF and VI in two large-scale survey studies from Denmark and Germany (collected between 2020 and 2021; total N > 22,000). Data was analyzed using multiple regression models. Analyses reveal a negative link between PF and VI that is less pronounced for people high in trust. Results remain stable when accounting for covariates and quadratic trends. Thus, trust might buffer the negative relation between PF and VI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Bader
- Ulm University, Germany
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelia Betsch
- University of Erfurt, Germany
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Topical Medicine, Germany
| | - Robert Böhm
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Philipp Sprengholz
- University of Erfurt, Germany
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Topical Medicine, Germany
| | - Ingo Zettler
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Vienna, Austria
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4
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Chen SX, Ye FTF, Cheng KL, Ng JCK, Lam BCP, Hui BPH, Au AKY, Wu WCH, Gu D, Zeng Y. Social media trust predicts lower COVID-19 vaccination rates and higher excess mortality over 2 years. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad318. [PMID: 37841324 PMCID: PMC10568527 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Trust plays a crucial role in implementing public health interventions against the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined the prospective associations of interpersonal, institutional, and media trust with vaccination rates and excess mortality over time in two multinational studies. In study 1, we investigated the country-level relationships between interpersonal trust, vaccination rates, and excess mortality across 54 countries. Interpersonal trust at the country level was calculated by aggregating data of 80,317 participants from the World Values Survey in 2017-20. Data on vaccination rates and excess mortality were obtained from the World Health Organization. Our findings indicated that higher levels of interpersonal trust were linked to higher vaccination rates and lower excess mortality rates in both 2020 and 2021. In study 2, we collected data from 18,171 adults in 35 countries/societies, stratified by age, gender, and region of residence. At the country/society level, interpersonal trust and trust in local healthcare facilities, local healthcare services, and healthcare professionals were associated with higher vaccination rates and lower excess mortality, whereas social media trust was associated with lower vaccination rates and higher excess mortality across three time points over 2 years. Our findings are robust when controlling for country-level covariates of the government stringency index, population density, and medical resources (i.e. critical care beds) in both studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frank Tian-fang Ye
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Lam Cheng
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky C K Ng
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben C P Lam
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryant P H Hui
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Algae K Y Au
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wesley C H Wu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danan Gu
- Independent Researcher, New York, USA
| | - Yi Zeng
- National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
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5
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Agurto-Ramírez A, Pino-Rosón C, Ayala A, Falcón M, Rodríguez-Blázquez C, Forjaz MJ, Romay-Barja M. Association Between Pandemic Fatigue and Disease Knowledge, Attitudes, Concerns, and Vaccination Intention at Two Key Moments of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1606049. [PMID: 37822565 PMCID: PMC10563199 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1606049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to describe the change in knowledge, attitudes, concerns, perceptions, preventive practices, and vaccination intention at two key time points of the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess whether these changes varied by level of pandemic fatigue. Methods: Data included in this study came from the third and the ninth round of the COSMO-Spain cross-sectional study. A general linear model was used to investigate the interaction terms between rounds and levels of pandemic fatigue. Results: Changes between rounds were observed in knowledge, attitudes, concerns, perceptions, behaviours, and vaccination intention. Significant interactions between rounds indicated that those with low levels of pandemic fatigue had a greater increase in knowledge, lower decrease in concerns, greater decrease in agreement with the decisions made, and lower increase in vaccination intention compared with those with high pandemic fatigue. Conclusion: As a pandemic evolves, it becomes necessary to consider the level of pandemic fatigue of the population and how this affects knowledge, concerns, and agreement with the measures adopted, as they influence the population's adherence to public health recommendations aimed at controlling infections and protecting the most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Agurto-Ramírez
- Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Candela Pino-Rosón
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alba Ayala
- Unidad de Investigación en Cuidados y Servicios de Salud (Investén), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Network on Chronic Diseases, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Falcón
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociosanitarias, Medicina Legal y Forense, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Blázquez
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria João Forjaz
- Research Network on Chronic Diseases, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Romay-Barja
- Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Karashiali C, Konstantinou P, Christodoulou A, Kyprianidou M, Nicolaou C, Karekla M, Middleton N, Kassianos AP. A qualitative study exploring the social contagion of attitudes and uptake of COVID-19 vaccinations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2260038. [PMID: 37758300 PMCID: PMC10538449 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2260038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination attitudes and uptake can spread within social networks. This study aims to understand the perceived social contagion mechanisms of vaccination uptake in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted following a purposive sampling of three hesitant, three anti- COVID-19 vaccine and five pro- COVID-19 vaccine (27% females). Thematic Analysis suggested two general themes reflecting the type of contagion: 1) information contagion and 2) behavior contagion. Transcending these themes was the notion of ownership of choice/decision. Almost all participants used the media and experts as the main source of information regarding vaccination. They influenced - and they were being influenced by - friends and family members with whom they share similar traits and attitudes and have a close relationship of trust and intimacy. Also, being exposed to positive attitudes and beliefs toward vaccination and COVID-19 vaccines, enhanced vaccination behaviors. However, the vaccination decision-making process was not perceived as a passive process - there was ownership over the decisions made. This study highlights the perceived mechanisms of social contagion. It also suggests that the meaning individuals pose on their social world is crucial on their decision-making. Policymakers are advised to consider including social networks of individuals and trusted sources (i.e. healthcare providers) when delivering interventions or educational campaigns on vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andria Christodoulou
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Kyprianidou
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | | | - Maria Karekla
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicos Middleton
- Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Angelos P. Kassianos
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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7
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Pouliasi II, Hadjikou A, Kouvari K, Heraclides A. Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake in Greece and Cyprus during the Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1301. [PMID: 37631869 PMCID: PMC10459981 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the rigorous investigation of the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy and refusal during the COVID-19 pandemic, the socioeconomic determinants of this phenomenon remain poorly investigated on a global scale. Following proportional quota sampling, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional study. We recruited participants on-site and online from different settings, regions, and socioeconomic strata in two Eastern Mediterranean populations, Greece and Cyprus. Our approach provided a nationwide sample (n = 576) approaching the adult population structure of the two countries, with a slight underrepresentation of men and older people. Our results indicate clear socioeconomic differences in vaccine hesitancy and vaccination coverage, consistent with wider social inequalities in health. In particular, we reveal a clear socioeconomic gradient characterized by lower vaccine hesitancy and higher vaccination coverage, with increasing educational attainment and income. Additionally, participants residing in semi-urban areas show higher vaccine hesitancy and have lower vaccination coverage than those residing in urban and rural areas. Our results could inform Public Health approaches aiming to tackle the alarming phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy by enabling the targeting of population groups who are particularly vaccine-hesitant, rendering such approaches more targeted and effective while at the same time reducing inequalities in the control and prevention of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandros Heraclides
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., 2404 Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.I.P.); (A.H.); (K.K.)
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8
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Mousoulidou M, Christodoulou A, Siakalli M, Argyrides M. The Role of Conspiracy Theories, Perceived Risk, and Trust in Science on COVID-19 Vaccination Decisiveness: Evidence from Cyprus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2898. [PMID: 36833595 PMCID: PMC9956964 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 reminded us of the importance of vaccinating for successfully overcoming health-related crises. Yet, vaccine hesitancy is still present. This study examined the impacts of conspiracy theories, perceived risk, and trust in science on COVID-19 vaccination decisiveness. The study was conducted at the end of the third wave of the pandemic, in July 2021, in Cyprus. Data were collected via an online self-administered anonymous survey using convenience and snowball sampling methods. Participants were 363 adults who completed a set of questionnaires that examined their believability in ten vaccine-related conspiracy theories, their perceived dangerousness of COVID-19, and their level of trust in science and scientists. The results suggest that (a) participants with a high conspiracy theory belief are less likely to be vaccinated, (b) participants who perceive COVID-19 as a dangerous disease are more likely to be vaccinated, and (c) participants with high trust in science are more likely to be vaccinated. The implications of the findings are discussed and can be used by public health officials in their campaigns.
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9
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Kwasniewski M, Korotko U, Chwialkowska K, Niemira M, Jaroszewicz J, Sobala‐Szczygiel B, Puzanowska B, Moniuszko‐Malinowska A, Pancewicz S, Parfieniuk‐Kowerda A, Martonik D, Zarebska‐Michaluk D, Simon K, Pazgan‐Simon M, Mozer‐Lisewska I, Bura M, Adamek A, Tomasiewicz K, Pawłowska M, Piekarska A, Berkan‐Kawinska A, Horban A, Kowalska J, Podlasin R, Wasilewski P, Azzadin A, Czuczwar M, Borys M, Piwowarczyk P, Czaban S, Bogocz J, Ochab M, Kruk A, Uszok S, Bielska A, Szałkowska A, Raczkowska J, Sokołowska G, Chorostowska‐Wynimko J, Jezela‐Stanek A, Rozy A, Lechowicz U, Połowianiuk U, Tycinska A, Grubczak K, Starosz A, Izdebska W, Krzemiński TF, Bousqet J, Franchini G, Hadlock J, Kretowski A, Akdis M, Akdis CA, Sokolowska M, Eljaszewicz A, Flisiak R, Moniuszko M. Implementation of the web-based calculator estimating odds ratio of severe COVID-19 for unvaccinated individuals in a country with high coronavirus-related death toll. Allergy 2022; 78:311-314. [PMID: 36129377 PMCID: PMC9537959 DOI: 10.1111/all.15524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Kwasniewski
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data AnalysisMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland,Imagene.me SABiałystokPoland
| | - Urszula Korotko
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data AnalysisMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland,Imagene.me SABiałystokPoland
| | - Karolina Chwialkowska
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data AnalysisMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland,Imagene.me SABiałystokPoland
| | - Magdalena Niemira
- Clinical Research CentreMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Jerzy Jaroszewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases in BytomMedical University of SilesiaBytomPoland
| | | | - Beata Puzanowska
- Department of Infectious DiseasesMegrez Hospital in TychyTychyPoland
| | | | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and NeuroinfectionMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Anna Parfieniuk‐Kowerda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HepatologyMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Diana Martonik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HepatologyMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland
| | | | - Krzysztof Simon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HepatologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWrocławPoland
| | - Monika Pazgan‐Simon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HepatologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWrocławPoland
| | - Iwona Mozer‐Lisewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired ImmunodeficienciesPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Maciej Bura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired ImmunodeficienciesPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Agnieszka Adamek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired ImmunodeficienciesPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznanPoland
| | | | - Małgorzata Pawłowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HepatologyNicolaus Copernicus UniversityBydgoszczPoland
| | - Anna Piekarska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HepatologyMedical University of ŁódźŁódźPoland
| | | | - Andrzej Horban
- Department of Infectious DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Justyna Kowalska
- Department of Adults' Infectious DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Regina Podlasin
- IV‐th DepartmentHospital for Infectious DiseasesWarsawPoland
| | | | | | - Miroslaw Czuczwar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive TherapyMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Michal Borys
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive TherapyMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Pawel Piwowarczyk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive TherapyMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Slawomir Czaban
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareMedical University of LublinLublinPoland
| | | | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Bielska
- Clinical Research CentreMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Anna Szałkowska
- Clinical Research CentreMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland
| | | | | | - Joanna Chorostowska‐Wynimko
- Department of Genetics and Clinical ImmunologyNational Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Aleksandra Jezela‐Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical ImmunologyNational Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Adriana Rozy
- Department of Genetics and Clinical ImmunologyNational Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Urszula Lechowicz
- Department of Genetics and Clinical ImmunologyNational Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in WarsawWarsawPoland
| | | | | | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune RegulationMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Aleksandra Starosz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune RegulationMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Wiktoria Izdebska
- Department of Allergology and Internal MedicineMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | | | - Jean Bousqet
- Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany,Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines SectionNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research CentreMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Mubeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma ResearchUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and EducationDavosSwitzerland
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma ResearchUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and EducationDavosSwitzerland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma ResearchUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and EducationDavosSwitzerland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune RegulationMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HepatologyMedical University of BialystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune RegulationMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland,Department of Allergology and Internal MedicineMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
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