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Münter R, Bak M, Thomsen ME, Parhamifar L, Stensballe A, Simonsen JB, Kristensen K, Andresen TL. Deciphering the monocyte-targeting mechanisms of PEGylated cationic liposomes by investigating the biomolecular corona. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124129. [PMID: 38621615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Cationic liposomes specifically target monocytes in blood, rendering them promising drug-delivery tools for cancer immunotherapy, vaccines, and therapies for monocytic leukaemia. The mechanism behind this monocyte targeting ability is, however, not understood, but may involve plasma proteins adsorbed on the liposomal surfaces. To shed light on this, we investigated the biomolecular corona of three different types of PEGylated cationic liposomes, finding all of them to adsorb hyaluronan-associated proteins and proteoglycans upon incubation in human blood plasma. This prompted us to study the role of the TLR4 co-receptors CD44 and CD14, both involved in signalling and uptake pathways of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. We found that separate inhibition of each of these receptors hampered the monocyte uptake of the liposomes in whole human blood. Based on clues from the biomolecular corona, we have thus identified two receptors involved in the targeting and uptake of cationic liposomes in monocytes, in turn suggesting that certain proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans may serve as monocyte-targeting opsonins. This mechanistic knowledge may pave the way for rational design of future monocyte-targeting drug-delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Münter
- Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Bak
- Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel E Thomsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark
| | - Ladan Parhamifar
- Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark; Clinical Cancer Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens B Simonsen
- Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Pan F, Liu M, Li G, Chen B, Chu Y, Yang Y, Wu E, Yu Y, Lin S, Ding T, Wei X, Zhan C, Qian J. Phospholipid Type Regulates Protein Corona Composition and In Vivo Performance of Lipid Nanodiscs. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2272-2283. [PMID: 38607681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, there has been significant interest in PEGylated lipid-based nanocarriers within the drug delivery field. The inevitable interplay between the nanocarriers and plasma protein plays a pivotal role in their in vivo biological fate. Understanding the factors influencing lipid-based nanocarrier and protein corona interactions is of paramount importance in the design and clinical translation of these nanocarriers. Herein, discoid-shaped lipid nanodiscs (sNDs) composed of different phospholipids with varied lipid tails and head groups were fabricated. We investigated the impact of phospholipid components on the interaction between sNDs and serum proteins, particle stability, and biodistribution. The results showed that all of these lipid nanodiscs remained stable over a 15 day storage period, while their stability in the blood serum demonstrated significant differences. The sND composed of POPG exhibited the least stability due to its potent complement activation capability, resulting in rapid blood clearance. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the complement activation capability and serum stability was identified. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution experiments indicated that phospholipid composition did not influence the capability of sNDs to evade the accelerated blood clearance phenomenon. Complement deposition on the sND was inversely associated with the area under the curve. Additionally, all lipid nanodiscs exhibited dominant adsorption of apolipoprotein. Remarkably, the POPC-based lipid nanodisc displayed a significantly higher deposition of apolipoprotein E, contributing to an obvious brain distribution, which provides a promising tool for brain-targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmacy, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmacy, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmacy, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Boqian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ercan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Tianhao Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmacy, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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3
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Yu YF, Wu EC, Lin SQ, Chu YX, Yang Y, Pan F, Ding TH, Qian J, Jiang K, Zhan CY. Reexamining the effects of drug loading on the in vivo performance of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:646-659. [PMID: 37845342 PMCID: PMC10834505 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher drug loading employed in nanoscale delivery platforms is a goal that researchers have long sought after. But such viewpoint remains controversial because the impacts that nanocarriers bring about on bodies have been seriously overlooked. In the present study we investigated the effects of drug loading on the in vivo performance of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). We prepared PLDs with two different drug loading rates: high drug loading rate, H-Dox, 12.9% w/w Dox/HSPC; low drug loading rate, L-Dox, 2.4% w/w Dox/HSPC (L-Dox had about 5 folds drug carriers of H-Dox at the same Dox dose). The pharmaceutical properties and biological effects of H-Dox and L-Dox were compared in mice, rats or 4T1 subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice. We showed that the lowering of doxorubicin loading did not cause substantial shifts to the pharmaceutical properties of PLDs such as in vitro and in vivo stability (stable), anti-tumor effect (equivalent effective), as well as tissue and cellular distribution. Moreover, it was even more beneficial for mitigating the undesired biological effects caused by PLDs, through prolonging blood circulation and alleviating cutaneous accumulation in the presence of pre-existing anti-PEG Abs due to less opsonins (e.g. IgM and C3) deposition on per particle. Our results warn that the effects of drug loading would be much more convoluted than expected due to the complex intermediation between nanocarriers and bodies, urging independent investigation for each individual delivery platform to facilitate clinical translation and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Er-Can Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi-Qi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tian-Hao Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Chang-You Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Ranjbar S, Zhong XB, Manautou J, Lu X. A holistic analysis of the intrinsic and delivery-mediated toxicity of siRNA therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115052. [PMID: 37567502 PMCID: PMC10543595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are among the most promising therapeutic platforms in many life-threatening diseases. Owing to the significant advances in siRNA design, many challenges in the stability, specificity and delivery of siRNA have been addressed. However, safety concerns and dose-limiting toxicities still stand among the reasons for the failure of clinical trials of potent siRNA therapies, calling for a need of more comprehensive understanding of their potential mechanisms of toxicity. This review delves into the intrinsic and delivery related toxicity mechanisms of siRNA drugs and takes a holistic look at the safety failure of the clinical trials to identify the underlying causes of toxicity. In the end, the current challenges, and potential solutions for the safety assessment and high throughput screening of investigational siRNA and delivery systems as well as considerations for design strategies of safer siRNA therapeutics are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Ranjbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - José Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiuling Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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5
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Korzun T, Moses AS, Diba P, Sattler AL, Taratula OR, Sahay G, Taratula O, Marks DL. From Bench to Bedside: Implications of Lipid Nanoparticle Carrier Reactogenicity for Advancing Nucleic Acid Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1088. [PMID: 37631003 PMCID: PMC10459564 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomedical applications, nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles, such as lipid nanoparticles, have emerged as promising instruments for improving the solubility, stability, and encapsulation of various payloads. This article provides a formal review focusing on the reactogenicity of empty lipid nanoparticles used as delivery vehicles, specifically emphasizing their application in mRNA-based therapies. Reactogenicity refers to the adverse immune responses triggered by xenobiotics, including administered lipid nanoparticles, which can lead to undesirable therapeutic outcomes. The key components of lipid nanoparticles, which include ionizable lipids and PEG-lipids, have been identified as significant contributors to their reactogenicity. Therefore, understanding the relationship between lipid nanoparticles, their structural constituents, cytokine production, and resultant reactogenic outcomes is essential to ensure the safe and effective application of lipid nanoparticles in mRNA-based therapies. Although efforts have been made to minimize these adverse reactions, further research and standardization are imperative. By closely monitoring cytokine profiles and assessing reactogenic manifestations through preclinical and clinical studies, researchers can gain valuable insights into the reactogenic effects of lipid nanoparticles and develop strategies to mitigate undesirable reactions. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of investigating lipid nanoparticle reactogenicity and its implications for the development of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle therapeutics in various applications beyond vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Korzun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (T.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Abraham S. Moses
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (T.K.)
| | - Parham Diba
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ariana L. Sattler
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 S Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Olena R. Taratula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (T.K.)
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (T.K.)
| | - Oleh Taratula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (T.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 S Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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6
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Apostolidou E, Dimitriou K, Papadopoulou A, Mikos N, Kompoti E. Administration of the Second Dose of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine to a Woman With Immediate Reaction to the First Dose. Cureus 2023; 15:e36064. [PMID: 37056532 PMCID: PMC10092055 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines constitute the most effective public health intervention as they prevent the spread of infectious diseases and reduce disease severity and mortality. Allergic reactions can occur during vaccination. Systemic anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction which can rarely occur after vaccination. There is limited data suggesting that the majority of the patients with immediate and potentially allergic reactions after the first dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can receive the second dose. A 39-year-old woman was admitted to our department after presenting anaphylactic reaction following the first dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2). A few days later, she contacted our department and was admitted for an allergy work-up on mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and its compound polyethylene glycol (PEG). Thereafter, she completed the vaccination procedure having received pretreatment under our guidance. Confirmed allergic reactions to vaccines are customarily attributed to the inactive ingredients, or excipients like PEG and polysorbate. The latest are used to improve water-solubility in vaccines. PEG itself has not been previously used in a vaccine but polysorbate has been identified as a rare cause of allergic reactions to vaccines. It has been reported that the interaction of the immune system with lipidic nanoparticle therapeutics could result in hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs), referred to as complement activation related pseudoallergy (CARPA), which is classified as non-IgE-mediated pseudoallergy caused by the activation of the complement system.
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7
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Parenteral Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for CNS Disorders: Integrating Various Facets of Preclinical Evaluation towards More Effective Clinical Translation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020443. [PMID: 36839768 PMCID: PMC9966342 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary trends in combinatorial chemistry and the design of pharmaceuticals targeting brain disorders have favored the development of drug candidates with increased lipophilicity and poorer water solubility, with the expected improvement in delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The growing availability of innovative excipients/ligands allowing improved brain targeting and controlled drug release makes the lipid nanocarriers a reasonable choice to overcome the factors impeding drug delivery through the BBB. However, a wide variety of methods, study designs and experimental conditions utilized in the literature hinder their systematic comparison, and thus slows the advances in brain-targeting by lipid-based nanoparticles. This review provides an overview of the methods most commonly utilized during the preclinical testing of liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers intended for the treatment of various CNS disorders via the parenteral route. In order to fully elucidate the structure, stability, safety profiles, biodistribution, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and immunological effects of such lipid-based nanoparticles, a transdisciplinary approach to preclinical characterization is mandatory, covering a comprehensive set of physical, chemical, in vitro and in vivo biological testing.
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Suzuki H, Adler A, Huang T, Kuramochi A, Ohba Y, Sato Y, Nakamura N, Manivel VA, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B, Ishihara K, Teramura Y. Impact of spontaneous liposome modification with phospholipid polymer-lipid conjugates on protein interactions. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:845-857. [PMID: 36518982 PMCID: PMC9744213 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2146466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Liposome surface coating has been studied to avoid the immunological responses caused by the complement system, and alternative materials to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) have been explored recently since the production of anti-PEG IgM antibodies has been found in humans. We previously reported a liposome coating with poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (poly(MPC))-conjugated lipids (PMPC-lipids) and demonstrated its protective effect on blood protein interactions. Here, we attempted to modify the liposome surface by exogenously adding PMPC-lipids, which were spontaneously incorporated into the outer membrane via hydrophobic interactions. The polymerization degree of the PMPC segment was regulated from 10 to 100. The incorporated ratio of PMPC-lipid increased with a decrease in the degree of PMPC polymerization. Due to surface modification with PMPC-lipids, increase in the length of the PMPC-chain increased the size of the liposomes. The modified liposomes were kept stable for 14 d in terms of their size, polydispersity, and surface properties, where approximately 70% of PMPC-lipids were incorporated into the liposome surface. We demonstrated that liposome surface modification with PMPC-lipids can inhibit protein adsorption when exposed to serum, regardless of the degree of polymerization of PMPC. In addition, the PMPC-lipid modified surface was not recognized by the anti-PEG IgM antibody, whereas PEG-lipid was recognized by the antibody. Thus, we successfully fabricated an inert liposome surface via spontaneous modification with PMPC-lipids, where only the outer bilayer surface was modified. This technique can be available for full loading of water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient inside the modified liposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Suzuki
- Department of Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Anna Adler
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tianwei Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kuramochi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ohba
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Sato
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Vivek Anand Manivel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina N Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Teramura
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
- Master’s/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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9
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Lv W, Liu Y, Li S, Lv L, Lu H, Xin H. Advances of nano drug delivery system for the theranostics of ischemic stroke. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:248. [PMID: 35641956 PMCID: PMC9153106 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
From the global perspective, stroke refers to a highly common cause of disability and death. Ischemic stroke (IS), attributed to blood vessel blockage, preventing the flow of blood to brain, acts as the most common form of stroke. Thus far, thrombolytic therapy is the only clinical treatment for IS with the approval from the FDA. Moreover, the physiology barrier complicates therapeutically and diagnostically related intervention development of IS. Accordingly, developing efficient and powerful curative approaches for IS diagnosis and treatment is urgently required. The advent of nanotechnology has brought dawn and hope to better curative and imaging forms for the management of IS. This work reviews the recent advances and challenges correlated with the nano drug delivery system for IS therapy and diagnosis. The overview of the current knowledge of the important molecular pathological mechanisms in cerebral ischemia and how the drugs cross the blood brain barrier will also be briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The Jiangyin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, 214400, Jiangyin, China
| | - Yijiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Jiangyin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, 214400, Jiangyin, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyan Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The Jiangyin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, 214400, Jiangyin, China
| | - Hongdan Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hongliang Xin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Mechanisms of selective monocyte targeting by liposomes functionalized with a cationic, arginine-rich lipopeptide. Acta Biomater 2022; 144:96-108. [PMID: 35314364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of monocytes with immunomodulating agents can harness the immune system to treat a long range of diseases, including cancers, infections and autoimmune diseases. To this end we aimed to develop a monocyte-targeting delivery platform based on cationic liposomes, which can be utilized to deliver immunomodulators and thus induce monocyte-mediated immune responses while avoiding off-target side-effects. The cationic liposome design is based on functionalizing the liposomal membrane with a cholesterol-anchored tri-arginine peptide (TriArg). We demonstrate that TriArg liposomes can target monocytes with high specificity in both human and murine blood and that this targeting is dependent on the content of TriArg in the liposomal membrane. In addition, we show that the mechanism of selective monocyte targeting involves the CD14 co-receptor, and selectivity is compromised when the TriArg content is increased, resulting in complement-mediated off-target uptake in granulocytes. The presented mechanistic findings of uptake by peripheral blood leukocytes may guide the design of future drug delivery systems utilized for immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Monocytes are attractive targets for immunotherapies of cancers, infections and autoimmune diseases. Specific delivery of immunostimulatory drugs to monocytes is typically achieved using ligand-targeted drug delivery systems, but a simpler approach is to target monocytes using cationic liposomes. To achieve this, however, a deep understanding of the mechanisms governing the interactions of cationic liposomes with monocytes and other leukocytes is required. We here investigate these interactions using liposomes incorporating a cationic arginine-rich lipopeptide. We demonstrate that monocyte targeting can be achieved by fine-tuning the lipopeptide content in the liposomes. Additionally, we reveal that the CD14 receptor is involved in the targeting process, whereas the complement system is not. These mechanistic findings are critical for future design of monocyte-targeting liposomal therapies.
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11
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Onoshima D, Baba Y. Cancer diagnosis and analysis devices based on multimolecular crowding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13655-13661. [PMID: 34854439 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of the multimolecular crowding around cancer cells has opened up the possibility of developing new devices for cancer diagnosis and analysis through the measurement of intercellular communication related to cell proliferation and invasive metastasis associated with cancer malignancy. In particular, cells and extracellular vesicles that flow into the bloodstream contain metabolites and secreted products of the cancer microenvironment. These are positioned as targets for the development of new devices for the understanding and application of multimolecular crowding around cancer cells. Examples include the separation analysis of cancer cells in blood for the next generation of less invasive testing techniques, and mapping analysis using Raman scattering to detect cancer cells without staining. Another example is the evaluation of the relationship between exosomes and cancer traits for the exploration of new anti-cancer drugs, and the commercialization of exosome separation devices for ultra-early cancer diagnosis. The development of nanobiodevice engineering, which applies multimolecular crowding to conventional nanobioscience, is expected to contribute to the diagnosis and analysis of various diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Onoshima
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan. .,Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Institute of Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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12
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Tereshkina YA, Torkhovskaya TI, Tikhonova EG, Kostryukova LV, Sanzhakov MA, Korotkevich EI, Khudoklinova YY, Orlova NA, Kolesanova EF. Nanoliposomes as drug delivery systems: safety concerns. J Drug Target 2021; 30:313-325. [PMID: 34668814 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1992630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The review highlights the safety issues of drug delivery systems based on liposomes. Due to their small sizes (about 80-120 nm, sometimes even smaller), phospholipid nanoparticles interact intensively with living systems during parenteral administration. This interaction significantly affects both their transport role and safety; therefore, special attention is paid to these issues. The review summarises the data on the basic factors affecting the safety of nanoliposomes: composition, size, surface charge, stability, the release of an incorporated drug, penetration into tissues, interaction with the complement system. Attention is paid to the authors' own research of unique phospholipid nanoparticles with a diameter of 20-30 nm. The influence of technological processes of nanoliposome production on their properties is considered. The article also discusses the modern safety assessment criteria contained in the preliminary regulatory documents of the manufacturing countries for new nanoliposome-based drugs being developed or used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Tereshkina
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - T I Torkhovskaya
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - E G Tikhonova
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Kostryukova
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Sanzhakov
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Korotkevich
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu Yu Khudoklinova
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Orlova
- Laboratory of Phospholipid Nanoparticles and Transport Systems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - E F Kolesanova
- Laboratory of Peptide Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Onishchenko N, Tretiakova D, Vodovozova E. Spotlight on the protein corona of liposomes. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:57-78. [PMID: 34364016 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although an established drug delivery platform, liposomes have not fulfilled their true potential. In the body, interactions of liposomes are mediated by the layer of plasma proteins adsorbed on the surface, the protein corona. The review aims to collect the data of the last decade on liposome protein corona, tracing the path from interactions of individual proteins to the effects mediated by the protein corona in vivo. It offers a classification of the approaches to exploitation of the protein corona-rather than elimination thereof-based on the bilayer composition-corona composition-molecular interactions-biological performance framework. The multitude of factors that affect each level of this relationship urge to the widest implementation of bioinformatics tools to predict the most effective liposome compositions relying on the data on protein corona. Supplementing the picture with new pieces of accurately reported experimental data will contribute to the accuracy and efficiency of the predictions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The review focuses on liposomes as an established nanomedicine platform and analyzes the available data on how the protein corona formed on liposome surface in biological fluids affects performance of the liposomes. The review offers a rigorous account of existing literature and critical analysis of methodology currently applied to the assessment of liposome-plasma protein interactions. It introduces a classification of the approaches to exploitation of the protein corona and tailoring liposome carriers to advance the field of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the benefit of patients.
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14
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Guan J, Wu E, Jin P, Hou S, Qian J, Lu W, Yu B, Zhan C. Interrogating preclinical study of liposomes: The effect of mouse strain reexamined. J Control Release 2021; 334:178-187. [PMID: 33895198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice are arguably the most important tool in the preclinical evaluation of liposomes; however, the effects of inter-strain physiological variabilities on in vivo performance of liposomes have been seriously overlooked. The present study validated that plasma proteins (PPs) and the capability of mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) (typically expressed by phagocytosis rate, K) were mice strain-dependent. Physiological variabilities in PPs and the phagocytosis rate jointly contributed to the inter-strain inconsistency of pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of liposomes. For the PPs sensitive liposomes (such as plain PEGylated liposomes and folic acid functionalized PEGylated liposomes), inter-strain variabilities in PK profiles could be calibrated using the corrected phagocytic rate (KC = K×(c × Ig)/(alb×apo)), where c, Ig, alb and apo were respective the total content of complement proteins, immunoglobulins, albumin and apolipoproteins. While for the PPs insensitive liposomes (e.g., cRGD functionalized liposomes), phagocytic rate could be directly used to calibrate inter-strain difference of liposome PK profiles. Our data also warn that the reciprocal interaction between payloads and organisms would be much more complicated than that between liposomes and organisms, thus independent investigation should be conducted for each individual therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Center of Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Ercan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Pengpeng Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Center of Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Shuangxing Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Center of Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jun Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Weiyue Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai 201399, PR China
| | - Changyou Zhan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Center of Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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15
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La-Beck NM, Islam MR, Markiewski MM. Nanoparticle-Induced Complement Activation: Implications for Cancer Nanomedicine. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603039. [PMID: 33488603 PMCID: PMC7819852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based anticancer medications were first approved for cancer treatment almost 2 decades ago. Patients benefit from these approaches because of the targeted-drug delivery and reduced toxicity, however, like other therapies, adverse reactions often limit their use. These reactions are linked to the interactions of nanoparticles with the immune system, including the activation of complement. This activation can cause well-characterized acute inflammatory reactions mediated by complement effectors. However, the long-term implications of chronic complement activation on the efficacy of drugs carried by nanoparticles remain obscured. The recent discovery of protumor roles of complement raises the possibility that nanoparticle-induced complement activation may actually reduce antitumor efficacy of drugs carried by nanoparticles. We discuss here the initial evidence supporting this notion. Better understanding of the complex interactions between nanoparticles, complement, and the tumor microenvironment appears to be critical for development of nanoparticle-based anticancer therapies that are safer and more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh M La-Beck
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Md Rakibul Islam
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
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16
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A pentapeptide enabled AL3810 liposome-based glioma-targeted therapy with immune opsonic effect attenuated. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:283-299. [PMID: 33532193 PMCID: PMC7838056 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AL3810, a molecular dual inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), has earned the permission of phase II clinical trial for tumor treatment by China FDA. As a reversible ATP-competitive inhibitor, AL3810 targets ATP-binding site on intracellular region of VEGFR and FGFR, whereas, AL3810 lacking interplay with extracellular region of receptors rendered deficient blood–brain tumor barrier (BBTB) recognition, poor brain penetration and unsatisfactory anti-glioma efficacy. Integrin αvβ3 overexpressed on capillary endothelial cells of BBTB as well as glioma cells illuminated ligand-modified liposomes for pinpoint spatial delivery into glioma. The widely accepted peptide c(RGDyK)-modified liposome loading AL3810 of multiple dosing caused hypothermia, activated anti-c(RGDyK)-liposome IgG and IgM antibody and pertinent complements C3b and C5b-9, and experienced complement-dependent opsonization. We newly proposed a pentapeptide mn with superb αvβ3-binding affinity and tailored AL3810-loaded mn-modified liposome that afforded impervious blood circulation, targeting ability, and glioma therapeutic expertise as vastly alleviated immune opsonization on the underpinning of the finite antibodies and complements assembly. Stemming from attenuated immunogenicity, peptide mn strengthened liposome functions as a promising nanocarrier platform for molecular targeting agents.
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17
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Viana IMDO, Grenier P, Defrêne J, Barabé F, Lima EM, Bertrand N. Role of the complement cascade in the biological fate of liposomes in rodents. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18875-18884. [PMID: 32901649 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines, including liposomes, have been used to improve the clinical efficacy and safety of drugs. In some liposomal formulations, a hydrophilic polymer coating of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is used to increase the circulation time. Understanding the biological mechanisms responsible for the clearance of PEGylated and non-PEGylated nanomedicines is necessary to develop better-performing materials. The purpose of this work is to explore the role of complement in the elimination of intravenously administered liposomes (PEGylated and non-PEGylated) in mice and rats. Here, the complement cascade was depleted by intraperitoneal injections of cobra venom factor (CVF) 12 and 24 hours before the intravenous injection of radiolabeled liposomes. In both mice and rats, non-PEGylated liposomes showed faster elimination than PEGylated liposomes. At a lipid dose of 20 mg kg-1, the abrogation of the complement cascade (in CVF group) did not alter the circulation time of either PEGylated or non-PEGylated liposomes. In contrast, at lower doses (2 mg kg-1), animals treated with CVF had slightly higher levels of circulating liposomes, especially during the 24 hours pharmacokinetic studies. The complement cascade seems to govern the uptake of non-PEGylated liposomes by splenic B cells. Altogether, these results suggest that although PEGylated and non-PEGylated liposomes can activate complement, the impact of this cascade on their circulation time is minor and mostly perceivable at later phases of distribution. This work enlightens biological pathways responsible for in vivo clearance of liposomes and will help in orienting future research in elucidating the nano-bio interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Maíra de Oliveira Viana
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology (FarmaTec), Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220 Goiás, Brazil.
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18
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Moghimi SM, Simberg D, Papini E, Farhangrazi ZS. Complement activation by drug carriers and particulate pharmaceuticals: Principles, challenges and opportunities. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:83-95. [PMID: 32389761 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Considering the multifaceted protective and homeostatic roles of the complement system, many consequences arise when drug carriers, and particulate pharmaceutical formulations clash with complement proteins, and trigger complement cascade. Complement activation may induce formulation destabilization, promote opsonization, and affect biological and therapeutic performance of pharmaceutical nano- and micro-particles. In some cases, complement activation is beneficial, where complement may play a role in prophylactic protection, whereas uncontrolled complement activation is deleterious, and contributes to disease progression. Accordingly, design initiatives with particulate medicines should consider complement activation properties of the end formulation within the context of administration route, dosing, systems biology, and therapeutic perspective. Here we examine current progress in mechanistic processes underlying complement activation by pre-clinical and clinical particles, identify opportunities and challenges ahead, and suggest future directions in nanomedicine-complement interface research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moein Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skagg's School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skagg's School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emanuele Papini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy; CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Z Shadi Farhangrazi
- S. M. Discovery Group Inc., Denver, CO, USA; S. M. Discovery Group Ltd., Durham, UK
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19
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Bleher S, Buck J, Muhl C, Sieber S, Barnert S, Witzigmann D, Huwyler J, Barz M, Süss R. Poly(Sarcosine) Surface Modification Imparts Stealth-Like Properties to Liposomes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904716. [PMID: 31722126 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Circulation lifetime is a crucial parameter for a successful therapy with nanoparticles. Reduction and alteration of opsonization profiles by surface modification of nanoparticles is the main strategy to achieve this objective. In clinical settings, PEGylation is the most relevant strategy to enhance blood circulation, yet it has drawbacks, including hypersensitivity reactions in some patients treated with PEGylated nanoparticles, which fuel the search for alternative strategies. In this work, lipopolysarcosine derivatives (BA-pSar, bisalkyl polysarcosine) with precise chain lengths and low polydispersity indices are synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into the bilayer of preformed liposomes via a post insertion technique. Successful incorporation of BA-pSar can be realized in a clinically relevant liposomal formulation. Furthermore, BA-pSar provides excellent surface charge shielding potential for charged liposomes and renders their surface neutral. Pharmacokinetic investigations in a zebrafish model show enhanced circulation properties and reduction in macrophage recognition, matching the behavior of PEGylated liposomes. Moreover, complement activation, which is a key factor in hypersensitivity reactions caused by PEGylated liposomes, can be reduced by modifying the surface of liposomes with an acetylated BA-pSar derivative. Hence, this study presents an alternative surface modification strategy with similar benefits as the established PEGylation of nanoparticles, but with the potential of reducing its drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bleher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Buck
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Muhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandro Sieber
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Barnert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Regine Süss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Wang Y, Grainger DW. Lyophilized liposome-based parenteral drug development: Reviewing complex product design strategies and current regulatory environments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:56-71. [PMID: 30898571 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Given the successful entry of several liposomal drug products into market, and some with decades of clinical efficacy, liposomal drug delivery systems have proven capabilities to overcome certain limitations of traditional drug delivery, especially for toxic and biologic drugs. This experience has helped promote new liposomal approaches to emerging drug classes and current therapeutic challenges. All approved liposomal dosage forms are parenteral formulations, a pathway demonstrating greatest safety and efficacy to date. Due to the intrinsic instability of aqueous liposomal dispersions, lyophilization is commonly applied as an important solution to improve liposomal drug stability, and facilitate transportation, storage and improve product shelf-life. While lyophilization is a mature pharmaceutical technology, liposome-specific lyophilization platforms must be developed using particular lyophilization experience and strategies. This review provides an overview of liposome formulation-specific lyophilization approaches for parenteral use, excipients used exclusively in liposomal parenteral products, lyophilized liposome formulation design and process development, long-term storage, and current regulatory guidance for liposome drug products. Readers should capture a comprehensive understanding of formulation and process variables and strategies for developing parenterally administered liposomal drugs.
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21
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Liposome and immune system interplay: Challenges and potentials. J Control Release 2019; 305:194-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Targeted liposomes with different combinations of five ligands (for brain/amyloid targeting) were evaluated for hemocompatibility. Results reveal that all liposomes studied, caused minimum hemolysis; targeted liposomes slightly reduced blood coagulation time, but not significantly more than control liposomes; and compliment factors SC5b9 and iC3b increased when compared with the buffer, by most targeted liposomes. However, the specific amounts of both factors were similar with those induced by control liposomes. Thus, the targeted liposomes are unanticipated to cause hypersensitivity problems. Good correlations between vesicle size and produced factor amounts were observed. In conclusion, the current targeted liposomes are not expected to cause serious blood toxicity, if used in vivo.
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23
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Liu HJ, Xu P. Smart Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Protein Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E511. [PMID: 30986952 PMCID: PMC6523670 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have attracted a lot of attention during the past decade which is attributable to their versatile and high loading capacity, easy surface functionalization, excellent biocompatibility, and great physicochemical and thermal stability. In this review, we discuss the factors affecting the loading of protein into MSN and general strategies for targeted delivery and controlled release of proteins with MSN. Additionally, we also give an outlook for the remaining challenges in the clinical translation of protein-loaded MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Liu
- Department of Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Peisheng Xu
- Department of Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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24
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Mohamed M, Abu Lila AS, Shimizu T, Alaaeldin E, Hussein A, Sarhan HA, Szebeni J, Ishida T. PEGylated liposomes: immunological responses. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:710-724. [PMID: 31275462 PMCID: PMC6598536 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1627174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A commonly held view is that nanocarriers conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) are non-immunogenic. However, many studies have reported that unexpected immune responses have occurred against PEG-conjugated nanocarriers. One unanticipated response is the rapid clearance of PEGylated nanocarriers upon repeat administration, called the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon. ABC involves the production of antibodies toward nanocarrier components, including PEG, which reduces the safety and effectiveness of encapsulated therapeutic agents. Another immune response is the hypersensitivity or infusion reaction referred to as complement (C) activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA). Such immunogenicity and adverse reactivities of PEGylated nanocarriers may be of potential concern for the clinical use of PEGylated therapeutics. Accordingly, screening of the immunogenicity and CARPA reactogenicity of nanocarrier-based therapeutics should be a prerequisite before they can proceed into clinical studies. This review presents PEGylated liposomes, immunogenicity of PEG, the ABC phenomenon, C activation and lipid-induced CARPA from a toxicological point of view, and also addresses the factors that influence these adverse interactions with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amr S. Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Eman Alaaeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amal Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | | | - Janos Szebeni
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- SeroScience LCC., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- CONTACT Tatsuhiro Ishida Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima770-8505, Japan
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25
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Parhiz H, Khoshnejad M, Myerson JW, Hood E, Patel PN, Brenner JS, Muzykantov VR. Unintended effects of drug carriers: Big issues of small particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 130:90-112. [PMID: 30149885 PMCID: PMC6588191 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Humoral and cellular host defense mechanisms including diverse phagocytes, leukocytes, and immune cells have evolved over millions of years to protect the body from microbes and other external and internal threats. These policing forces recognize engineered sub-micron drug delivery systems (DDS) as such a threat, and react accordingly. This leads to impediment of the therapeutic action, extensively studied and discussed in the literature. Here, we focus on side effects of DDS interactions with host defenses. We argue that for nanomedicine to reach its clinical potential, the field must redouble its efforts in understanding the interaction between drug delivery systems and the host defenses, so that we can engineer safer interventions with the greatest potential for clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Parhiz
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Makan Khoshnejad
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob W Myerson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hood
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Priyal N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine (CT3N), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Vitetta L, Zhou J, Manuel R, Dal Forno S, Hall S, Rutolo D. Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9:jfb9010012. [PMID: 29361736 PMCID: PMC5872098 DOI: 10.3390/jfb9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of biological compounds that optimize health benefits is an ever-evolving therapeutic goal. Pharmaceutical and other adjunctive biological compounds have been administered via many different routes in order to produce a systemic pharmacological effect. The article summarizes the findings from an Australian comparative study in adults administered vitamin B12 through different oral delivery platforms. A total of 16 subjects (9 males, 7 females) voluntarily partook in a comparative clinical study of five different vitamin B12 formulations across a six-month period, completing 474 person-hours of cumulative contribution, that was equivalent to an n = 60 participation. A nanoparticle delivered vitamin B12 through a NanoCelle platform was observed to be significantly (p < 0.05) better absorbed than all other dose equivalent platforms (i.e., tablets, emulsions, or liposomes) from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 h of the study period. The nanoparticle platform delivered vitamin B12 demonstrated an enhanced and significant absorption profile as exemplified by rapid systemic detection (i.e., 1 h from baseline) when administered to the oro-buccal mucosa with no reports of any adverse events of toxicity. The nanoparticle formulation of methylcobalamin (1000 µg/dose in 0.3 mL volume) showed bioequivalence only with a chewable-dissolvable tablet that administered a five times higher dose of methylcobalamin (5000 µg) per tablet. This study has demonstrated that an active metabolite embedded in a functional biomaterial (NanoCelle) may constitute a drug delivery method that can better access the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney 2015, Australia.
| | - Joyce Zhou
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney 2015, Australia.
| | | | | | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney 2015, Australia.
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Spivak I, Rix A, Schmitz G, Fokong S, Iranzo O, Lederle W, Kiessling F. Low-Dose Molecular Ultrasound Imaging with E-Selectin-Targeted PBCA Microbubbles. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:180-90. [PMID: 26391990 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our objective was to determine the lowest diagnostically effective dose for E-selectin-targeted poly n-butyl cyanoacrylate (PBCA)-shelled microbubbles and to apply it to monitor antiangiogenic therapy effects. PROCEDURES PBCA-shelled microbubbles (MBs) coupled to an E-selectin-specific peptide were applied in mice carrying MLS or A431 carcinoma xenografts scaling down the MB dosage to the lowest level where binding could be examined with a 18-MHz small animal ultrasound transducer. Differences in E-selectin expression in the two carcinoma xenografts were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, MLS tumor-bearing mice under antiangiogenic therapy were monitored using E-selectin-targeted MBs at the lowest applicable dose. Therapy effects on tumor vascularization were verified by immunohistological analyses. RESULTS The minimally required dosage was 7 × 10(7) MBs/kg body weight. This dosage was sufficient to enable E-selectin detection in high E-selectin-expressing MLS tumors, while low E-selectin-expressing A431 tumors required almost 2.5-fold higher doses. At the dose of 7 × 10(7) MBs/kg body weight, a decrease in E-selectin MB binding under antiangiogenic therapy could be assessed (being significant after 3 days of treatment; p < 0.0001), which was in line with the significant drop in E-selectin-positive area fractions that was found histologically (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Molecular ultrasound imaging with our E-selectin-targeted MB and therapy monitoring was possible down to a dose of 7 × 10(7) MBs/kg body weight (equates to 66 μg PBCA/kg and 4.6 mg PBCA/70 kg). Improvements in choice of targets, MB composition, and other MB detection methods may improve sensitivity and lead to reliable detection results of clinically transferrable MBs at even lower dosage levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Spivak
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Rix
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Schmitz
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stanley Fokong
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Olga Iranzo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.,Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Wiltrud Lederle
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Yorulmaz S, Jackman JA, Hunziker W, Cho NJ. Influence of membrane surface charge on adsorption of complement proteins onto supported lipid bilayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:270-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vader P, Mol EA, Pasterkamp G, Schiffelers RM. Extracellular vesicles for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:148-156. [PMID: 26928656 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 769] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane vesicles, and represent an endogenous mechanism for intercellular communication. Since the discovery that EVs are capable of functionally transferring biological information, the potential use of EVs as drug delivery vehicles has gained considerable scientific interest. EVs may have multiple advantages over currently available drug delivery vehicles, such as their ability to overcome natural barriers, their intrinsic cell targeting properties, and stability in the circulation. However, therapeutic applications of EVs as drug delivery systems have been limited due to a lack of methods for scalable EV isolation and efficient drug loading. Furthermore, in order to achieve targeted drug delivery, their intrinsic cell targeting properties should be tuned through EV engineering. Here, we review and discuss recent progress and remaining challenges in the development of EVs as drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vader
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Emma A Mol
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Duehrkop C, Leneweit G, Heyder C, Fromell K, Edwards K, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B. Development and characterization of an innovative heparin coating to stabilize and protect liposomes against adverse immune reactions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:576-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Moghimi SM, Trippler KC, Simberg D. The Art of Complement: Complement Sensing of Nanoparticles and Consequences. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3634-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wibroe PP, Ahmadvand D, Oghabian MA, Yaghmur A, Moghimi SM. An integrated assessment of morphology, size, and complement activation of the PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin products Doxil®, Caelyx®, DOXOrubicin, and SinaDoxosome. J Control Release 2015; 221:1-8. [PMID: 26608877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve patient's benefit and safety, comprehensive regulatory guidelines on specificities of Non-Biological Complex Drugs (NBCDs), such as doxorubicin-encapsulated liposomes, and their follow-on versions are needed. Here, we compare Doxil® and its European analog Caelyx® with the two follow-on products DOXOrubicin (approved by the US Food and Drug Administration) and SinaDoxosome (produced in Iran) by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, and assess their potential in activating the complement system in human sera. We found subtle physicochemical differences between the tested liposomal products and even between the tested batches of Doxil® and Caelyx®. Notably, these included differences in vesicular population aspect ratios and particle number. Among the tested products, only SinaDoxosome, in addition to the presence of unilamellar vesicles with entrapped doxorubicin crystals, contained empty circular disks. Differences were also found in complement responses, which may be related to some morphological differences. This study has demonstrated an integrated biophysical and immunological toolbox for improved analysis and detection of physical differences among vesicular populations that may modulate their clinical performance. Combined, these approaches may help better product selection for infusion to the patients as well as for improved design and characterization of future vesicular NBCDs with enhanced clinical performance and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Wibroe
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Davoud Ahmadvand
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oghabian
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anan Yaghmur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - S Moein Moghimi
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; NanoScience Centre, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Szebeni J, Storm G. Complement activation as a bioequivalence issue relevant to the development of generic liposomes and other nanoparticulate drugs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:490-7. [PMID: 26182876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are known to activate the complement (C) system, which can lead in vivo to a hypersensitivity syndrome called C activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA). CARPA has been getting increasing attention as a safety risk of i.v. therapy with liposomes, whose testing is now recommended in bioequivalence evaluations of generic liposomal drug candidates. This review highlights the adverse consequences of C activation, the unique symptoms of CARPA triggered by essentially all i.v. administered liposomal drugs, and the various features of vesicles influencing this adverse immune effect. For the case of Doxil, we also address the mechanism of C activation and the opsonization vs. long circulation (stealth) paradox. In reviewing the methods of assessing C activation and CARPA, we delineate the most sensitive porcine model and an algorithm for stepwise evaluation of the CARPA risk of i.v. liposomes, which are proposed for standardization for preclinical toxicology evaluation of liposomal and other nanoparticulate drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Szebeni
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest & SeroScience Ltd, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Nag OK, Yadav VR, Croft B, Hedrick A, Awasthi V. Liposomes Modified with Superhydrophilic Polymer Linked to a Nonphospholipid Anchor Exhibit Reduced Complement Activation and Enhanced Circulation. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:114-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Knudsen KB, Northeved H, Ek PK, Permin A, Andresen TL, Larsen S, Wegener KM, Lam HR, Lykkesfeldt J. Differential toxicological response to positively and negatively charged nanoparticles in the rat brain. Nanotoxicology 2014; 8:764-74. [PMID: 23889261 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.829589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the potential for systemic and local toxicity after administration of empty nanosized anionic and cationic PEGylated-micelles and non-PEGylated liposomes, without a ligand attached, intended for use in drug-delivery systems. The particles were administered to 5-6-week-old male rats by three intravenous (IV) administrations over a period of one week at a dose of 100 mg/kg bodyweight or after a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection at a dose of 50 µg. The particles were stable and well characterised with respect to size and zeta potential. ICV administration of cationic particles was associated with histological changes near the injection site (hippocampus). Here, we detected focal infiltration with phagocytic cells, loss of neurons and apoptotic cell death, which were not observed after administration of the vehicle. No significant difference was found after IV or ICV administration of the anionic micelles with regard to haematology, clinical chemistry parameters or at the pathological examinations, as compared to control animals. Our study suggests that ICV delivery of cationic particles to the brain tissue is associated with toxicity at the injection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bram Knudsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Reddy LH, Bazile D. Drug delivery design for intravenous route with integrated physicochemistry, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: illustration with the case of taxane therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 71:34-57. [PMID: 24184489 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at combining the published data on taxane formulations into a generalized Drug Delivery approach, starting from the physicochemistry and assessing its relationships with the pharmacokinetics, the biodistribution and the pharmacodynamics. Owing to the number and variety of taxane formulation designs, we considered this class of cytotoxic anticancer agents of particular interest to illustrate the concepts attached to this approach. According to the history of taxane development, we propose a classification as (i) "surfactant-based formulations" first generation, (ii) "surfactant-free formulations" second generation and (iii) "modulated pharmacokinetics drug delivery systems" third generation. Since our objective was to make the link between (i) the physicochemistry of the drug and carrier and (ii) the efficacy and safety of the drug in preclinical animal models and (iii) in human, we focused on the drug delivery technologies that were tested in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Harivardhan Reddy
- Drug Delivery Technologies and Innovation, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Sanofi Research and Development, 13 Quai Jules-Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Didier Bazile
- Drug Delivery Technologies and Innovation, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Sanofi Research and Development, 13 Quai Jules-Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Mediation of a non-proteolytic activation of complement component C3 by phospholipid vesicles. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3688-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shahbazi MA, Herranz B, Santos HA. Nanostructured porous Si-based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. BIOMATTER 2014; 2:296-312. [PMID: 23507894 PMCID: PMC3568114 DOI: 10.4161/biom.22347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the backbones in nanomedicine is to deliver drugs specifically to unhealthy cells. Drug nanocarriers can cross physiological barriers and access different tissues, which after proper surface biofunctionalization can enhance cell specificity for cancer therapy. Recent developments have highlighted the potential of mesoporous silica (PSiO2) and silicon (PSi) nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. In this review, we outline and discuss the most recent advances on the applications and developments of cancer therapies by means of PSiO2 and PSi nanomaterials. Bio-engineering and fine tuning of anti-cancer drug vehicles, high flexibility and potential for sophisticated release mechanisms make these nanostructures promising candidates for “smart” cancer therapies. As a result of their physicochemical properties they can be controllably loaded with large amounts of drugs and coupled to homing molecules to facilitate active targeting. The main emphasis of this review will be on the in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The complement system is part of the innate immune system, eliciting central immunoregulatory functions. Detection of foreign surfaces is either achieved through complement-specific patternrecognition molecules or mediated by antigen recognition of antibodies. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM all have the potential to initiate a complement response, with the efficiency and response development closely related to the antibody isotype, multimeric state, and degree of glycosylation. A group of serum proteins constitutes the central effector functions of complement, thus allowing direct cell lysis, opsonization, and inflammation. These effector functions can be used in antibody therapies, especially against infectious diseases, as the target membranes lack complement regulatory proteins. The relative contribution of each function and the interplay with direct antibody-mediated clearance is not fully exploited, thus suggesting an option for further rational optimization of antibody therapies.
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Translation of TRO40303 from myocardial infarction models to demonstration of safety and tolerance in a randomized Phase I trial. J Transl Med 2014; 12:38. [PMID: 24507657 PMCID: PMC3923730 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although reperfusion injury has been shown to be responsible for cardiomyocytes death after an acute myocardial infarction, there is currently no drug on the market that reduces this type of injury. TRO40303 is a new cardioprotective compound that was shown to inhibit the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and reduce infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion in a rat model of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS In the rat model, the therapeutic window and the dose effect relationship were investigated in order to select the proper dose and design for clinical investigations. To evaluate post-ischemic functional recovery, TRO40303 was tested in a model of isolated rat heart. Additionally, TRO40303 was investigated in a Phase I randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single intravenous ascending doses of the compound (0.5 to 13 mg/kg) in 72 healthy male, post-menopausal and hysterectomized female subjects at flow rates from 0.04 to 35 mL/min (EudraCT number: 2010-021453-39). This work was supported in part by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche. RESULTS In the vivo model, TRO40303 reduced infarct size by 40% at 1 mg/kg and by 50% at 3 and 10 mg/kg given by intravenous bolus and was only active when administered before reperfusion. Additionally, TRO40303 provided functional recovery and reduced oxidative stress in the isolated rat heart model.These results, together with pharmacokinetic based allometry to human and non-clinical toxicology data, were used to design the Phase I trial. All the tested doses and flow rates were well tolerated clinically. There were no serious adverse events reported. No relevant changes in vital signs, electrocardiogram parameters, laboratory tests or physical examinations were observed at any time in any dose group. Pharmacokinetics was linear up to 6 mg/kg and slightly ~1.5-fold, hyper-proportional from 6 to 13 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that TRO40303 can be safely administered by the intravenous route in humans at doses expected to be pharmacologically active. These results allowed evaluating the expected active dose in human at 6 mg/kg, used in a Phase II proof-of-concept study currently ongoing.
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Foss Hansen S, Nolde Nielsen K, Knudsen N, Grieger KD, Baun A. Operationalization and application of "early warning signs" to screen nanomaterials for harmful properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:190-203. [PMID: 24592436 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30571b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In 2001 the European Environment Agency (EEA) published a report that analyzed 14 cases of technological developments that later on turned out to have negative side-effects and they identified 12 “late lessons” for current and future policy-makers to bear in mind when initiating new technological endeavors. This paper explores how the first lesson – “Acknowledge and respond to ignorance, uncertainty and risk in technology appraisal” could be applied to screen nanomaterials. In cases of ignorance, uncertainty and risk, the EEA recommends paying particular attention to important warning signs such as novelty, persistency, whether materials are readily dispersed in the environment, and whether they bioaccumulate or lead to potentially irreversible action. Through an analysis of these criteria using five well-known nanomaterials (titanium dioxide, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and nanoscale zero-valent iron), it was found that only nanoTiO2 fulfils all the five criteria. Depending on the length of the nanotubes, carbon nanotubes fulfil 3 or 4 criteria whereas liposomes, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), nanoscale zero-valent iron fulfil only one criteria. Finally, we discuss how these warning signs can be used by different stakeholders such as nanomaterial researchers and developers, companies and regulators to design benign nanomaterials, communicate what is known about nano-risks and decide on whether to implement precautionary regulatory measures.
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Moghimi SM, Wibroe PP, Helvig SY, Farhangrazi ZS, Hunter AC. Genomic perspectives in inter-individual adverse responses following nanomedicine administration: The way forward. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1385-93. [PMID: 22634158 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of intravenous infusion-related adverse reactions inherent to regulatory-approved nanomedicines still remains elusive. There are substantial inter-individual differences in observed adverse reactions, which may include cardiovascular, broncho-pulmonary, muco-cutaneous, neuro-psychosomatic and autonomic manifestations. Although nanomedicine-mediated triggering of complement activation has been suggested to be a significant contributing factor to these adverse events, complement activation may still proceed in non-responders. Whether these reactions share similar immunological mechanisms and underpinning genetic factors with drug hypersensitivity syndrome remains to be investigated. Genetic association studies could be a powerful tool to dissect causative factors and reveal the multiple molecular pathways that induce infusion related adverse reactions. It is envisaged that such research may lead to the design of reliable in vitro profiling tests for risk assessment and treatment decisions, thereby revolutionizing the practice of medicine with nanopharmaceuticals. Such procedures may further improve regulatory approval processes for nanomedicines currently in the pipeline and decrease the overall cost of health care. Here we discuss some key innate immunity genes and their polymorphisms in relation to nanomedicine infusion-mediated symptomatic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moein Moghimi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Lettiero B, Andersen AJ, Hunter AC, Moghimi SM. Complement system and the brain: Selected pathologies and avenues toward engineering of neurological nanomedicines. J Control Release 2012; 161:283-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Tang F, Li L, Chen D. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, biocompatibility and drug delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:1504-34. [PMID: 22378538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201104763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1739] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have attracted more and more attention for their potential biomedical applications. With their tailored mesoporous structure and high surface area, MSNs as drug delivery systems (DDSs) show significant advantages over traditional drug nanocarriers. In this review, we overview the recent progress in the synthesis of MSNs for drug delivery applications. First, we provide an overview of synthesis strategies for fabricating ordered MSNs and hollow/rattle-type MSNs. Then, the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and biotranslocation of MSNs are discussed in relation to their chemophysical properties including particle size, surface properties, shape, and structure. The review also highlights the significant achievements in drug delivery using mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their multifunctional counterparts as drug carriers. In particular, the biological barriers for nano-based targeted cancer therapy and MSN-based targeting strategies are discussed. We conclude with our personal perspectives on the directions in which future work in this field might be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqiong Tang
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .
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Amoozgar Z, Yeo Y. Recent advances in stealth coating of nanoparticle drug delivery systems. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:219-33. [PMID: 22231928 PMCID: PMC3288878 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modifying surfaces of nanoparticles (NPs) with polyethylene glycol (PEG), the so-called PEGylation, is the most commonly used method for reducing premature clearance of NPs from the circulation. However, several reports point out that PEGylation may negatively influence the performance of NPs as a drug carrier. Alternative surface modification strategies, including substitute polymers, conditional removal of PEG, and biomimetic surface modification, may provide solutions for the limitations of PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Amoozgar
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Andresen TL. Factors controlling nanoparticle pharmacokinetics: an integrated analysis and perspective. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 52:481-503. [PMID: 22035254 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intravenously injected nanoparticulate drug carriers provide a wide range of unique opportunities for site-specific targeting of therapeutic agents to many areas within the vasculature and beyond. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of these carriers are controlled by a complex array of interrelated core and interfacial physicochemical and biological factors. Pertinent to realizing therapeutic goals, definitive maps that establish the interdependency of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface characteristics in relation to interfacial forces, biodistribution, controlled drug release, excretion, and adverse effects must be outlined. These concepts are critically evaluated and an integrated perspective is provided on the basis of the recent application of nanoscience approaches to nanocarrier design and engineering. The future of this exciting field is bright; some regulatory-approved products are already on the market and many are in late-phase clinical trials. With concomitant advances in extensive computational knowledge of the genomics and epigenomics of interindividual variations in drug responses, the boundaries toward development of personalized nanomedicines can be pushed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moghimi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Bottini M, Rosato N, Bottini N. PEG-Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Biomedicine: Current Status and Challenges Ahead. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3381-93. [PMID: 21916410 DOI: 10.1021/bm201020h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bottini
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines
Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Experimental Medicine
and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Rosato
- Department of Experimental Medicine
and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS-Neuromed Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
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