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Mathure D, Sonawane P, Ranpise H, Awasthi R. Nanoliposomes Embedded Nanocochleates for Codelivery of Artemether and Lumefantrine: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024; 22:63-72. [PMID: 38193797 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial drugs are being encapsulated in nanotechnology-based carriers because there are not enough new treatment options and people are becoming more resistant to the ones that are already available. This approach uses two or more biochemical targets of malarial parasites. The codelivery of artemether and lumefantrine (AL) combines the synergistic effect of artemether for an early onset of action followed by the prolonged effect of lumefantrine. The bioavailability of artemether and lumefantrine is low due to their low solubility. Thus, an alternative lipidic formulation, namely nanocochleate, was developed for the selected drugs by adding calcium ions into preformed nanoliposomes (AL-loaded liposomes). Using phospholipon 90H and cholesterol, a thin-film hydration method produced drug-loaded liposomes. The synthesized AL-loaded liposomes were further incorporated into nanocochleates. The formulations were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo parameters. Nanocochleates had a particle size of 200.7 nm, a zeta potential of -9.4 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 73.12% ± 1.82% and 61.46% ± 0.78%, respectively, for artemether and lumefantrine. Whereas liposomes had a particle size of 210 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 67.34% ± 1.52% and 53.24% ± 0.78%, respectively, for artemether and lumefantrine. An X-ray diffraction study confirmed the amorphous state of artemether and lumefantrine in liposomes and nanocochleate. Nanocochleate showed a controlled release profile for loaded drugs. When compared with free drugs, nanocochleate showed low tissue distribution and a 20-fold increase in bioavailability in rats. Thus, nanocochleate offers an interesting alternative to an existing dosage form for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyandevi Mathure
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Prashant Sonawane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Hemantkumar Ranpise
- Department of Pharmaceutics, RMPs Bhalchandra College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences & Technology, UPES University, Dehradun, India
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Kekani LN, Witika BA. Current advances in nanodrug delivery systems for malaria prevention and treatment. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:66. [PMID: 37382765 PMCID: PMC10409709 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening, blood-borne disease with over two hundred million cases throughout the world and is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa than anywhere else in the world. Over the years, several treatment agents have been developed for malaria; however, most of these active pharmaceutical ingredients exhibit poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability and may result in drug-resistant parasites, thus increasing malaria cases and eventually, deaths. Factors such as these in therapeutics have led to a better appreciation of nanomaterials. The ability of nanomaterials to function as drug carriers with a high loading capacity and targeted drug delivery, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity renders them an appealing alternative to conventional therapy. Nanomaterials such as dendrimers and liposomes have been demonstrated to be capable of enhancing the efficacy of antimalarial drugs. This review discusses the recent development of nanomaterials and their benefits in drug delivery for the potential treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda N Kekani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0208, South Africa
| | - Bwalya A Witika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0208, South Africa.
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Maciver SK, Abdelnasir S, Anwar A, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Modular nanotheranostic agents for protistan parasitic diseases: Magic bullets with tracers. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 253:111541. [PMID: 36603708 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protistan parasitic infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality, causing more than 2 billion human infections annually. However, current treatments are often limited; due to ineffective drugs and drug resistance, thus better options are urgently required. In the present context, theranostics agents are those that offer simultaneous detection, diagnosis and even treatment of protistan parasitic diseases. "Nanotheranostics" is the term used to describe such agents, that are around 100 nm or less in size. Anti-parasitic activity of nanoparticles (NPs) has been reported, and many have useful intrinsic imaging properties, but it is perhaps their multifunctional nature that offers the greatest potential. NPs may be used as adapters onto which various subunits with different functions may be attached. These subunits may facilitate targeting parasites, coupled with toxins to eradicate parasites, and probe subunits for detection of particles and/or parasites. The modular nature of nano-platforms promises a "mix and match" approach for the construction of tailored agents by using combinations of these subunits against different protistan parasites. Even though many of the subunits have shown promise alone, these have not yet been put together convincingly enough to form working theranostics against protistan parasites. Although the clinical application of nanotheranostics to protistan parasitic infections in humans requires more research, we conclude that they offer not just a realisation of Paul Ehrlich's long imagined "magic bullet" concept, but potentially are magic bullets combined with tracer bullets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutherland Kester Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sumayah Abdelnasir
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Vidal-Diniz AT, Guimarães HN, Garcia GM, Braga ÉM, Richard S, Grabe-Guimarães A, Mosqueira VCF. Polyester Nanocapsules for Intravenous Delivery of Artemether: Formulation Development, Antimalarial Efficacy, and Cardioprotective Effects In Vivo. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245503. [PMID: 36559869 PMCID: PMC9786304 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemether (ATM) is an effective antimalarial drug that also has a short half-life in the blood. Furthermore, ATM is also cardiotoxic and is associated with pro-arrhythmogenic risks. We aimed to develop a delivery system enabling the prolonged release of ATM into the blood coupled with reduced cardiotoxicity. To achieve this, we prepared polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) from different biodegradable polyesters, namely poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), and surface-modified NCs, using a monomethoxi-polyethylene glycol-block-poly(D,L-lactide) (PEG5kDa-PLA45kDa) polymer. Using this approach, we were able to encapsulate high yields of ATM (>85%, 0−4 mg/mL) within the oily core of the NCs. The PCL-NCs exhibited the highest percentage of ATM loading as well as a slow release rate. Atomic force microscopy showed nanometric and spherical particles with a narrow size dispersion. We used the PCL NCs loaded with ATM for biological evaluation following IV administration. As with free-ATM, the ATM-PCL-NCs formulation exhibited potent antimalarial efficacy using either the “Four-day test” protocol (ATM total at the end of the 4 daily doses: 40 and 80 mg/kg) in Swiss mice infected with P. berghei or a single low dose (20 mg/kg) of ATM in mice with higher parasitemia (15%). In healthy rats, IV administration of single doses of free-ATM (40 or 80 mg/kg) prolonged cardiac QT and QTc intervals and induced both bradycardia and hypotension. Repeated IV administration of free-ATM (four IV doses at 20 mg/kg every 12 h for 48 h) also prolonged the QT and QTc intervals but, paradoxically, induced tachycardia and hypertension. Remarkably, the incorporation of ATM in ATM-PCL-NCs reduced all adverse effects. In conclusion, the encapsulation of ATM in biodegradable polyester NCs reduces its cardiovascular toxicity without affecting its antimalarial efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Teixeira Vidal-Diniz
- School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Homero Nogueira Guimarães
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Giani Martins Garcia
- School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Érika Martins Braga
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Sylvain Richard
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- PhyMedExp, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve 371, Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, CEDEX 05, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (V.C.F.M.)
| | - Andrea Grabe-Guimarães
- School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira
- School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (V.C.F.M.)
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Pires J, Costa SA, da Silva KP, da Conceição AGB, Reis ÉDM, Sinhorin AP, Branco CLB, Cruz L, Ferrarini SR, Andrade CMB. Artemether-loaded polymeric lipid-core nanocapsules reduce cell viability and alter the antioxidant status of U-87 MG cells. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:892-903. [PMID: 36168940 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2128819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are tumors that present a high mortality rate. Artemether (ART) is a lactone with antitumor properties, demonstrating low bioavailability and water solubility. In the present study, we developed lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC) containing pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) as the oily core for ART-loaded LNCs (LNCART) and evaluated their effect on human glioblastoma cells (U-87 MG). LNCs were developed by interfacial deposition of a preformed polymer, followed by physicochemical characterization. LNCART revealed a diameter of 0.216 µm, polydispersity index of 0.161, zeta potential of -12.0 mV, and a pH of 5.53. Furthermore, mitochondrial viability, proliferation, total antioxidant status, and antioxidant enzyme activity were evaluated. ART reduced cell viability after 24 h and proliferation after 48 h of treatment at concentrations equal to or above 40 µg . mL-1. LNCART, at 1.25 µg . mL-1, reduced these parameters after 24 h of treatment. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was elevated, while glutathione reductase (GR) activity was reduced. These findings suggest that ART loaded into LNC may be a promising alternative to improve its pharmacological action and possible application as a therapeutic agent for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jader Pires
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Suéllen Alves Costa
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Karoline Paiva da Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | | | - Érica de Melo Reis
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Adilson Paulo Sinhorin
- Institute of Natural, Human and Social Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Carmen Lucia Bassi Branco
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Letícia Cruz
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Stela Regina Ferrarini
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Marlise Balbinotti Andrade
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
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Nano-Size Characterization and Antifungal Evaluation of Essential Oil Molecules-Loaded Nanoliposomes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175728. [PMID: 36080492 PMCID: PMC9457754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoliposomes, bilayer vesicles at the nanoscale, are becoming popular because of their safety, patient compliance, high entrapment efficiency, and prompt action. Several notable biological activities of natural essential oils (EOs), including fungal inhibition, are of supreme interest. As developed, multi-compositional nanoliposomes loaded with various concentrations of clove essential oil (CEO) and tea tree oil (TTO) were thoroughly characterized to gain insight into their nano-size distribution. The present work also aimed to reconnoiter the sustainable synthesis conditions to estimate the efficacy of EOs in bulk and EO-loaded nanoliposomes with multi-functional entities. Following a detailed nano-size characterization of in-house fabricated EO-loaded nanoliposomes, the antifungal efficacy was tested by executing the mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) test using Trichophyton rubrum fungi as a test model. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) profile of as-fabricated EO-loaded nanoliposomes revealed the mean size, polydispersity index (PdI), and zeta potential values as 37.12 ± 1.23 nm, 0.377 ± 0.007, and −36.94 ± 0.36 mV, respectively. The sphere-shaped morphology of CEO and TTO-loaded nanoliposomes was confirmed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The existence of characteristic functional bands in all tested counterparts was demonstrated by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Compared to TTO-loaded nanoliposomes, the CEO-loaded nanoliposomes exhibited a maximum entrapment efficacy of 91.57 ± 2.5%. The CEO-loaded nanoliposome fraction, prepared using 1.5 µL/mL concentration, showed the highest MGI of 98.4 ± 0.87% tested against T. rubrum strains compared to the rest of the formulations.
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Azlyna ASN, Ahmad S, Husna SMN, Sarmiento ME, Acosta A, Norazmi MN, Mohamud R, Kadir R. Review: Liposomes in the prophylaxis and treatment of infectious diseases. Life Sci 2022; 305:120734. [PMID: 35760094 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain as one of the major burdens among health communities as well as in the general public despite the advances in prevention and treatment. Although vaccination and vector eliminations have greatly prevented the transmission of these diseases, the effectiveness of these strategies is no longer guaranteed as new challenges such as drug resistance and toxicity as well as the missing effective therapeutics arise. Hence, the development of new tools to manage these challenges is anticipated, in which nano technology using liposomes as effective nanostructure is highly considered. In this review, we concentrate on the advantages of liposomes in the drug delivery system and the development of vaccine in the treatment of three major infectious diseases; tuberculosis (TB), malaria and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Muhamad Nur Husna
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ramlah Kadir
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Review of the Current Landscape of the Potential of Nanotechnology for Future Malaria Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccination Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122189. [PMID: 34959470 PMCID: PMC8706932 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria eradication has for decades been on the global health agenda, but the causative agents of the disease, several species of the protist parasite Plasmodium, have evolved mechanisms to evade vaccine-induced immunity and to rapidly acquire resistance against all drugs entering clinical use. Because classical antimalarial approaches have consistently failed, new strategies must be explored. One of these is nanomedicine, the application of manipulation and fabrication technology in the range of molecular dimensions between 1 and 100 nm, to the development of new medical solutions. Here we review the current state of the art in malaria diagnosis, prevention, and therapy and how nanotechnology is already having an incipient impact in improving them. In the second half of this review, the next generation of antimalarial drugs currently in the clinical pipeline is presented, with a definition of these drugs' target product profiles and an assessment of the potential role of nanotechnology in their development. Opinions extracted from interviews with experts in the fields of nanomedicine, clinical malaria, and the economic landscape of the disease are included to offer a wider scope of the current requirements to win the fight against malaria and of how nanoscience can contribute to achieve them.
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Mehan P, Garg A, Ajay K, Mishra N. Ligand Decorated Primaquine Loaded Nanocarriers for Liver Targeting for Triggered Anti-Malarial Activity. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 14:412-427. [PMID: 33243130 DOI: 10.2174/1874467213999201125220729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current research is to formulate a nano delivery system for effective delivery of primaquine for liver targeting to achieve the potential anti-malarial activity. Another objective of current development is to formulate a lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene based nano delivery of primaquine for liver targeting to distinguish anti-malarial activity. METHOD The particle size, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release pattern, hepatotoxicity, MTT assay, erythrocyte toxicity assay, histopathology study, HepG2 cell uptake study, anti-- malarial study, and organ-distribution was also carried out to estimate the activity and potential features of a nanoparticle system. RESULTS The results obtained from the above analysis justify the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The NMR studies confirm the conjugation pattern and the TEM represents the spherical morphological features of nanoparticles. The controlled release pattern from the in-vitro release study was observed and found to be 73.25% of drug release in 20 hrs and in the nano-size range (61.6± 1.56 nm) by particle size analysis.SGOT level, SGPT, ALP, and Parasitemia level of optimized drug-loaded PEGylated lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene derivatized nanoparticles (FF) was found to lie in the safe range, showing that the formulation is non-toxic to the liver. Primaquine drug-loaded PEGylated lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene polymeric nanoparticles showed higher cell uptake on HepG2 cell lines as compared to the drug-loaded in PEGylated polyphosphazene polymeric nanoparticles and plain drug.Percentage cell viability of drugloaded PEGylated lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene derivatized nanoparticles was decreased by enhancing the concentration of prepared nanoparticle system accessed by MTT assay. CONCLUSION From the studies, it can be concluded that the optimized formulation of drug-loaded PEGylated lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene derivatized nanoparticles showed high liver targeting, least toxicity to the liver, controlled release of the drug, higher anti-malarial activity against hepatocytes at a low dose, more effectiveness, and can be treated as a potential candidate for anti-malarial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjot Mehan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy, Rani Durgavati University Jabalpur, M.P. 482001, India
| | - Kumar Ajay
- Government Pharmacy Institute, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, India
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Rashidzadeh H, Tabatabaei Rezaei SJ, Adyani SM, Abazari M, Rahamooz Haghighi S, Abdollahi H, Ramazani A. Recent advances in targeting malaria with nanotechnology-based drug carriers. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:807-823. [PMID: 34190000 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1948568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, as one of the most common human infectious diseases, remains the greatest global health concern, since approximately 3.5 billion people around the world, especially those in subtropical areas, are at the risk of being infected by malaria. Due to the emergence and spread of drug resistance to the current antimalarials, malaria-related mortality and incidence rates have recently increased. To overcome the aforementioned obstacles, nano-vehicles based on biodegradable, natural, and non-toxic polymers have been developed. Accordingly, these systems are considered as a potential drug vehicle, which due to their unique properties such as the excellent safety profile, good biocompatibility, tunable structure, diversity, and the presence of functional groups within the polymer structure, could facilitate covalent attachment of targeting moieties and antimalarials to the polymeric nano-vehicles. In this review, we highlighted some recent developments of liposomes as unique nanoscale drug delivery vehicles and several polymeric nanovehicles, including hydrogels, dendrimers, self-assembled micelles, and polymer-drug conjugates for the effective delivery of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Rashidzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Laboratory of Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamal Tabatabaei Rezaei
- Laboratory of Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyed Masih Adyani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Morteza Abazari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rahamooz Haghighi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossien Abdollahi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Barbălată CI, Tomuță I, Achim M, Boșca AB, Cherecheș G, Sorițău O, Porfire AS. Application of the QbD Approach in the Development of a Liposomal Formulation with EGCG. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Shah R, Soni T, Shah U, Suhagia BN, Patel MN, Patel T, Gabr GA, Gorain B, Kesharwani P. Formulation development and characterization of lumefantrine nanosuspension for enhanced antimalarial activity. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:833-857. [PMID: 33380264 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1870378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Variable and low oral bioavailability (4-11%) of lumefantrine (LUF), an anti-malarial agent, is characterized by very low solubility in aqueous vehicle. Thus, the present study was intended to formulate lyophilized nanosuspensions of LUF to resolve its solubility issues for the improvement of oral bioavailability. A three level 32 factorial design was applied to analyze the influence of independent variables, concentration of polysorbate 80 (X1) and sonication time (X2) on the responses for dependent variables, particle size (Y1) and time to 90% release of LUF (t90) (Y2). Optimized formulation (F3) has shown to possess lowest particle size (95.34 nm) with minimum t90 value (⁓3 mins), which was lyophilized to obtain the dry powder form of the nanosuspension. The characterization parameters confirmed the amorphous form of LUF with good stability and no chemical interactions of the drug with the incorporated components. Further, saturation solubility study revealed increased solubility of the LUF nanosuspension (1670 µg/mL) when compared to the pure drug (212.33 µg/mL). Further, rate of dissolution of LUF from the nanosuspension formulations were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher when compared to the pure drug. Fabricated lyophilized nanosuspension was found to be stable at 25 ± 2 °C/60 ± 5% RH and 40 ± 2 °C/75 ± 5% RH for the duration of three months. In conclusion, lyophilized nanosuspension showed ∼8-folds increase in drug release, which indicated a better way to offer higher release of LUF in controlling malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripalkumar Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dharamsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India.,Caplin Point Laboratories Limited (R&D), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Tejal Soni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dharamsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Unnati Shah
- Caplin Point Laboratories Limited (R&D), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - B N Suhagia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dharamsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - M N Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dharamsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dharamsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Gamal A Gabr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.,Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selengor, Malaysia.,Centre for Drug Delivery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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13
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Aguilar-Pérez KM, Avilés-Castrillo JI, Medina DI, Parra-Saldivar R, Iqbal HMN. Insight Into Nanoliposomes as Smart Nanocarriers for Greening the Twenty-First Century Biomedical Settings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:579536. [PMID: 33384988 PMCID: PMC7770187 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.579536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The necessity to develop more efficient, biocompatible, patient compliance, and safer treatments in biomedical settings is receiving special attention using nanotechnology as a potential platform to design new drug delivery systems (DDS). Despite the broad range of nanocarrier systems in drug delivery, lack of biocompatibility, poor penetration, low entrapment efficiency, and toxicity are significant challenges that remain to address. Such practices are even more demanding when bioactive agents are intended to be loaded on a nanocarrier system, especially for topical treatment purposes. For the aforesaid reasons, the search for more efficient nano-vesicular systems, such as nanoliposomes, with a high biocompatibility index and controlled releases has increased considerably in the past few decades. Owing to the stratum corneum layer barrier of the skin, the in-practice conventional/conformist drug delivery methods are inefficient, and the effect of the administered therapeutic cues is limited. The current advancement at the nanoscale has transformed the drug delivery sector. Nanoliposomes, as robust nanocarriers, are becoming popular for biomedical applications because of safety, patient compliance, and quick action. Herein, we reviewed state-of-the-art nanoliposomes as a smart and sophisticated drug delivery approach. Following a brief introduction, the drug delivery mechanism of nanoliposomes is discussed with suitable examples for the treatment of numerous diseases with a brief emphasis on fungal infections. The latter half of the work is focused on the applied perspective and clinical translation of nanoliposomes. Furthermore, a detailed overview of clinical applications and future perspectives has been included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
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14
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Akpa PA, Ugwuoke JA, Attama AA, Ugwu CN, Ezeibe EN, Momoh MA, Echezona AC, Kenechukwu FC. Improved antimalarial activity of caprol-based nanostructured lipid carriers encapsulating artemether-lumefantrine for oral administration. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1679-1697. [PMID: 34394228 PMCID: PMC8351851 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i4.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemether and lumefantrine display low aqueous solubility leading to poor release profile; hence the need for the use of lipid-based systems to improve their oral bioavailability so as to improve their therapeutic efficacy. AIM AND OBJECTIVE The objective of this work was to utilize potentials of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for improvement of the oral bioavailability of artemether and lumefantrine combination and to evaluate its efficacy in the treatment of malaria. This study reports a method of formulation, characterization and evaluation of the therapeutic efficacies of caprol-based NLC delivery systems with artemether and lumefantrine. METHOD The artemether-lumefantrine co-loaded NLCs were prepared using the lipid matrix (5% w/w) (containing beeswax and Phospholipon® 90H and Caprol-PGE 860), artemether (0.1%w/w) and lumefantrine (0.6%w/w), sorbitol (4%w/w), Tween® 80(2%w/w as surfactant) and distilled water (q.s to 100%) by high shear homogenization and evaluated for physicochemical performance. The in vivo antimalarial activities of the NLC were tested in chloroquine-sensitive strains of Plasmodium berghei (NK-65) using Peter´s 4-day suppressive protocol in mice and compared with controls. Histopathological studies were also carried out on major organs implicated in malaria. RESULTS The NLC showed fairly polydispersed nano-sized formulation (z-average:188.6 nm; polydispersity index, PDI=0.462) with no major interaction occurring between the components while the in vivo study showed a gradual but sustained drug release from the NLC compared with that seen with chloroquine sulphate and Coartem®. Results of histopathological investigations also revealed more organ damage with the untreated groups than groups treated with the formulations. CONCLUSION This study has shown the potential of caprol-based NLCs for significant improvement in oral bioavailability and hence antimalarial activity of poorly soluble artemether and lumefantrine. Importantly, this would improve patient compliance due to decrease in dosing frequency as a sustained release formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chinenye Nnenna Ugwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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15
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Eissa MM, El-Azzouni MZ, El-Khordagui LK, Abdel Bary A, El-Moslemany RM, Abdel Salam SA. Single oral fixed-dose praziquantel-miltefosine nanocombination for effective control of experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:474. [PMID: 32933556 PMCID: PMC7493353 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The control of schistosomiasis has been centered to date on a single drug, praziquantel, with shortcomings including treatment failure, reinfection, and emergence of drug resistance. Drug repurposing, combination therapy or nanotechnology were explored to improve antischistosomal treatment. The aim of the present study was to utilize a novel combination of the three strategies to improve the therapeutic profile of praziquantel. This was based on a fixed-dose nanocombination of praziquantel and miltefosine, an antischistosomal repurposing candidate, co-loaded at reduced doses into lipid nanocapsules, for single dose oral therapy. Methods Two nanocombinations were prepared to provide 250 mg praziquantel-20 mg miltefosine/kg (higher fixed-dose) or 125 mg praziquantel-10 mg miltefosine/kg (lower fixed-dose), respectively. Their antischistosomal efficacy in comparison with a non-treated control and their praziquantel or miltefosine singly loaded counterparts was assessed in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. A single oral dose of either formulation was administered on the initial day of infection, and on days 21 and 42 post-infection. Scanning electron microscopic, parasitological, and histopathological studies were used for assessment. Preclinical data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukeyʼs post-hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Results Lipid nanocapsules (~ 58 nm) showed high entrapment efficiency of both drugs (> 97%). Compared to singly loaded praziquantel-lipid nanocapsules, the higher nanocombination dose showed a significant increase in antischistosomal efficacy in terms of statistically significant decrease in mean worm burden, particularly against invasive and juvenile worms, and amelioration of hepatic granulomas (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, scanning electron microscopy examination showed extensive dorsal tegumental damage with noticeable deposition of nanostructures. Conclusions The therapeutic profile of praziquantel could be improved by a novel multiple approach integrating drug repurposing, combination therapy and nanotechnology. Multistage activity and amelioration of liver pathology could be achieved by a new praziquantel-miltefosine fixed-dose nanocombination providing 250 mg praziquantel-20 mg miltefosine/kg. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a fixed-dose nano-based combinatorial therapy for schistosomiasis mansoni. Further studies are needed to document the nanocombination safety and explore its prophylactic activity and potential to hinder the onset of resistance to the drug components.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Eissa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mervat Z El-Azzouni
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Labiba K El-Khordagui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Amany Abdel Bary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Riham M El-Moslemany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sara A Abdel Salam
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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16
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Gilani SJ, Imam SS, Ahmed A, Chauhan S, Mirza MA, Taleuzzaman M. Formulation and evaluation of thymoquinone niosomes: application of developed and validated RP-HPLC method in delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1799-1806. [PMID: 31448962 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1660366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, accurate, and sensitive reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the estimation of Thymoquinone (TMQ) in API as well as in noisome. The chromatograms were developed with the mobile phase - water: 2-propanol: methanol (50:45:5 v/v/v) as a solvent system at 254 nm. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for different parameters and the recovery of TMQ was calculated in developed niosomes. Further, TMQ loaded niosomes (TMQNIOS) were prepared and evaluated for different parameters. The optimized TMQNIOS (F3) was further evaluated for surface morphology, in vitro drug release, permeation study, and confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) study. The method showed linearity range between 6.25 and 100 µg/ml with low detection limit and quantitation limit with a value of 2.08 and 6.25 µg/ml. The developed formulations showed the vesicle size and encapsulation efficiency in the range of 157.32 ± 3.15 to 211.44 ± 5.23 nm and 59.32 ± 4.87 to 83.21 ± 3.55%, respectively. The drug release result showed the significant higher release from TMQNIOS in compared to TMQDIS, and the release kinetics data showed Higuchi's equation with highest regression coefficient values. The permeation study and the confocal laser microscopy study further confirmed the enhancement in permeation of TMQ in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University , Saharanpur , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Adil Ahmed
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India
| | - Sanjay Chauhan
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University , Saharanpur , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Mohd Aamir Mirza
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohamad Taleuzzaman
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University , Saharanpur , Uttar Pradesh , India
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17
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Wang L, Zhang Z, Li M, Wang F, Jia Y, Zhang F, Shao J, Chen A, Zheng S. P53-dependent induction of ferroptosis is required for artemether to alleviate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:45-56. [PMID: 30321484 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is recently reported as a new mode of regulated cell death. Its essential characteristics are disturbed redox homeostasis, overloaded iron, and increased lipid peroxidation. However, the role of ferroptosis in liver fibrosis remains poorly understood. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effect of artemether (ART) on ferroptosis in hepatic fibrosis and to further clarify the possible mechanisms. Our data showed that ART treatment markedly attenuated liver injury and reduced fibrotic scar formation in the mouse model of liver fibrosis. Moreover, experiments in vitro also confirmed that ART treatment significantly decreased expression of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation markers. Interestingly, HSCs treated by ART presented morphological features of ferroptosis. Furthermore, ART remarkably triggered ferroptosis by promoting the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxides, whereas inhibition of ferroptosis by specific inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) completely abolished ART-induced antifibrosis effect. More importantly, our discovery determined that tumor suppressor P53 was an upstream molecule in the facilitation of ART-induced HSC ferroptosis. Conversely, knockdown of P53 by siRNA evidently blocked ART-induced HSC ferroptosis in turn exacerbated liver fibrosis. Overall, our findings revealed that P53-dependent induction of ferroptosis is necessary for ART to ameliorate CCl4 -induced hepatic fibrosis and inhibit HSC activation. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(1):45-56, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feixia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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18
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Mhlwatika Z, Aderibigbe BA. Polymeric Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Antimalarials. Molecules 2018; 23:E2527. [PMID: 30279405 PMCID: PMC6222303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite which is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes around tropical and sub-tropical regions. Half of the world's population is at risk of being infected by malaria. This mainly includes children, pregnant women and people living with chronic diseases. The main factor that has contributed to the spread of this disease is the increase in the number of drug-resistant parasites. To overcome drug resistance, researchers have developed drug delivery systems from biodegradable polymers for the loading of antimalarials. The drug delivery systems were characterized by distinct features such as good biocompatibility, high percentage drug encapsulation, reduced drug toxicity and targeted drug delivery. In this review article, we highlight the various types of drug delivery systems developed from polymeric nanocarriers used for the delivery of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandile Mhlwatika
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
| | - Blessing Atim Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
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19
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Yang Y, Gao H, Zhou S, Kuang X, Wang Z, Liu H, Sun J. Optimization and evaluation of lipid emulsions for intravenous co-delivery of artemether and lumefantrine in severe malaria treatment. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1171-1179. [PMID: 29748832 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parenteral therapy for severe and complicated malaria is necessary, but currently available parenteral antimalarials have their own drawbacks. As for recommended artemisinin-based combination therapy, antimalarial artemether and lumefantrine are limited in parenteral delivery due to their poor water solubility. Herein, the aim of this study was to develop the lipid-based emulsions for intravenous co-delivery of artemether and lumefantrine. The lipid emulsion was prepared by high-speed shear and high-pressure homogenization, and the formulations were optimized mainly by monitoring particle size distribution under autoclaved conditions. The final optimal formulation was with uniform particle size distribution (~ 220 nm), high encapsulation efficiency (~ 99%), good physiochemical stability, and acceptable hemolysis potential. The pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that Cmax of artemether and lumefantrine for the optimized lipid emulsions were significantly increased than the injectable solution, which was critical for rapid antimalarial activity. Furthermore, the AUC0-t of artemether and lumefantrine in the lipid emulsion group were 5.01- and 1.39-fold of those from the solution, respectively, suggesting enhanced bioavailability. With these findings, the developed lipid emulsion is a promising alternative parenteral therapy for the malaria treatment, especially for severe or complicated malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxian Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Kuang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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