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Nagano M, Fujimura M, Tada Y, Seko Y. Dietary Fructooligosaccharides Reduce Mercury Levels in the Brain of Mice Exposed to Methylmercury. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:522-527. [PMID: 33790104 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) exposure during pregnancy is a concern because of its potential health risks to fetuses. Intestinal microbiota has important roles in the decomposition and fecal excretion of MeHg. We investigated the effect of nondigestible saccharides on the accumulation and excretion of Hg after MeHg exposure. Female BALB/cByJ mice were fed a basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 5% fructooligosaccharides (FOS) or 2.5% glucomannan. Six weeks after feeding, mice were administered MeHg chloride (4 mg Hg/kg, per os (p.o.)), and urine and feces were collected for 28 d. FOS-fed mice had lower total Hg levels in all tissues (including the brain) compared with that of controls. The glucomannan diet had no effect on tissue Hg levels. No differences in tissue concentrations of inorganic Hg among groups were found. Fecal Hg excretion was markedly higher in FOS-fed mice than that in controls, but urinary Hg excretion was similar. FOS-fed mice had a higher proportion of inorganic Hg in feces than that of controls, with a significant increase in fecal Hg excretion. Analysis of fecal bacterial population showed the relative abundance of Bacteroides in FOS-fed mice to be higher than that in controls. The results suggest that FOS enhanced fecal Hg excretion and decreased tissue Hg levels after MeHg administration, possibly by accelerating MeHg demethylation by intestinal bacteria (the candidate genus Bacteroides). This demethylation also reduces MeHg absorption in the large intestine. In conclusion, daily FOS intake may decrease tissue Hg levels in animals and humans exposed to MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nagano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease
| | - Masatake Fujimura
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease
| | - Yuya Tada
- Department of Environment and Public Health, National Institute for Minamata Disease
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Endo A, Hirano K, Ose R, Maeno S, Tochio T. Impact of kestose supplementation on the healthy adult microbiota in in vitro fecal batch cultures. Anaerobe 2020; 61:102076. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
The fructosyltransferase gene was isolated and cloned from Aspergillus oryzae. The gene was 1368 bp, which encoded a protein of 455 amino acids. To analyze the activity of the expressed fructosyltransferase, the pET32a-fructosyltransferase recombined plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21. The fructosyltransferase gene was successfully expressed by Isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) induction. The molecular weight of the expression protein was about 45 kDa. The optimal conditions of protein expression were 25 °C, 0.1 mM IPTG, and 8 h of inducing time. The optimal concentration of urea dealing with inclusion body was 2.5 M. The expressed protein exhibited a strong fructosyl transfer activity. These results showed that the expressed fructosyltransferas owned transferase activity, and could catalyze the synthesis of sucrose-6-acetate.
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Jinno S, Toshimitsu T, Nakamura Y, Kubota T, Igoshi Y, Ozawa N, Suzuki S, Nakano T, Morita Y, Arima T, Yamaide F, Kohno Y, Masuda K, Shimojo N. Maternal Prebiotic Ingestion Increased the Number of Fecal Bifidobacteria in Pregnant Women but Not in Their Neonates Aged One Month. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030196. [PMID: 28245628 PMCID: PMC5372859 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria. Here, we investigated the effect of maternal FOS ingestion on maternal and neonatal gut bifidobacteria. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we administered 8 g/day of FOS or sucrose to 84 women from the 26th week of gestation to one month after delivery. The bifidobacteria count was detected using quantitative PCR in maternal (26 and 36 weeks of gestation) and neonatal (one month after delivery) stools. Maternal stool frequency was recorded from 24 to 36 weeks of gestation. The number of fecal Bifidobacterium spp. and Bifidobacterium longum in the FOS group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group at 36 weeks of gestation (2.7 × 1010/g vs. 1.1 × 1010/g and 2.3 × 1010/g vs. 9.7 × 109/g). In their neonates, these numbers did not differ between the groups. Also, stool frequency in the FOS group was slightly higher than that in the placebo group two weeks after the intervention (1.0 vs. 0.8 times/day), suggesting a potential constipation alleviation effect. In conclusion, the maternal FOS ingestion showed a bifidogenic effect in pregnant women but not in their neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Jinno
- Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawaara Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-465-37-3674
| | - Takayuki Toshimitsu
- Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawaara Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawaara Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.N.)
| | - Takayuki Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Yuka Igoshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Naoko Ozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, National Shimoshizu Hospital, Chiba 284-0003, Japan;
| | - Taiji Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Yoshinori Morita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Takayasu Arima
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Fumiya Yamaide
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Yoichi Kohno
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | | | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
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Tochio T, Kitaura Y, Nakamura S, Sugawa C, Takahashi M, Endo A, Shimomura Y. An Alteration in the Cecal Microbiota Composition by Feeding of 1-Kestose Results in a Marked Increase in the Cecal Butyrate Content in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166850. [PMID: 27861621 PMCID: PMC5115820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional food ingredients, including prebiotics, have been ardently developed for improving the intestinal environment. Fructooligosaccarides (FOS), including fructans, are the well researched and commercialized prebiotics. However, to our knowledge, few studies have been conducted on the physiological effects of each component of FOS as prebiotics. 1-Kestose, a component of FOS, is composed of one glucose and two fructose molecules, and is considered as a key prebiotic component in short-chain FOS. In the present study, we examined the effects of dietary 1-kestose using 0.5-5% 1-kestose diets on cecal microbiota composition and cecal contents of short-chain fatty acids and lactate in rats. The findings indicate that dietary 1-kestose induced cecal hypertrophy and alterations in the cecal microbiota composition, including a marked increase in the cell number of Bifidobacterium spp. These alterations were associated with significant increases in acetate and lactate, and a marked increase in butyrate in cecal contents. Furthermore, dietary 1-kestose induced a significant decrease in serum insulin concentration in rats fed 2.5-5% 1-kestose diet. These findings suggest a potential of 1-kestose to be a prebiotic for improving the metabolism of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Chie Sugawa
- B Food Science Co., Ltd., Chita, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motoki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Yamamoto Y, Takahahi T, To M, Nakagawa Y, Hayashi T, Shimizu T, Kamata Y, Saruta J, Tsukinoki K. The Salivary IgA Flow Rate Is Increased by High Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Cecum of Rats Ingesting Fructooligosaccharides. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080500. [PMID: 27548207 PMCID: PMC4997413 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) serves as a major effector in mucosal immunity by preventing submucosal invasion of pathogens. However, the mechanism by which consumption of fermentable fibers increases IgA in saliva was not fully elucidated. This study investigated the effects of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) intake and time after feeding on IgA levels in the saliva and cecal digesta and on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the cecum in rats. Five-week-old rats were fed a fiber-free diet or a diet with 50 g/kg FOS for zero, one, four, and eight weeks. Ingestion of FOS at one and eight weeks led to a higher IgA flow rate of saliva per weight of submandibular gland tissue (p < 0.05), which positively correlated with the concentration of SCFA in the cecal digesta (rs = 0.86, p = 0.0006, n = 12), but showed no correlation with the concentration of IgA in the cecal digesta (rs = 0.15, p = 0.3, n = 48). These results suggested that ingestion of FOS increased salivary IgA secretion through high levels of SCFA in the large intestine, which was produced by fermentation of FOS. Thus, continuously ingesting FOS for more than one week could increase secretion of salivary IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- School of Dental Hygiene, Department of Junior College, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Toru Takahahi
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan.
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
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