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Cooper ID, Kyriakidou Y, Petagine L, Edwards K, Soto-Mota A, Brookler K, Elliott BT. Ketosis Suppression and Ageing (KetoSAge) Part 2: The Effect of Suppressing Ketosis on Biomarkers Associated with Ageing, HOMA-IR, Leptin, Osteocalcin, and GLP-1, in Healthy Females. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1553. [PMID: 39062126 PMCID: PMC11274887 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunctions are among the best documented hallmarks of ageing. Cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease, and fragility fractures are diseases of hyperinsulinaemia that reduce life and healthspan. We studied the effect of suppressing ketosis in 10 lean (BMI 20.5 kg/m2 ± 1.4), metabolically healthy, pre-menopausal women (age 32.3 ± 8.9 years) maintaining nutritional ketosis (NK) for an average of 3.9 years (± 2.3) who underwent three 21-day phases: nutritional ketosis (NK; P1), suppressed ketosis (SuK; P2), and returned to NK (P3). Ketosis suppression significantly increased insulin, 1.83-fold (p = 0.0006); glucose, 1.17-fold (p = 0.0088); homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), 2.13-fold (p = 0.0008); leptin, 3.35-fold (p = 0.0010); total osteocalcin, 1.63-fold (p = 0.0138); and uncarboxylated osteocalcin, 1.98-fold (p = 0.0417) and significantly decreased beta-hydroxybutyrate, 13.50-fold (p = 0.0012) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), 2.40-fold (p = 0.0209). Sustained NK showed no adverse health effects and may mitigate hyperinsulinemia. All biomarkers returned to basal P1 levels after removing the intervention for SuK, indicating that metabolic flexibility was maintained with long-term euketonaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella D. Cooper
- Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (Y.K.); (L.P.); (B.T.E.)
| | - Yvoni Kyriakidou
- Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (Y.K.); (L.P.); (B.T.E.)
| | - Lucy Petagine
- Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (Y.K.); (L.P.); (B.T.E.)
| | - Kurtis Edwards
- Cancer Biomarkers and Mechanisms Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK;
| | - Adrian Soto-Mota
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
- School of Medicine, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico City 14380, Mexico
| | - Kenneth Brookler
- Retired former Research Collaborator, Aerospace Medicine and Vestibular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA;
| | - Bradley T. Elliott
- Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (Y.K.); (L.P.); (B.T.E.)
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Otani T, Mizokami A, Takeuchi H, Inai T, Hirata M. The role of adhesion molecules in osteocalcin-induced effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in adipocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119701. [PMID: 38417588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that uncarboxylated osteocalcin (GluOC) promotes glucose and lipid metabolism via its putative receptor GPRC6A; however, its direct effect on adipocytes remains elusive. In this study, we elucidated the effects of GluOC on adipocytes, with an emphasis on the role of cell adhesion molecules. We determined that GluOC promoted the expression of adipocyte adhesion molecule (ACAM) and its transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 and enhanced the cortical actin filament assembly, which ameliorated lipid droplet hypertrophy. Additionally, GluOC upregulated the expression of integrin αVβ3 and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and prevented insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) degradation by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system via the FAK-PLC-PKC axis, which activated IRS1-Akt-mediated glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) transport. Furthermore, we showed that GluOC elevated the expression of the insulin-independent glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT8, which facilitated insulin stimulation-independent glucose transport. The GluOC-induced activation of integrin αVβ3 signaling promoted microtubule assembly, which improved glucose and lipid metabolism via its involvement in intracellular vesicular transport. GluOC treatment also suppressed collagen type 1 formation, which might prevent adipose tissue fibrosis in obese individuals. Overall, our results imply that GluOC promotes glucose and lipid metabolism via ACAM, integrin αVβ3, and GLUT1 and 8 expression, directly affecting adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Otani
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan.
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Inai
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan.
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Mori K, Mizokami A, Sano T, Mukai S, Hiura F, Ayukawa Y, Koyano K, Kanematsu T, Jimi E. RANKL elevation activates the NIK/NF-κB pathway, inducing obesity in ovariectomized mice. J Endocrinol 2022; 254:27-36. [PMID: 35638559 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Menopausal women are susceptible to visceral obesity, which increases the risk of metabolic disorders. However, the mechanisms of menopause-induced visceral fat accumulation are not fully understood. Circulating levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) are elevated in an animal model of menopause. RANKL, a multifunctional cytokine, activates the NF-κB pathway, which serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory responses. Here, we investigated whether RANKL-induced non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation induces inflammation and lipid accumulation in adipose tissues. RANKL induced Tnfa expression via the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in bone marrow cells. We therefore analyzed aly/aly mice, in which the non-canonical NF-κB pathway is not activated, owing to an inactive form of NF-κB-inducing kinase. A postmenopausal obesity model was generated by ovariectomy and subsequent high-fat and high-sucrose diet feeding. In aly/aly mice with postmenopausal obesity, serum RANKL levels were elevated, and hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy were suppressed, resulting in reduced macrophage infiltration and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue. Furthermore, aly/aly mice showed protection from glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, which were observed in ovariectomized WT obese mice. These findings indicate that non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation via serum RANKL elevation contributes to postmenopausal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Mori
- K Mori, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- A Mizokami, Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sano
- T Sano, Department of Cell Biology, Aging Science, and Pharmacology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Mukai
- S Mukai, Department of Health and Nutrition Care, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Hiura
- F Hiura, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ayukawa
- Y Ayukawa, Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistr, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Koyano
- K Koyano, Division of Advanced Dental Devices and Therapeutics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- T Kanematsu, Department of Cell Biology, Aging Science, and Pharmacology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- E Jimi, Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Berger JM, Karsenty G. Osteocalcin and the Physiology of Danger. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:665-680. [PMID: 34913486 PMCID: PMC9020278 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Bone biology has long been driven by the question as to what molecules affect cell differentiation or the functions of bone. Exploring this issue has been an extraordinarily powerful way to improve our knowledge of bone development and physiology. More recently, a second question has emerged: does bone have other functions besides making bone? Addressing this conundrum revealed that the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin affects a surprisingly large number of organs and physiological processes, including acute stress response. This review will focus on this emerging aspect of bone biology taking osteocalcin as a case study and will show how classical and endocrine functions of bone help to define a new functional identity for this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Meyer Berger
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, 10032, USA
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Nanoparticles derived from porcine bone soup attenuate oxidative stress-induced intestinal barrier injury in Caco-2 cell monolayer model. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Ando E, Higashi S, Mizokami A, Watanabe S, Hirata M, Takeuchi H. Osteocalcin promotes proliferation, differentiation, and survival of PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 557:174-179. [PMID: 33865226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the bone matrix protein osteocalcin (OC) in the development of learning and memory, and the prevention of anxiety-like behaviors in mice. However, the direct effects of OC on neurons are still unknown comparing to the mechanism how OC affects systemic energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the effect of OC on proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neurons using the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. RT-PCR analysis for OC receptor candidates revealed that Gpr158, but not Gprc6a, mRNA was expressed in PC12 cells. The growth of PC12 cells cultured in the presence of 5-50 ng/mL of either uncarboxylated (GluOC) or carboxylated (GlaOC) OC was increased compared to cells cultured in the absence of OC. In addition, NGF-induced neurite outgrowth was enhanced by OC, and H2O2-induced cell death was suppressed by pretreatment with OC. All of these results were observed for both GluOC and GlaOC at comparable levels, suggesting that OC may directly affect cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival by binding to its candidate receptor, GPR158.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eika Ando
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Control of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; Division of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Sen Higashi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Control of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
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Mukai S, Mizokami A, Otani T, Sano T, Matsuda M, Chishaki S, Gao J, Kawakubo-Yasukochi T, Tang R, Kanematsu T, Takeuchi H, Jimi E, Hirata M. Adipocyte-specific GPRC6A ablation promotes diet-induced obesity by inhibiting lipolysis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100274. [PMID: 33428938 PMCID: PMC7949034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein–coupled receptor GPRC6A regulates various physiological processes in response to its interaction with multiple ligands, such as extracellular basic amino acids, divalent cations, testosterone, and the uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin (GluOC). Global ablation of GPRC6A increases the susceptibility of mice to diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders. However, given that GPRC6A is expressed in many tissues and responds to a variety of hormonal and nutritional signals, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of metabolic disorders in conventional knockout mice have remained unclear. On the basis of our previous observation that long-term oral administration of GluOC markedly reduced adipocyte size and improved glucose tolerance in WT mice, we examined whether GPRC6A signaling in adipose tissue might be responsible for prevention of metabolic disorders. We thus generated adipocyte-specific GPRC6A knockout mice, and we found that these animals manifested increased adipose tissue weight, adipocyte hypertrophy, and adipose tissue inflammation when fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet compared with control mice. These effects were associated with reduced lipolytic activity because of downregulation of lipolytic enzymes such as adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue of the conditional knockout mice. Given that, among GPR6CA ligands tested, GluOC and ornithine increased the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a manner dependent on GPRC6A, our results suggest that the constitutive activation of GPRC6A signaling in adipocytes by GluOC or ornithine plays a key role in adipose lipid handling and the prevention of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Mukai
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Health and Nutrition care, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takahito Otani
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sano
- Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miho Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sakura Chishaki
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jing Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Ronghao Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Otani T, Mizokami A, Kawakubo-Yasukochi T, Takeuchi H, Inai T, Hirata M. The roles of osteocalcin in lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and liver. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100752. [PMID: 32992234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone provides skeletal support and functions as an endocrine organ by producing osteocalcin, whose uncarboxylated form (GluOC) increases the metabolism of glucose and lipid by activating its putative G protein-coupled receptor (family C group 6 subtype A). Low doses (≤10 ng/ml) of GluOC induce the expression of adiponectin, adipose triglyceride lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and promote active phosphorylation of lipolytic enzymes such as perilipin and hormone-sensitive lipase via the cAMP-PKA-Src-Rap1-ERK-CREB signaling axis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Administration of high-dose (≥20 ng/ml) GluOC induces programmed necrosis (necroptosis) through a juxtacrine mechanism triggered by the binding of Fas ligand, whose expression is induced by forkhead box O1, to Fas that is expressed in adjacent adipocytes. Furthermore, expression of adiponectin and adipose triglyceride lipase in adipocytes is triggered in the same manner as following low-dose GluOC stimulation; these effects protect mice from diet-induced accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes and consequent liver injury through the upregulation of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2, expression of antioxidant enzymes, and inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Evaluation of these molecular mechanisms leads us to consider that GluOC might have potential as a treatment for lipid metabolism disorders. Indeed, there have been many reports demonstrating the negative correlation between serum osteocalcin levels and obesity or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a common risk factor for which is dyslipidemia in humans. The present review summarizes the effects of GluOC on lipid metabolism as well as its possible therapeutic application for metabolic diseases including obesity and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Otani
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Inai
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan; Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan.
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Karsenty G. The facts of the matter: What is a hormone? PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008938. [PMID: 32589668 PMCID: PMC7319275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Abstract
Abstract
The bones form the framework of our body. We know that bones protect our vital organs, regulate calcium and phosphorous homeostasis, and function as a site of erythropoiesis. More recently, however, the identification of bone hormones has allowed us to envision bones as endocrine organs too. Within the last few years, the bone hormones osteocalcin and lipocalin 2 have been implicated with glucose and energy metabolism. We systematically reviewed articles surrounding this subject and found a clear relationship between the osteocalcin levels and glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. We also found that many journals have shown the detrimental effects of an absences of lipocalin 2 from adipocytes. As osteocalcin administration to mice showed decreased blood glucose levels and promoted glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Future studies could perhaps explore the use of osteocalcin as a supplement for type 2 diabetes.
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Otani T, Matsuda M, Mizokami A, Kitagawa N, Takeuchi H, Jimi E, Inai T, Hirata M. Osteocalcin triggers Fas/FasL-mediated necroptosis in adipocytes via activation of p300. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1194. [PMID: 30546087 PMCID: PMC6294257 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin (GluOC) regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. We previously showed that low-dose (≤10 ng/ml) GluOC induces the expression of adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) via a cAMP-PKA-ERK-CREB signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We also noticed that high-dose (≥20 ng/ml) GluOC inhibits the expression of adiponectin and PPARγ in these cells. We have here explored the mechanism underlying these effects of high-dose GluOC. High-dose GluOC triggered morphological changes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes suggestive of the induction of cell death. It activated the putative GluOC receptor GPRC6A and thereby induced the production of cAMP and activation of protein kinase A (PKA), similar to signaling by low-dose GluOC with the exception that the catalytic subunit of PKA also entered the nucleus. Cytosolic PKA induced phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) at serine-133 via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Nuclear PKA appeared to mediate the inhibitory phosphorylation of salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) at serine-358 and thereby to alleviate the inhibitory phosphorylation of the CREB co-activator p300 at serine-89. The activation of CREB and p300 resulted in increased expression of the transcription factor FoxO1 and consequent upregulation of Fas ligand (FasL) at the plasma membrane. The interaction of FasL with Fas on neighboring adipocytes triggered the phosphorylation at threonine-357/serine-358 and homotrimerization of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), a key regulator of necroptosis, as well as Ca2+ influx via transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides, and dephosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) at serine-637, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation. Together, our results indicate that high-dose GluOC triggers necroptosis through upregulation of FasL at the plasma membrane in a manner dependent of activation of CREB-p300, followed by the activation of Fas signaling in neighboring adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Otani
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Miho Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Kitagawa
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Inai
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- School of Dental Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan.
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Ke L, Wang H, Gao G, Rao P, He L, Zhou J. Direct interaction of food derived colloidal micro/nano-particles with oral macrophages. NPJ Sci Food 2017; 1:3. [PMID: 31304245 PMCID: PMC6548417 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-017-0003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Like any typical food system, bone soup (or broth), a traditional nourishing food in many cultures, contains a colloid dispersion of self-assembled micro/nano-particles. Food ingestion results in the direct contact of food colloidal MNPs with immune cells. Will they ever interact with each other? To answer the question, MNPs and NPs were separated from porcine bone soup and labeled with Nile Red, and their uptake by murine oral macrophages and its consequent effects were investigated. Colloidal particle samples of UF-MNPs and SEC-NP were prepared from porcine bone soup by ultrafiltration (UF) and size-exclusion chromatography, respectively. Their mean hydrodynamic diameters were 248 ± 10 nm and 170 ± 1 nm with dominant composition of protein and lipid. Particles in both samples were found to be internalized by oral macrophages upon co-incubation at particle/cell ratios of 14,000/1. In normal oral macrophages, the particle uptake exerted influence neither on the cellular cytosolic membrane potential (V mem) nor mitochondrial superoxide level, as were indicated with fluorescent dyes of DiBAC4(3) and MitoSOX Red, respectively. However, when oral macrophages were challenged by peroxyl radical inducer AAPH, the engulfment of UF-MNPs and SEC-NPs mitigated the peroxyl radical induced membrane hyperpolarization effect by up to 70%, and the suppression on the oxygen respiration in mitochondria by up to 100%. Those results provide evidence of the direct interaction between food colloidal particles with immune cells, implying a possible new mode of food-body interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Ke
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanzhen Gao
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei He
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwu Zhou
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Osteocalcin and its endocrine functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 132:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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