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Numazawa R, Tanaka Y, Nishioka S, Tsuji R, Maeda H, Tanaka M, Takeuchi M, Yamagata Y. Aspergillus oryzae PrtR alters transcription of individual peptidase genes in response to the growth environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:90. [PMID: 38204127 PMCID: PMC10781853 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae PrtR is an ortholog of the transcription factor PrtT, which positively regulates the transcription of extracellular peptidase genes in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. To identify the genes under the control of PrtR and elucidate its regulatory mechanism in A. oryzae, prtR gene disruption mutants were generated. The control strain clearly showed a halo on media containing skim milk as the nitrogen source, whereas the ΔprtR strain formed a smaller halo. Measurement of acid peptidase activity revealed that approximately 84% of acidic endopeptidase and 86% of carboxypeptidase activities are positively regulated by PrtR. As the transcription of the prtR gene varied depending on culture conditions, especially with or without a protein substrate, it was considered that its transcription would be regulated in response to a nitrogen source. In addition, contrary to previous expectations, PrtR was found to act both in promoting and repressing the transcription of extracellular peptidase genes. The mode of regulation varied from gene to gene. Some genes were regulated in the same manner in both liquid and solid cultures, whereas others were regulated in different ways depending on the culture conditions. Furthermore, PrtR has been suggested to regulate the transcription of peptidase genes that are closely associated with other transcription factors. KEY POINTS: • Almost all peptidase genes in Aspergillus oryzae are positively regulated by PrtR • However, several genes are regulated negatively by PrtR • PrtR optimizes transcription of peptidase genes in response to culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Numazawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Yukako Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Sawako Nishioka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Tsuji
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Michio Takeuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
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John E, Verdonk C, Singh KB, Oliver RP, Lenzo L, Morikawa S, Soyer JL, Muria-Gonzalez J, Soo D, Mousley C, Jacques S, Tan KC. Regulatory insight for a Zn2Cys6 transcription factor controlling effector-mediated virulence in a fungal pathogen of wheat. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012536. [PMID: 39312592 PMCID: PMC11419344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of virulence in plant-pathogenic fungi has emerged as a key area of importance underlying host infections. Recent work has highlighted individual transcription factors (TFs) that serve important roles. A prominent example is PnPf2, a member of the Zn2Cys6 family of fungal TFs, which controls the expression of effectors and other virulence-associated genes in Parastagonospora nodorum during infection of wheat. PnPf2 orthologues are similarly important for other major fungal pathogens during infection of their respective host plants, and have also been shown to control polysaccharide metabolism in model saprophytes. In each case, the direct genomic targets and associated regulatory mechanisms were unknown. Significant insight was made here by investigating PnPf2 through chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and mutagenesis approaches in P. nodorum. Two distinct binding motifs were characterised as positive regulatory elements and direct PnPf2 targets identified. These encompass known effectors and other components associated with the P. nodorum pathogenic lifestyle, such as carbohydrate-active enzymes and nutrient assimilators. The results support a direct involvement of PnPf2 in coordinating virulence on wheat. Other prominent PnPf2 targets included TF-encoding genes. While novel functions were observed for the TFs PnPro1, PnAda1, PnEbr1 and the carbon-catabolite repressor PnCreA, our investigation upheld PnPf2 as the predominant transcriptional regulator characterised in terms of direct and specific coordination of virulence on wheat, and provides important mechanistic insights that may be conserved for homologous TFs in other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Callum Verdonk
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Karam B. Singh
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Perth, Australia
| | - Richard P. Oliver
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Lenzo
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Shota Morikawa
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jessica L. Soyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jordi Muria-Gonzalez
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel Soo
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Carl Mousley
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Silke Jacques
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Kar-Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Fujita S, Tada H, Matsuura Y, Hiramoto T, Tanaka M, Shintani T, Gomi K. Glucose-induced endocytic degradation of the maltose transporter MalP is mediated through ubiquitination by the HECT-ubiquitin ligase HulA and its adaptor CreD in Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 173:103909. [PMID: 38885923 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, large amounts of amylolytic enzymes are inducibly produced by isomaltose, which is converted from maltose incorporated via the maltose transporter MalP. In contrast, the preferred sugar glucose strongly represses the expression of both amylolytic and malP genes through carbon catabolite repression. Simultaneously, the addition of glucose triggers the endocytic degradation of MalP on the plasma membrane. In budding yeast, the signal-dependent ubiquitin modification of plasma membrane transporters leads to selective endocytosis into the vacuole for degradation. In addition, during glucose-induced MalP degradation, the homologous of E6AP C-terminus-type E3 ubiquitin ligase (HulA) is responsible for the ubiquitin modification of MalP, and the arrestin-like protein CreD is required for HulA targeting. Although CreD-mediated MalP internalization occurs in response to glucose, the mechanism by which CreD regulates HulA-dependent MalP ubiquitination remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that three (P/L)PxY motifs present in the CreD protein are essential for functioning as HulA adaptors so that HulA can recognize MalP in response to glucose stimulation, enabling MalP internalization. Furthermore, four lysine residues (three highly conserved among Aspergillus species and yeast and one conserved among Aspergillus species) of CreD were found to be necessary for its ubiquitination, resulting in efficient glucose-induced MalP endocytosis. The results of this study pave the way for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of MalP endocytic degradation through ubiquitination by the HulA-CreD complex at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoki Fujita
- Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hinako Tada
- Laboratory of Fungal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuka Matsuura
- Laboratory of Fungal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hiramoto
- Laboratory of Fungal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shintani
- Laboratory of Fungal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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Sun Z, Wu Y, Long S, Feng S, Jia X, Hu Y, Ma M, Liu J, Zeng B. Aspergillus oryzae as a Cell Factory: Research and Applications in Industrial Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:248. [PMID: 38667919 PMCID: PMC11051239 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae, a biosafe strain widely utilized in bioproduction and fermentation technology, exhibits a robust hydrolytic enzyme secretion system. Therefore, it is frequently employed as a cell factory for industrial enzyme production. Moreover, A. oryzae has the ability to synthesize various secondary metabolites, such as kojic acid and L-malic acid. Nevertheless, the complex secretion system and protein expression regulation mechanism of A. oryzae pose challenges for expressing numerous heterologous products. By leveraging synthetic biology and novel genetic engineering techniques, A. oryzae has emerged as an ideal candidate for constructing cell factories. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest advancements in the application of A. oryzae-based cell factories in industrial production. These studies suggest that metabolic engineering and optimization of protein expression regulation are key elements in realizing the widespread industrial application of A. oryzae cell factories. It is anticipated that this review will pave the way for more effective approaches and research avenues in the future implementation of A. oryzae cell factories in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.S.); (S.F.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Yijian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Shihua Long
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sai Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.S.); (S.F.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Xiao Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Yan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Maomao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Jingxin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
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Tanaka M. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of genes encoding secretory proteins in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:381-388. [PMID: 38211972 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae, also known as the yellow koji mold, produces various hydrolytic enzymes that are widely used in different industries. Its high capacity to produce secretory proteins makes this filamentous fungus a suitable host for heterologous protein production. Amylolytic gene promoter is widely used to express heterologous genes in A. oryzae. The expression of this promoter is strictly regulated by several transcription factors, whose activation involves various factors. Furthermore, the expression levels of amylolytic and heterologous genes are post-transcriptionally regulated by mRNA degradation mechanisms in response to aberrant transcriptional termination or endoplasmic reticulum stress. This review discusses the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling the expression of genes encoding secretory proteins in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Maini Rekdal V, van der Luijt CRB, Chen Y, Kakumanu R, Baidoo EEK, Petzold CJ, Cruz-Morales P, Keasling JD. Edible mycelium bioengineered for enhanced nutritional value and sensory appeal using a modular synthetic biology toolkit. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2099. [PMID: 38485948 PMCID: PMC10940619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are critical in the transition to a more sustainable food system. While genetic modification of these organisms has promise for enhancing the nutritional value, sensory appeal, and scalability of fungal foods, genetic tools and demonstrated use cases for bioengineered food production by edible strains are lacking. Here, we develop a modular synthetic biology toolkit for Aspergillus oryzae, an edible fungus used in fermented foods, protein production, and meat alternatives. Our toolkit includes a CRISPR-Cas9 method for gene integration, neutral loci, and tunable promoters. We use these tools to elevate intracellular levels of the nutraceutical ergothioneine and the flavor-and color molecule heme in the edible biomass. The strain overproducing heme is red in color and is readily formulated into imitation meat patties with minimal processing. These findings highlight the promise of synthetic biology to enhance fungal foods and provide useful genetic tools for applications in food production and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vayu Maini Rekdal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Casper R B van der Luijt
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ramu Kakumanu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Pablo Cruz-Morales
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Senoo S, Shintani T, Nieda S, Shintani T, Kariyama M, Gomi K. Construction of self-cloning Aspergillus oryzae strains with high production of multiple biomass-degrading enzymes on solid-state culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:204-210. [PMID: 38242757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce numerous industrially important enzymes. Among them, Aspergillus oryzae-derived enzymes are widely used in various fermentation applications. In this study, we constructed self-cloning strains that overproduce multiple biomass-degrading enzymes under the control of a strong promoter of α-amylase-coding gene (amyB) using the industrial strain A. oryzae AOK11. Two strains (strains 2-4 and 3-26) were introduced with different combinations of genes encoding xylanase (xynG1), phytase (phyA), pectin lyase (pelA), and polygalacturonase (pgaB). These strains had at least one copy of each enzyme gene derived from the expression cassette in the genome. The transcription levels of enzyme-coding genes introduced were more than 100-fold higher than those in the parent strain. Reflecting the high transcription levels, the activities of the enzymes derived from the expression cassettes of these two strains were significantly higher than those of the parent strain in both liquid and solid-state cultures. Even in ventilated solid-state cultures that were scaled up using mechanical equipment for practical applications, the two strains showed significantly higher enzyme activity than the parent strain. These results indicate that these strains constructed using a safe self-cloning technique represent industrially valuable practical strains that can be used in the food and livestock industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Senoo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; Process Development Division, Fujiwara Techno-Art Co., Ltd., 2827-3 Tomiyoshi, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1133, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Shintani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shoko Nieda
- Process Development Division, Fujiwara Techno-Art Co., Ltd., 2827-3 Tomiyoshi, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1133, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shintani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kariyama
- Process Development Division, Fujiwara Techno-Art Co., Ltd., 2827-3 Tomiyoshi, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1133, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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Matsuzawa T. Plant polysaccharide degradation-related enzymes in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:276-282. [PMID: 38066701 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Plants synthesize large amounts of stored and structural polysaccharides. Aspergillus oryzae is used in traditional Japanese fermentation and produces many types of plant polysaccharide degradation-related enzymes. The carbohydrate-active enzymes of A. oryzae are important in the fermentation process and biotechnological applications. Because plant polysaccharides have a complex structure, cooperative and synergistic actions of enzymes are crucial for the degradation of plant polysaccharides. For example, the cooperative action of isoprimeverose-producing oligoxyloglucan hydrolase, β-galactosidase, and α-xylosidase is important for the degradation of xyloglucan, and A. oryzae coordinates these enzymes at the expression level. In this review, I focus on the plant polysaccharide degradation-related enzymes identified in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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9
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Matsuzawa T, Nakamichi Y, Shimada N. Identification and Characterization of Novel Intracellular α-Xylosidase in Aspergillus oryzae. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2023; 70:119-125. [PMID: 38239767 PMCID: PMC10792220 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2023_0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Xylosidase releases xylopyranosyl side chains from xyloglucan oligosaccharides and is vital for xyloglucan degradation. Previously, we identified and characterized two α-xylosidases, intracellular AxyA and extracellular AxyB, in Aspergillus oryzae. In this study, we identified a third α-xylosidase, termed AxyC, in A. oryzae. These three A. oryzae α-xylosidases belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 31, but there are clear differences in substrate specificity. Both AxyA and AxyB showed much higher hydrolytic activity toward isoprimeverose (α-D-xylopyranosyl-1,6-glucose) than p-nitrophenyl α-D-xylopyranoside. In contrast, the specific activity of AxyC toward the p-nitrophenyl substrate was approximately 950-fold higher than that toward isoprimeverose. Our study revealed that there are multiple α-xylosidases with different substrate specificities in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University
| | - Yusuke Nakamichi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Naoki Shimada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University
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10
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Li Q, Lu J, Liu J, Li J, Zhang G, Du G, Chen J. High-throughput droplet microfluidics screening and genome sequencing analysis for improved amylase-producing Aspergillus oryzae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:185. [PMID: 38031105 PMCID: PMC10685594 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exceptional protein secretion capacity, intricate post-translational modification processes, and inherent safety features of A. oryzae make it a promising expression system. However, heterologous protein expression levels of existing A. oryzae species cannot meet the requirement for industrial-scale production. Therefore, establishing an efficient screening technology is significant for the development of the A. oryzae expression system. RESULTS In this work, a high-throughput screening method suitable for A. oryzae has been established by combining the microfluidic system and flow cytometry. Its screening efficiency can reach 350 droplets per minute. The diameter of the microdroplet was enlarged to 290 µm to adapt to the polar growth of A. oryzae hyphae. Through enrichment and screening from approximately 450,000 droplets within 2 weeks, a high-producing strain with α-amylase increased by 6.6 times was successfully obtained. Furthermore, 29 mutated genes were identified by genome resequencing of high-yield strains, with 15 genes subjected to editing and validation. Two genes may individually influence α-amylase expression in A. oryzae by affecting membrane-associated multicellular processes and regulating the transcription of related genes. CONCLUSIONS The developed high-throughput screening strategy provides a reference for other filamentous fungi and Streptomyces. Besides, the strains with different excellent characteristics obtained by efficient screening can also provide materials for the analysis of genetic and regulatory mechanisms in the A. oryzae expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinchang Lu
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingya Liu
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Tanaka M, Zhang S, Sato S, Yokota JI, Sugiyama Y, Kawarasaki Y, Yamagata Y, Gomi K, Shintani T. Physiological ER stress caused by amylase production induces regulated Ire1-dependent mRNA decay in Aspergillus oryzae. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1009. [PMID: 37794162 PMCID: PMC10551036 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated Ire1-dependent decay (RIDD) is a feedback mechanism in which the endoribonuclease Ire1 cleaves endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized mRNAs encoding secretory and membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells under ER stress. RIDD is artificially induced by chemicals that generate ER stress; however, its importance under physiological conditions remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the occurrence of RIDD in filamentous fungus using Aspergillus oryzae as a model, which secretes copious amounts of amylases. α-Amylase mRNA was rapidly degraded by IreA, an Ire1 ortholog, depending on its ER-associated translation when mycelia were treated with dithiothreitol, an ER-stress inducer. The mRNA encoding maltose permease MalP, a prerequisite for the induction of amylolytic genes, was also identified as an RIDD target. Importantly, RIDD of malP mRNA is triggered by inducing amylase production without any artificial ER stress inducer. Our data provide the evidence that RIDD occurs in eukaryotic microorganisms under physiological ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Silai Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shun Sato
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yokota
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yuko Sugiyama
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kawarasaki
- Biomolecular Engineering Laboratory, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
- Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Shintani
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
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12
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Kadooka C, Tanaka Y, Hira D, Maruyama JI, Goto M, Oka T. Identification of galactofuranose antigens such as galactomannoproteins and fungal-type galactomannan from the yellow koji fungus ( Aspergillus oryzae). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1110996. [PMID: 36814571 PMCID: PMC9939772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus are known to possess galactomannan in their cell walls. Galactomannan is highly antigenic to humans and has been reported to be involved in the pathogenicity of pathogenic filamentous fungi, such as A. fumigatus, and in immune responses. In this study, we aimed to confirm the presence of D-galactofuranose-containing glycans and to clarify the biosynthesis of D-galactofuranose-containing glycans in Aspergillus oryzae, a yellow koji fungus. We found that the galactofuranose antigen is also present in A. oryzae. Deletion of ugmA, which encodes UDP-galactopyranose mutase in A. oryzae, suppressed mycelial elongation, suggesting that D-galactofuranose-containing glycans play an important role in cell wall integrity in A. oryzae. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry revealed that the galactofuranose-containing sugar chain was deficient and that core mannan backbone structures were present in ΔugmA A. oryzae, indicating the presence of fungal-type galactomannan in the cell wall fraction of A. oryzae. The findings of this study provide new insights into the cell wall structure of A. oryzae, which is essential for the production of fermented foods in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kadooka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tanaka
- Division of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hira
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Maruyama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Goto
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Takuji Oka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan,*Correspondence: Takuji Oka,
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13
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Li Q, Lu J, Zhang G, Zhou J, Li J, Du G, Chen J. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Multiplexed Genome Editing in Aspergillus oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:109. [PMID: 36675930 PMCID: PMC9864741 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae has great potential and competitive advantages to be developed as an excellent expression system, owing to its powerful protein secretion ability, complex post-translational modification, and safety characteristics. However, the low efficiency of genetic modification and gene function analysis is an urgent problem to be solved in A. oryzae and other filamentous fungal systems. Therefore, establishing efficient genetic transformation and multiplexed genome editing tools is significant for developing A. oryzae expression systems, and revealing its intrinsic mechanisms. In this study, the high-efficiency transformation of A. oryzae was achieved by optimizing the preparation conditions of protoplasts, and the random editing efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in A. oryzae for single and double genes reached 37.6% and 19.8%, respectively. With the aid of the selection marker, such as color or resistance, the editing efficiency of single and double genes can reach 100%. Based on the developed CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing method, the heterologous lipase gene (TLL) achieves precise integration at different genetic loci in one step. The efficient and accurate acquisition of positive transformants indicated that the morphological gene yA could be used as a helpful selection marker for genome editing in A. oryzae. In conclusion, the developed system improves the efficiency of transformation and multiplexed genome editing for A. oryzae. It provides a practical method for developing the A. oryzae high-efficiency expression system for heterologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinchang Lu
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
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14
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Structural basis for proteolytic processing of Aspergillus sojae α-glucosidase L with strong transglucosylation activity. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Futagami T. The white koji fungus Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:574-584. [PMID: 35238900 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The white koji fungus, Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii, is used in the production of shochu, a traditional Japanese distilled spirit. White koji fungus plays an important role in the shochu production process by supplying amylolytic enzymes such as α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes convert starch contained in primary ingredients such as rice, barley, buckwheat, and sweet potato into glucose, which is subsequently utilized by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol. White koji fungus also secretes large amounts of citric acid, which lowers the pH of the shochu mash, thereby preventing the growth of undesired microbes and enabling stable production of shochu in relatively warm regions of Japan. This review describes the historical background, research tools, and recent advances in studies of the mechanism of citric acid production by white koji fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Futagami
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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16
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Akamatsu F, Fujii T, Igi Y, Fujita A, Yamada O, Isogai A. Different carbon isotopic compositions of CO2 in sparkling sake using natural and exogenous carbonation methods. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Characterization of an extracellular α-xylosidase involved in xyloglucan degradation in Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:675-687. [PMID: 34971412 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
α-Xylosidases release the α-D-xylopyranosyl side chain from di- and oligosaccharides derived from xyloglucans and are involved in xyloglucan degradation. In this study, an extracellular α-xylosidase, named AxyB, is identified and characterized in Aspergillus oryzae. AxyB belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 31 and releases D-xylose from isoprimeverose (α-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-D-glucopyranose) and xyloglucan oligosaccharides. In the hydrolysis of xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XLLG, Glc4Xyl3Gal2 nonasaccharide; XLXG/XXLG, Glc4Xyl3Gal1 octasaccharide; and XXXG, Glc4Xyl3 heptasaccharide), AxyB releases one molecule of the xylopyranosyl side chain attached to the non-reducing end of the β-1,4-glucan main chain of these xyloglucan oligosaccharides to yield GLLG (Glc4Xyl2Gal2), GLXG/GXLG (Glc4Xyl2Gal1), and GXXG (Glc4Xyl2). A. oryzae has both extracellular and intracellular α-xylosidase, suggesting that xyloglucan oligosaccharides are degraded by a combination of isoprimeverose-producing oligoxyloglucan hydrolase and intracellular α-xylosidase and a combination of extracellular α-xylosidase and β-glucosidase(s) in A. oryzae. KEY POINTS: • An extracellular α-xylosidase, AxyB, is identified in Aspergillus oryzae. • AxyB releases the xylopyranosyl side chain from xyloglucan oligosaccharides. • Different sets of glycosidases degrade xyloglucan oligosaccharides in A. oryzae.
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18
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Identification and characterization of a novel gene Aokap1 involved in growth and kojic acid synthesis in Aspergillus oryzae. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Braia M, Cabezudo I, Barrera VL, Anselmi P, Meini MR, Romanini D. An optimization approach to the bioconversion of flour mill waste to α-amylase enzyme by Aspergillus oryzae. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Morita Y, Katakura Y, Takegawa K, Higuchi Y. Correlative Localization Analysis Between mRNA and Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein-Fused Protein by a Single-Molecule Fluorescence in situ Hybridization Using an egfp Probe in Aspergillus oryzae. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:721398. [PMID: 37744096 PMCID: PMC10512357 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.721398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Although subcellular localization analysis of proteins fused with enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) has been widely conducted in filamentous fungi, little is known about the localization of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding the EGFP-fused proteins. In this study, we performed single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) using an egfp probe to simultaneously visualize EGFP-fused proteins and their mRNAs in the hyphal cells of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. We investigated the subcellular localization of mRNAs encoding cytoplasmic EGFP, an actin marker protein Lifeact tagged with EGFP, and several EGFP-fused proteins AoSec22, AoSnc1, AoVam3, and AoUapC that localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the apical vesicle cluster Spitzenkörper, vacuolar membrane, and plasma membrane, respectively. Visualization of these mRNAs by smFISH demonstrated that each mRNA exhibited distinct localization patterns likely depending on the mRNA sequence. In particular, we revealed that mRNAs encoding Lifeact-EGFP, EGFP-AoSec22, EGFP-AoVam3, and AoUapC-EGFP, but not cytoplasmic EGFP and EGFP-AoSnc1, were preferentially localized at the apical cell, suggesting certain mechanisms to regulate the existence of these transcripts among hyphal regions. Our findings provide the distinct localization information of each mRNA in the hyphal cells of A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Ichikawa T, Tanaka M, Watanabe T, Zhan S, Watanabe A, Shintani T, Gomi K. Crucial role of the intracellular α-glucosidase MalT in the activation of the transcription factor AmyR essential for amylolytic gene expression in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2076-2083. [PMID: 34245563 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of the intracellular α-glucosidase gene malT, which is part of the maltose-utilizing cluster (MAL cluster) together with malR and malP, in amylolytic gene expression in Aspergillus oryzae. malT disruption severely affected fungal growth on medium containing maltose or starch. Furthermore, the transcription level of the α-amylase gene was significantly reduced by malT disruption. Given that the transcription factor AmyR responsible for amylolytic gene expression is activated by isomaltose converted from maltose incorporated into the cells, MalT may have transglycosylation activity that converts maltose to isomaltose. Indeed, transglycosylated products such as isomaltose/maltotriose and panose were generated from the substrate maltose by MalT purified from a malT-overexpressing strain. The results of this study, taken together, suggests that MalT plays a pivotal role in AmyR activation via its transglycosylation activity that converts maltose to the physiological inducer isomaltose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takayasu Watanabe
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Sitong Zhan
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shintani
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Department of Bioindustrial Informatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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22
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Higuchi Y. Membrane Traffic in Aspergillus oryzae and Related Filamentous Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070534. [PMID: 34356913 PMCID: PMC8303533 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrially important filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, known as the yellow Koji mold and also designated the Japanese National fungus, has been investigated for understanding the intracellular membrane trafficking machinery due to the great ability of valuable enzyme production. The underlying molecular mechanisms of the secretory pathway delineate the main secretion route from the hyphal tip via the vesicle cluster Spitzenkörper, but also there is a growing body of evidence that septum-directed and unconventional secretion occurs in A. oryzae hyphal cells. Moreover, not only the secretory pathway but also the endocytic pathway is crucial for protein secretion, especially having a role in apical endocytic recycling. As a hallmark of multicellular filamentous fungal cells, endocytic organelles early endosome and vacuole are quite dynamic: the former exhibits constant long-range motility through the hyphal cells and the latter displays pleiomorphic structures in each hyphal region. These characteristics are thought to have physiological roles, such as supporting protein secretion and transporting nutrients. This review summarizes molecular and physiological mechanisms of membrane traffic, i.e., secretory and endocytic pathways, in A. oryzae and related filamentous fungi and describes the further potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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23
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Hayashi K, Kajiwara Y, Futagami T, Goto M, Takashita H. Making Traditional Japanese Distilled Liquor, Shochu and Awamori, and the Contribution of White and Black Koji Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:517. [PMID: 34203379 PMCID: PMC8306306 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Japanese single distilled liquor, which uses koji and yeast with designated ingredients, is called "honkaku shochu." It is made using local agricultural products and has several types, including barley shochu, sweet potato shochu, rice shochu, and buckwheat shochu. In the case of honkaku shochu, black koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis) or white koji fungus (Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii) is used to (1) saccharify the starch contained in the ingredients, (2) produce citric acid to prevent microbial spoilage, and (3) give the liquor its unique flavor. In order to make delicious shochu, when cultivating koji fungus during the shochu production process, we use a unique temperature control method to ensure that these three important elements, which greatly affect the taste of the produced liquor, are balanced without any excess or deficiency. This review describes in detail the production method of honkaku shochu, a distilled spirit unique to Japan and whose market is expected to expand worldwide, with special attention paid to the koji fungi cultivation step. Furthermore, we describe the history of the koji fungi used today in the production of shochu, and we provide a thorough explanation of the characteristics of each koji fungi. We also report the latest research progress on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hayashi
- Sanwa Research Institute, Sanwa Shurui Co., Ltd., Usa 879-0495, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Yasuhiro Kajiwara
- Sanwa Research Institute, Sanwa Shurui Co., Ltd., Usa 879-0495, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Taiki Futagami
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Masatoshi Goto
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hideharu Takashita
- Sanwa Research Institute, Sanwa Shurui Co., Ltd., Usa 879-0495, Japan; (Y.K.); (H.T.)
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24
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Expression profiles of amylolytic genes in AmyR and CreA transcription factor deletion mutants of the black koji mold Aspergillus luchuensis. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:321-326. [PMID: 34176737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The black koji mold, Aspergillus luchuensis, which belongs to Aspergillus section Nigri, is used for the production of traditional Japanese spirits (shochu) mainly in the southern districts of Japan. This mold is known to produce amylolytic enzymes essential for shochu production; however, mechanisms regulating amylolytic gene expression in A. luchuensis have not been studied in as much detail as those in the yellow koji mold, Aspergillus oryzae. Here, we examined the gene expression profiles of deletion mutants of transcription factors orthologous to A. oryzae AmyR and CreA in A. luchuensis. A. luchuensis produces acid-unstable (AmyA) and acid-stable (AsaA) α-amylases. AmyA production and amyA gene expression were not influenced by amyR or creA deletion, indicating that amyA was constitutively expressed. In contrast, asaA gene expression was significantly down- and upregulated upon deletion of amyR and creA, respectively. Furthermore, the glaA and agdA genes (encoding glucoamylase and α-glucosidase, respectively) showed expression profiles similar to those of asaA. Thus, genes that play pivotal roles in starch saccharification, asaA, glaA, and agdA, were found to be regulated by AmyR and CreA. Moreover, despite previous reports on AsaA being only produced in solid-state culture, deletion of the ortholog of A. oryzae flbC, which is involved in the expression of the solid-state culture-specific genes, did not affect AsaA α-amylase activity, suggesting that FlbC was not associated with asaA expression.
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Daba GM, Mostafa FA, Elkhateeb WA. The ancient koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) as a modern biotechnological tool. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:52. [PMID: 38650252 PMCID: PMC10992763 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae) is a filamentous micro-fungus that is used from centuries in fermentation of different foods in many countries all over the world. This valuable fungus is also a rich source of many bioactive secondary metabolites. Moreover, A. oryzae has a prestigious secretory system that allows it to secrete high concentrations of proteins into its culturing medium, which support its use as biotechnological tool in veterinary, food, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields. This review aims to highlight the significance of this valuable fungus in food industry, showing its generosity in production of nutritional and bioactive metabolites that enrich food fermented by it. Also, using A. oryzae as a biotechnological tool in the field of enzymes production was described. Furthermore, domestication, functional genomics, and contributions of A. oryzae in functional production of human pharmaceutical proteins were presented. Finally, future prospects in order to get more benefits from A. oryzae were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghoson M Daba
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.
| | - Faten A Mostafa
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.
| | - Waill A Elkhateeb
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt
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Tanaka M, Gomi K. Induction and Repression of Hydrolase Genes in Aspergillus oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:677603. [PMID: 34108952 PMCID: PMC8180590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.677603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, also known as yellow koji mold, produces high levels of hydrolases such as amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes. This property of producing large amounts of hydrolases is one of the reasons why A. oryzae has been used in the production of traditional Japanese fermented foods and beverages. A wide variety of hydrolases produced by A. oryzae have been used in the food industry. The expression of hydrolase genes is induced by the presence of certain substrates, and various transcription factors that regulate such expression have been identified. In contrast, in the presence of glucose, the expression of the glycosyl hydrolase gene is generally repressed by carbon catabolite repression (CCR), which is mediated by the transcription factor CreA and ubiquitination/deubiquitination factors. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the regulation of hydrolase gene expression, including CCR, in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tanaka
- Biomolecular Engineering Laboratory, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Ogawa M, Wada H, Yoshimura T, Sato A, Fukuda R, Koyama Y, Horiuchi H. Deletion of Aspergillus nidulans cpsA/rseA induces increased extracellular hydrolase production in solid-state culture partly through the high osmolarity glycerol pathway. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:589-598. [PMID: 33827772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Koji molds, such as Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojae, are used in the food industry in East Asia and have been explored for the large-scale production of extracellular hydrolases. We previously found that the deletion of a gene encoding a putative GT2 glycosyltransferase increased production of extracellular hydrolases in A. sojae. The gene was named rseA (regulator of the secretory enzyme A). We predicted that intracellular signaling pathways were involved in the increased production of hydrolases in the ΔrseA mutant of A. sojae. However, little has been reported on molecular biological knowledge about A. sojae. Hence, Aspergillus nidulans, a typical model organism used in molecular biology, was employed for the functional characterization of rseA in this study. Deletion of the rseA ortholog in A. nidulans induced increased extracellular production of hydrolases under the solid-state cultivation condition, similar to that in A. sojae. The involvement of the cell wall integrity pathway and the high osmolarity glycerol pathway in ΔrseA was further investigated. The results indicated that the HOG pathway played an important role in the increased extracellular production of hydrolases caused by the deletion of the rseA gene. rseA ortholog in A. nidulans was identical to cpsA, which was reported to function as a regulator of mycotoxin production, morphogenesis, and cell wall biosynthesis. However, this is the first study reporting that rseA/cpsA regulates extracellular hydrolase production in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ogawa
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Noda Institute for Scientific Research, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Wada
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Taro Yoshimura
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Ryouichi Fukuda
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yasuji Koyama
- Noda Institute for Scientific Research, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Enzymatic degradation of xyloglucans by Aspergillus species: a comparative view of this genus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2701-2711. [PMID: 33760931 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus species are closely associated with humanity through fermentation, infectious disease, and mycotoxin contamination of food. Members of this genus produce various enzymes to degrade plant polysaccharides, including starch, cellulose, xylan, and xyloglucan. This review focus on the machinery of the xyloglucan degradation using glycoside hydrolases, such as xyloglucanases, isoprimeverose-producing oligoxyloglucan hydrolases, and α-xylosidases, in Aspergillus species. Some xyloglucan degradation-related glycoside hydrolases are well conserved in this genus; however, other enzymes are not. Cooperative actions of these glycoside hydrolases are crucial for xyloglucan degradation in Aspergillus species. KEY POINTS: •Xyloglucan degradation-related enzymes of Aspergillus species are reviewed. •Each Aspergillus species possesses a different set of glycoside hydrolases. •The machinery of xyloglucan degradation of A. oryzae is overviewed.
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Jin FJ, Hu S, Wang BT, Jin L. Advances in Genetic Engineering Technology and Its Application in the Industrial Fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644404. [PMID: 33708187 PMCID: PMC7940364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae is an important strain in the traditional fermentation and food processing industries and is often used in the production of soy sauce, soybean paste, and liquor-making. In addition, A. oryzae has a strong capacity to secrete large amounts of hydrolytic enzymes; therefore, it has also been used in the enzyme industry as a cell factory for the production of numerous native and heterologous enzymes. However, the production and secretion of foreign proteins by A. oryzae are often limited by numerous bottlenecks that occur during transcription, translation, protein folding, translocation, degradation, transport, secretion, etc. The existence of these problems makes it difficult to achieve the desired target in the production of foreign proteins by A. oryzae. In recent years, with the decipherment of the whole genome sequence, basic research and genetic engineering technologies related to the production and utilization of A. oryzae have been well developed, such as the improvement of homologous recombination efficiency, application of selectable marker genes, development of large chromosome deletion technology, utilization of hyphal fusion techniques, and application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing systems. The development and establishment of these genetic engineering technologies provided a great deal of technical support for the industrial production and application of A. oryzae. This paper reviews the advances in basic research and genetic engineering technologies of the fermentation strain A. oryzae mentioned above to open up more effective ways and research space for the breeding of A. oryzae production strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Jin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bao-Teng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Jin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Yamashita M, Tsujikami M, Murata S, Kobayashi T, Shimizu M, Kato M. Artificial AmyR::XlnR transcription factor induces α-amylase production in response to non-edible xylan-containing hemicellulosic biomass. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 145:109762. [PMID: 33750542 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi belonging to the Aspergillus genus are one of the most favored microorganisms for industrial enzyme production because they can secrete large amounts of proteins into the culture medium. α-Amylase, an enzyme produced by Aspergillus species, is important for food and industrial applications. The production of α-amylase is induced by starch, mainly obtained from the edible biomass; however, the increasing demand for foods is limiting the application of the latter. Therefore, it is expected that using the non-edible biomass, such as rice straw, could improve the competition for industrial application starch containing resources. The transcription factor AmyR activates the transcription of amylolytic enzyme genes, while the transcription factor XlnR activates the transcription of xylanolytic enzyme genes in response to xylose. In this study, we aimed to construct an artificial AmyR::XlnR transcription factor (AXTF) by replacing the DNA-binding domain (1-159 amino acids) of XlnR with that (1-68 aa) of AmyR, which is capable of inducing amylolytic enzyme production in response to xylan-containing hemicellulosic biomass. The chimeric transcription factor AXTF was constructed and expressed using the gapA promoter in the amyR-deficient mutant strain SA1. When the AXTF strain was cultured in the minimal medium containing xylose as the carbon source, the amyB, amyF, agdB, and agdE transcription levels were 41.1-, 11.3-, 37.9-, and 23.7-fold higher, respectively, than those of the wild-type strain. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in the culture supernatant of the AXTF strain grown with xylose for 48 h were 696.6 and 536.1 U/mL, respectively, while these activities were not detected in the culture supernatant of the wild-type and SA1 strains. When rice straw hydrolysate was used as a carbon source, the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were 590.2 and 362.7 U/mL, respectively. Thus, we successfully generated an Aspergillus nidulans strain showing amylolytic enzyme production in response to non-edible xylan-containing hemicellulosic biomass by transforming it with the chimeric transcription factor AXTF. Furthermore, the use of genes encoding engineered transcription factors is advantageous because introducing such genes into an industrial Aspergillus strain has similar simultaneous effects on multiple amylase genes controlled by AmyR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miharu Yamashita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Masaya Tsujikami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Murata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Shimizu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan.
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Tanaka M, Ito K, Matsuura T, Kawarasaki Y, Gomi K. Identification and distinct regulation of three di/tripeptide transporters in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 85:452-463. [DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The uptake of di/tripeptides is mediated by the proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT) family. In this study, 3 POT family transporters, designated PotA, PotB, and PotC were identified in Aspergillus oryzae. Growth comparison of deletion mutants of these transporter genes suggested that PotB and PotC are responsible for di/tripeptide uptake. PotA, which had the highest sequence similarity to yeast POT (Ptr2), contributed little to the uptake. Nitrogen starvation induced potB and potC expression, but not potA expression. When 3 dipeptides were provided as nitrogen sources, the expression profiles of these genes were different. PrtR, a transcription factor that regulates proteolytic genes, was involved in regulation of potA and potB but not in potC expression. Only potC expression levels were dramatically reduced by disruption of ubrA, an orthologue of yeast ubiquitin ligase UBR1 responsible for PTR2 expression. Expression of individual POT genes is apparently controlled by different regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tanaka
- Biomolecular Engineering Laboratory, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kawarasaki
- Biomolecular Engineering Laboratory, School of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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Higuchi Y, Takegawa K. Single-Molecule FISH Reveals Subcellular Localization of α-Amylase and Actin mRNAs in the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:578862. [PMID: 33072046 PMCID: PMC7536267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.578862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The machinery for mRNA localization is one of crucial molecular structures allowing cellular spatiotemporal organization of protein synthesis. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying mRNA localization have been thoroughly investigated in unicellular organisms, little is known about multicellular and multinuclear filamentous fungi. Here, we conducted single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to first visualize the mRNA molecules of α-amylase, which are encoded by amyB, and which are thought to be abundantly secreted from the hyphal tips of the industrially important fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Consistent with previous biochemical studies, fluorescein amidite (FAM) fluorescence derived from amyB expression was observed in A. oryzae hyphae cultured in a minimal medium containing maltose instead of glucose as the sole carbon source. Moreover, after more than 1 h incubation with fresh maltose-containing medium, the fluorescence of amyB mRNAs was observed throughout the cells, suggesting α-amylase secretion potentially from each cell, instead of the hyphal tip only. Furthermore, in cultures with complete medium containing maltose, amyB mRNAs were excluded from the tip regions, where no nuclei exist. In contrast, mRNAs of actin, encoded by actA, were localized mainly to the tip, where actin proteins also preferentially reside. Collectively, our smFISH analyses revealed distinct localization patterns of α-amylase and actin mRNAs in A. oryzae hyphal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Synergistic Effect of Multiple Saccharifying Enzymes on Alcoholic Fermentation for Chinese Baijiu Production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00013-20. [PMID: 32060021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00013-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Jiuqu (fermentation starter) provides saccharifying enzymes for baijiu (Chinese liquor) fermentation, which undergoes a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. However, the key saccharifying enzymes associated with alcoholic fermentation from Jiuqu and their effects on ethanol production remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified 51 carbohydrate hydrolases in baijiu fermentation by metaproteomics analysis. Through source-tracking analysis, approximately 80% of carbohydrate hydrolases in the baijiu fermentation were provided by Jiuqu Among these enzymes, alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3), from Aspergillus, Rhizomucor, and Rhizopus, were positively related to starch hydrolysis and ethanol production, indicating that they were the key saccharifying enzymes associated with alcoholic fermentation in the baijiu fermentation. Moreover, a combined mixture of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase (in a ratio of 1:6, wt/wt) enhanced ethanol production in a simulative baijiu fermentation under laboratory conditions. This result revealed a synergistic effect of multiple saccharifying enzymes on ethanol production in baijiu fermentation. Our study provides a potential approach to improve the efficiency of saccharification and alcoholic fermentation by optimizing the profile of saccharifying enzymes for fermentation of baijiu and other beverages.IMPORTANCE Jiuqu starter provides enzymes to the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process of baijiu (Chinese liquor) production; however, the key saccharifying enzymes associated with alcoholic fermentation from Jiuqu and their effects on ethanol production remain unclear. We confirmed that Jiuqu was the main source of carbohydrate hydrolases for baijiu fermentation and identified two types of saccharifying enzymes from multiple microbes as the key enzymes associated with alcoholic fermentation. Moreover, a proper combination of multiple saccharifying enzymes could enhance ethanol production in baijiu fermentation. This combination provides an approach to optimize the profile of saccharifying enzymes for enhancing ethanol production in baijiu and other food fermentations.
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Miyamoto A, Kadooka C, Mori K, Tagawa Y, Okutsu K, Yoshizaki Y, Takamine K, Goto M, Tamaki H, Futagami T. Sirtuin SirD is involved in α-amylase activity and citric acid production in Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii during a solid-state fermentation process. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 129:454-466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Melnichuk N, Braia MJ, Anselmi PA, Meini MR, Romanini D. Valorization of two agroindustrial wastes to produce alpha-amylase enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae by solid-state fermentation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 106:155-161. [PMID: 32220823 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The global amount of soybean and wheat produced is about 350 and 750 million metric tons every year, respectively. In consequence, huge amounts of waste are produced from them. The aim of this work was to employ two wastes -soybean husk and flour mill waste- to produce high quantities of alpha-amylase enzyme. The substrate composition and the culture conditions were assayed to improve alpha-amylase production by solid-state fermentation employing the fungus Aspergillus oryzae. The maximum productivity of the enzyme was achieved using a culture substrate composed of the two wastes, at 45% soybean husk and 55% flour mill by-product, without pre-treatment, at an incubation temperature of 30 °C. The optimal incubation time (6 days), yielded a very high alpha-amylase activity (47,000 U/g dry substrate) at low-cost. The enzymatic extract obtained was characterized by LC-MS, providing a complete profile of the proteins produced during the solid-state fermentation on these two wastes. Then, the extract was purified in a single-step by size-exclusion chromatography and the recovery and the purification factor of alpha-amylase enzyme were about 83% and 6, respectively. The system was scaled up 50 times and yielded a similar enzymatic activity (45,900 U/g of dry substrate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Melnichuk
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Tecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mauricio J Braia
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Tecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Anselmi
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - María-Rocío Meini
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina; Área Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diana Romanini
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos (IPROBYQ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Tecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
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LaeA Controls Citric Acid Production through Regulation of the Citrate Exporter-Encoding cexA Gene in Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01950-19. [PMID: 31862728 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01950-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative methyltransferase LaeA is a global regulator of metabolic and development processes in filamentous fungi. We characterized the homologous laeA genes of the white koji fungus Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii (A. kawachii) to determine their role in citric acid hyperproduction. The ΔlaeA strain exhibited a significant reduction in citric acid production. Cap analysis gene expression (CAGE) revealed that laeA is required for the expression of a putative citrate exporter-encoding cexA gene, which is critical for citric acid production. Deficient citric acid production by a ΔlaeA strain was rescued by the overexpression of cexA to a level comparable with that of a cexA-overexpressing ΔcexA strain. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) analysis indicated that LaeA regulates the expression of cexA via methylation levels of the histones H3K4 and H3K9. These results indicate that LaeA is involved in citric acid production through epigenetic regulation of cexA in A. kawachii IMPORTANCE A. kawachii has been traditionally used for production of the distilled spirit shochu in Japan. Citric acid produced by A. kawachii plays an important role in preventing microbial contamination during the shochu fermentation process. This study characterized homologous laeA genes; using CAGE, complementation tests, and ChIP-qPCR, it was found that laeA is required for citric acid production through the regulation of cexA in A. kawachii The epigenetic regulation of citric acid production elucidated in this study will be useful for controlling the fermentation processes of shochu.
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Alternative transcription start sites of the enolase-encoding gene enoA are stringently used in glycolytic/gluconeogenic conditions in Aspergillus oryzae. Curr Genet 2020; 66:729-747. [PMID: 32072240 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression using alternative transcription start sites (TSSs) is an important transcriptional regulatory mechanism for environmental responses in eukaryotes. Here, we identify two alternative TSSs in the enolase-encoding gene (enoA) in Aspergillus oryzae, an industrially important filamentous fungus. TSS use in enoA is strictly dependent on the difference in glycolytic and gluconeogenic carbon sources. Transcription from the upstream TSS (uTSS) or downstream TSS (dTSS) predominantly occurs under gluconeogenic or glycolytic conditions, respectively. In addition to enoA, most glycolytic genes involved in reversible reactions possess alternative TSSs. The fbaA gene, which encodes fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, also shows stringent alternative TSS selection, similar to enoA. Alignment of promoter sequences of enolase-encoding genes in Aspergillus predicted two conserved regions that contain a putative cis-element required for enoA transcription from each TSS. However, uTSS-mediated transcription of the acuN gene, an enoA ortholog in Aspergillus nidulans, is not strictly dependent on carbon source, unlike enoA. Furthermore, enoA transcript levels in glycolytic conditions are higher than in gluconeogenic conditions. Conversely, acuN is more highly transcribed in gluconeogenic conditions. This suggests that the stringent usage of alternative TSSs and higher transcription in glycolytic conditions in enoA may reflect that the A. oryzae evolutionary genetic background was domesticated by exclusive growth in starch-rich environments. These findings provide novel insights into the complexity and diversity of transcriptional regulation of glycolytic/gluconeogenic genes among Aspergilli.
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Akamatsu F, Igi Y, Fujita A. Separation and Purification of Glucose in Sake for Carbon Stable Isotope Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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