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Wang F, Neumann D, Kapsokalyvas D, Hoes MF, Schianchi F, Glatz JFC, Nabben M, Luiken JJFP. Specific Compounds Derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine Ameliorate Lipid-Induced Contractile Dysfunction in Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8131. [PMID: 39125700 PMCID: PMC11311577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic lipid overconsumption, associated with the Western diet, causes excessive cardiac lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and contractile dysfunction, altogether termed lipotoxic cardiomyopathy (LCM). Existing treatments for LCM are limited. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been shown as beneficial in diabetes and its complications. The following compounds-Resveratrol, Quercetin, Berberine, Baicalein, and Isorhamnetin-derived from TCM and often used to treat type 2 diabetes. However, virtually nothing is known about their effects in the lipid-overexposed heart. Lipid-induced insulin resistance was generated in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and adult rat cardiomyocytes by 24 h exposure to high palmitate. Upon simultaneous treatment with each of the TCM compounds, we measured myocellular lipid accumulation, insulin-stimulated fatty acid and glucose uptake, phosphorylation levels of AKT and ERK1/2, plasma membrane appearance of GLUT4 and CD36, and expression of oxidative stress-/inflammation-related genes and contractility. In lipid-overloaded cardiomyocytes, all the selected TCM compounds prevented lipid accumulation. These compounds also preserved insulin-stimulated CD36 and GLUT4 translocation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in an Akt-independent manner. Moreover, all the TCM compounds prevented and restored lipid-induced contractile dysfunction. Finally, some (not all) of the TCM compounds inhibited oxidative stress-related SIRT3 expression, and others reduced inflammatory TNFα expression. Their ability to restore CD36 trafficking makes all these TCM compounds attractive natural supplements for LCM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.W.); (D.K.); (F.S.); (J.J.F.P.L.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (M.F.H.)
| | - Dietbert Neumann
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (M.F.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitris Kapsokalyvas
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.W.); (D.K.); (F.S.); (J.J.F.P.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research IZKF, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martijn F. Hoes
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (M.F.H.)
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Francesco Schianchi
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.W.); (D.K.); (F.S.); (J.J.F.P.L.)
| | - Jan F. C. Glatz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Miranda Nabben
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.W.); (D.K.); (F.S.); (J.J.F.P.L.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (M.F.H.)
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Joost J. F. P. Luiken
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.W.); (D.K.); (F.S.); (J.J.F.P.L.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Sakai M, Ohnishi K, Masuda M, Harumoto E, Fukuda T, Ohnishi A, Ishii S, Ohminami H, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Ohashi K, Itakura E, Horikawa K, Yonemura S, Hara T, Taketani Y. Modulations of the mTORC2-GATA3 axis by an isorhamnetin activated endosomal-lysosomal system of the J774.1 macrophage-like cell line. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 75:24-32. [PMID: 39070537 PMCID: PMC11273268 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.24-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosomal-lysosomal system represents a crucial degradation pathway for various extracellular substances, and its dysfunction is linked to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This degradation process involves multiple steps: (1) the uptake of extracellular molecules, (2) transport of cargos to lysosomes, and (3) digestion by lysosomal enzymes. While cellular uptake and lysosomal function are reportedly regulated by the mTORC1-TFEB axis, the key regulatory signal for cargo transport remains unclear. Notably, our previous study discovered that isorhamnetin, a dietary flavonoid, enhances endosomal-lysosomal proteolysis in the J774.1 cell line independently of the mTORC1-TFEB axis. This finding suggests the involvement of another signal in the mechanism of isorhamnetin. This study analyzes the molecular mechanism of isorhamnetin using transcriptome analysis and reveals that the transcription factor GATA3 plays a critical role in enhanced endosomal-lysosomal degradation. Our data also demonstrate that mTORC2 regulates GATA3 nuclear translocation, and the mTORC2-GATA3 axis alters endosomal formation and maturation, facilitating the efficient transport of cargos to lysosomes. This study suggests that the mTORC2-GATA3 axis might be a novel target for the degradation of abnormal substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Sakai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kohta Ohnishi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Erika Harumoto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Teppei Fukuda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Aika Ohnishi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ishii
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ohminami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Doshisha Women College of Liberal Arts, Teramachi-Nishi-iru, Imadegawa-Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0893, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ohashi
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-cho, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Eisuke Itakura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Horikawa
- Department of Optical Imaging, Advanced Research Promotion Center, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Food and Life Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Taketani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Yang R, Wang D, Ding Y, Liu Q. Exploring biomarkers for autophagy-mediated macrophage pyroptosis in atherosclerosis. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1905-1925. [PMID: 37641197 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study tried to investigate the macrophage autophagy-related pyroptosis in atherosclerosis. The gene expression omnibus (GEO) dataset of GSE100927 was used for differentially expressed genes (DEG) screening, gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), CIBERSORT, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), receiver operating characteristic (ROC), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and correlation analysis, and GSE159677 was used for single-cell analysis, all conducted in R software. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) was constructed in STRING and analyzed in Cytoscape. Transcription factors, drugs, and tissue co-expression network were explored in NetworkAnalyst. A total of 110 autophagy-related DEG (DEATG) were identified, and GO/KEGG revealed the top items enriched in autophagy, phagosome and lysosome. CIBERSORT showed 11 cell types were markedly differentially expressed (p < .05). WGCNA found the turquoise and yellow module were positively correlated with macrophage M0 (corr = 0.5, P = 6e-6) and M2 (corr = 0.54, P = 1e-6), respectively. Then 35 immune-related DEATG were identified, and functional analysis showed immune effector process, interleukin-6 and myeloid cell activation were enriched besides autophagy. PPI and MCC algorithm identified 6 hub genes in regulating macrophage-related autophagy, and ROC indicated high prediction value (area under curve = 0.961). GSEA enriched 6 common pathways associated with autophagy and atherosclerosis pathogenesis, and immune correlation suggested these hub genes were correlated with macrophages M0/M1, monocytes and T cells. Then venn plot found 3 central genes in mediating macrophage autophagy-associated pyroptosis in atherosclerosis, and single-cell analysis demonstrated cell distribution, then validated in THPA human samples. Our data discovered hub genes responsible for macrophage autophagy-mediated pyroptosis in atherosclerosis, and functional analysis with immune cell distribution evidenced their high phenotype-trait prediction value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Yang
- Department of cardiovascular disease, The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of cardiovascular disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of cardiovascular disease, The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China
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Fang F, Xiao C, Li C, Liu X, Li S. Tuning macrophages for atherosclerosis treatment. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac103. [PMID: 36683743 PMCID: PMC9845526 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and a leading cause of death worldwide. Macrophages play an important role in inflammatory responses, cell-cell communications, plaque growth and plaque rupture in atherosclerotic lesions. Here, we review the sources, functions and complex phenotypes of macrophages in the progression of atherosclerosis, and discuss the recent approaches in modulating macrophage phenotype and autophagy for atherosclerosis treatment. We then focus on the drug delivery strategies that target macrophages or use macrophage membrane-coated particles to deliver therapeutics to the lesion sites. These biomaterial-based approaches that target, modulate or engineer macrophages have broad applications for disease therapies and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Crystal Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Chunli Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Flavonoids regulate tumor-associated macrophages - From structure-activity relationship to clinical potential (Review). Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106419. [PMID: 36041653 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the strategy for tumor therapy has changed from focusing on the direct killing effect of different types of therapeutic agents on cancer cells to the new mainstream of multi-mode and -pathway combined interventions in the microenvironment of the developing tumor. Flavonoids, with unique tricyclic structures, have diverse and extensive immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immunosuppressive cells in the TME. The regulation of macrophages to fight cancer is a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. This study covers the most comprehensive cognition of flavonoids in regulating TAMs so far. Far more than a simple list of studies, we try to dig out evidence of crosstalk at the molecular level between flavonoids and TAMs from literature, in order to discuss the most relevant chemical structure and its possible relationship with the multimodal pharmacological activity, as well as systematically build a structure-activity relationship between flavonoids and TAMs. Additionally, we point out the advantages of the macro-control of flavonoids in the TME and discuss the potential clinical implications as well as areas for future research of flavonoids in regulating TAMs. These results will provide hopeful directions for the research of antitumor drugs, while providing new ideas for the pharmaceutical industry to develop more effective forms of flavonoids.
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Errachid A, Nohawica M, Wyganowska-Swiatkowska M. A comprehensive review of the influence of Epigallocatechin gallate on Sjögren's syndrome associated molecular regulators of exocytosis (Review). Biomed Rep 2021; 15:95. [PMID: 34631050 PMCID: PMC8493546 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the salivary glands, leading to reduced secretory functions and oral and ocular dryness. The salivary glands are composed of acinar cells that are responsible for the secretion and production of secretory granules, which contain salivary components, such as amylase, mucins and immunoglobulins. This secretion process involves secretory vesicle trafficking, docking, priming and membrane fusion. A failure during any of the steps in exocytosis in the salivary glands results in the altered secretion of saliva. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptors, actin, tight junctions and aquaporin 5 all serve an important role in the trafficking regulation of secretory vesicles in the secretion of saliva via exocytosis. Alterations in the expression and distribution of these selected proteins leads to salivary gland dysfunction, including SS. Several studies have demonstrated that green tea polyphenols, most notably Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), possess both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in normal human cells. Molecular, cellular and animal studies have indicated that EGCG can provide protective effects against autoimmune and inflammatory reactions in salivary glands in diseases such as SS. The aim of the present article is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review on the possible therapeutic interactions between EGCG and the selected molecular mechanisms associated with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmounaim Errachid
- Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, 60-812 Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland.,Earth and Life Institute, University Catholique of Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Michal Nohawica
- Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, 60-812 Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland
| | - Marzena Wyganowska-Swiatkowska
- Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, 60-812 Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland
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Ohnishi K, Yano S, Fujimoto M, Sakai M, Harumoto E, Furuichi A, Masuda M, Ohminami H, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Hara T, Taketani Y. Identification of Dietary Phytochemicals Capable of Enhancing the Autophagy Flux in HeLa and Caco-2 Human Cell Lines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121193. [PMID: 33261065 PMCID: PMC7760668 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation system for intracellular macromolecules. Its decline with age or obesity is related to the onset and development of various intractable diseases. Although dietary phytochemicals are expected to enhance autophagy for preventive medicine, few studies have addressed their effects on the autophagy flux, which is the focus of the current study. Herein, 67 dietary phytochemicals were screened using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-red fluorescent protein (RFP)-LC3ΔG probe for the quantitative assessment of autophagic degradation. Among them, isorhamnetin, chrysoeriol, 2,2',4'-trihydroxychalcone, and zerumbone enhanced the autophagy flux in HeLa cells. Meanwhile, analysis of the structure-activity relationships indicated that the 3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy group on the B-ring in the flavone skeleton and an ortho-phenolic group on the chalcone B-ring were crucial for phytochemicals activities. These active compounds were also effective in colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells, and some of them increased the expression of p62 protein, a typical substrate of autophagic proteolysis, indicating that phytochemicals impact p62 levels in autophagy-dependent and/or -independent manners. In addition, these compounds were characterized by distinct modes of action. While isorhamnetin and chrysoeriol enhanced autophagy in an mTOR signaling-dependent manner, the actions of 2,2',4'-trihydroxychalcone and zerumbone were independent of mTOR signaling. Hence, these dietary phytochemicals may prove effective as potential preventive or therapeutic strategies for lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Ohnishi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
- Correspondence: (K.O.); (T.H.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +81-88-633-9595 (K.O. & Y.T.); +81-4-2947-6763 (T.H.)
| | - Satoshi Yano
- Laboratory of Food and Life Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan;
| | - Moe Fujimoto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Maiko Sakai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Erika Harumoto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Airi Furuichi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Hirokazu Ohminami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Food and Life Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan;
- Correspondence: (K.O.); (T.H.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +81-88-633-9595 (K.O. & Y.T.); +81-4-2947-6763 (T.H.)
| | - Yutaka Taketani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
- Correspondence: (K.O.); (T.H.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +81-88-633-9595 (K.O. & Y.T.); +81-4-2947-6763 (T.H.)
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