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Calderón-García AÁ, López-de la Rosa A, Valencia-Nieto L, García-Vázquez C, Arroyo-Del-Arroyo C, López-Miguel A, Blanco-Vázquez M, Novo-Diez A, Fernández I, Enríquez de Salamanca A, González-García MJ. Tear Cytokines as Predictive Biomarkers of Success in Contact Lens Discomfort Management. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38889385 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2361114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze changes in tear levels of inflammatory mediators in symptomatic contact lens (CL) wearers after refitting with daily disposable CLs and to identify potential biomarkers of success in CL discomfort (CLD) management. METHODS Symptomatic CL wearers (CLDEQ-8 ≥ 12) were refitted (V1) with daily disposable CLs (Delefilcon A). After one month (V2), participants were classified into the post-fitting non-symptomatic (CLDEQ <12) and symptomatic (CLDEQ ≥12) groups. At each visit, the participants were clinically evaluated, tears were collected, and 20 inflammatory mediators and substance P (SP) were measured using multiplex immunobead analysis and ELISA, respectively. The detection rates and concentrations were compared between visits and groups, and logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS Forty-three subjects (32 women/11 men; mean age: 23.2 ± 4.9 years) were enrolled. The IL-1β and IL-9 detection rates were higher at V2 (p ≤ 0.044). The detection rates of IL-1β, IL-9, MIP-1α/CCL3, and MMP-9 at V1 (p ≤ 0.045) and IL-17A at V2 (p ≤ 0.014) were higher in the post-fitting symptomatic group. The tear IL-9 concentration was increased at V2 (p = 0.018). The tear concentrations of fractalkine/CX3CL1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-3/CCL7, MIP-1β, NGF, RANTES/CCL5, and TNF-α were higher in the post-fitting symptomatic group (p ≤ 0.044). Additionally, levels of fractalkine/CX3CL1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, RANTES/CCL5, and TNF-α at V1 were significantly associated with the post-fitting grouping (p ≤ 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Low tear concentrations of specific inflammatory mediators may be used as a predictive biomarker of success for refitting symptomatic CL wearers with daily disposable CLs. However, complementary treatments might be required for symptomatic CL wearers with higher levels of these inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ángel Calderón-García
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Universidad Católica de Ávila, Ávlia, Spain
| | - Alberto López-de la Rosa
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Valencia-Nieto
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Vázquez
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto López-Miguel
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Blanco-Vázquez
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andrea Novo-Diez
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Itziar Fernández
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Amalia Enríquez de Salamanca
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Jesús González-García
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
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Bonelli F, Campestre F, Lasagni Vitar RM, Demirsoy IH, Fonteyne P, Ferrari G. Aprepitant Restores Corneal Sensitivity and Reduces Pain in DED. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:9. [PMID: 38345550 PMCID: PMC10866158 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to assess the efficacy of two aprepitant formulations (X1 and X2), in a preclinical model of dry eye disease (DED) induced by benzalkonium chloride (BAK). Methods Two aprepitant formulations were tested on 7 to 8-week-old male mice for their efficacy. In vivo corneal fluorescein staining assessed epithelial damage as the primary end point on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 using slit-lamp microscopy. The DED model was induced with 0.2% BAK twice daily for the first week and once daily for the next week. Mice were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups: Aprepitant X1 (n = 10) and X2 (n = 10) formulation, 2 mg/mL dexamethasone (n = 10), control vehicle X (n = 10), 0.2% hyaluronic acid (n = 10), or no treatment (n = 10). Eye wiping, phenol red, and Cochet Bonnet tests assessed ocular pain, tear fluid secretion, and nerve function. After 7 days, the mice were euthanized to quantify leukocyte infiltration and corneal nerve density. Results Topical aprepitant X1 reduced BAK-induced corneal damage and pain compared to gel vehicle X (P = 0.007) and dexamethasone (P = 0.021). Aprepitant X1 and X2 improved corneal sensitivity versus gel vehicle X and dexamethasone (P < 0.001). Aprepitant X1 reduced leukocyte infiltration (P < 0.05) and enhanced corneal nerve density (P < 0.001). Tear fluid secretion remained statistically unchanged in both the X1 and X2 groups. Conclusions Aprepitant formulation X1 reduced pain, improved corneal sensitivity and nerve density, ameliorated epitheliopathy, and reduced leukocyte infiltration in male mouse corneas. Translational Relevance Aprepitant emerges as a safe, promising therapeutic prospect for the amelioration of DED's associated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Bonelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Cell Biology–Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology–Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabiola Campestre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ibrahim Halil Demirsoy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Fonteyne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Valencia-Nieto L, López-de la Rosa A, González-García MJ, López-Miguel A. Reliability and agreement of subjective and objective non-invasive break-up time measurements in contact lens wearers. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:124-130. [PMID: 37974449 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the reliability and agreement of non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) in symptomatic and asymptomatic contact lens (CL) wearers using automatic objective and conventional subjective techniques. METHODS In this prospective cross-sectional study, soft CL wearers, classified into symptomatic and asymptomatic based on the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8, underwent NIBUT assessment with the CL in situ. The CA-800 Corneal Analyzer and the EasyTear® VIEW+ Tearscope were used for objective and subjective evaluation, respectively. The within-subject repeatability and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. The agreement between the devices was compared using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS A total of 141 CL wearers (51 male and 90 female) with a mean age of 33.6 (SD = 12.2) years were included. The repeatability and ICC values obtained with the CA-800 device when measuring NIBUT were 5.4 s and 58.6% across the whole sample, 4.2 s and 48.8% for the asymptomatic group and 7.1 s and 68.4% for the symptomatic group. When using the subjective method (EasyTear®), the respective repeatability and ICC values were 7.3 s and 32.7% for the whole sample, 6.5 s and 30.4% for the asymptomatic group and 8.6 s and 35.9% for the symptomatic group. The CA-800 device provided significantly (p < 0.001) shorter NIBUT values compared with EasyTear® for the whole sample (3.3 [2.9] vs. 8.1 [3.4] s), the asymptomatic (3.3 [3.0] vs. 7.7 [3.6] s) and the symptomatic (3.8 [2.9] vs. 8.6 [3.0] s) groups. CONCLUSION Objective (CA-800) NIBUT assessment provides more reliable measurements than the conventional subjective technique using the EasyTear® device. However, CL practitioners should also be aware that the objective method indicates shorter NIBUT values. Symptomatic CL wearers may also need a higher number of NIBUT measurements to obtain reliable estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valencia-Nieto
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto López-de la Rosa
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María J González-García
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto López-Miguel
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Cirugía, Oftalmología, Otorrinolaringología y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Asiedu K. Role of ocular surface neurobiology in neuronal-mediated inflammation in dry eye disease. Neuropeptides 2022; 95:102266. [PMID: 35728484 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the consequence of dry eye disease regardless of its etiology. Several injurious or harmless processes to the ocular surface neurons promote ocular surface neurogenic inflammation, leading to the vicious cycle of dry eye disease. These processes include the regular release of neuromediators during the conduction of ocular surface sensations, hyperosmolarity-induced ocular surface neuronal damage, neuro-regenerative activities, and neuronal-mediated dendritic cell activities. Neurogenic inflammation appears to be the main culprit, instigating the self-perpetuating inflammation observed in patients with dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Asiedu
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Evaluation of Ocular Surface Characteristics in Dry Eye Disease With and Without Soft Contact Lens Wear: A Comparative Study. Eye Contact Lens 2022; 48:377-383. [PMID: 35583308 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate ocular surface alterations and in vivo confocal microscopic characteristics of the cornea in dry eye disease (DED) with contact lens wear (CLW). METHODS Sixty participants were divided into three groups: DED with CLW (n=20), DED without CLW (n=20), and normal control (n=20). Ocular surface parameters were evaluated. Basal tears and in vivo confocal microscopy images of the cornea were collected. Multiplex bead analysis was used to assess interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nerve growth factor (NGF), and substance P (SP) in tears. Nerve morphology and dendritic cell density in corneal subbasal nerve images were calculated. RESULTS The DED with CLW group showed significantly higher ocular surface staining scores (P=0.022) and higher levels of IL-1β, NGF, and SP in tears (P=0.014, P=0.004 and P=0.025) than the DED without CLW group. Corneal dendritic cell density in the DED with CLW group was significantly higher than that in the normal controls (P=0.001) and DED without CLW group (P=0.043). Tear cytokine levels of IL-1β, NGF, and SP were correlated with ocular surface parameters in the DED with CLW group. Moreover, the years of CLW were positively correlated with corneal dendritic cell density (r=0.527, P=0.017) and negatively correlated with corneal nerve density (r=-0.511, P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS Patients with DED with CLW showed greater epithelial damage, elevated inflammatory cytokines and neuromediators in tears, and higher corneal dendritic cell density than patients with DED without CLW. The immune and nervous systems may be involved in contact lens-related DED.
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Chiang JCB, Krishnan AV, Goldstein D, Markoulli M. The Impact of Post-Tear Collection Storage on Tear Film Substance P Concentration. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1116-1120. [PMID: 35485451 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2067565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Substance P is a sensory neuropeptide increasingly used as a biomarker for ocular and systemic neuropathic conditions. Due to the limited studies on tear storage conditions compared to other bodily fluids including blood and urine, the aim of this study was to investigate whether different storage durations at 4 °C can impact on substance P concentrations prior to storage at -80 °C. This is important to assess potential practical limitations in the handling and storage of tear fluid essential. METHODS Tears were collected and pooled from both eyes of 31 healthy participants using the flush tears method. The samples were centrifuged and aliquoted into three sets of microcentrifuge tubes with each stored at 4 °C for <2 h, 4 h or 6 h (Timepoints 1, 2 or 3). After each respective storage duration, the aliquoted samples were than stored at -80 °C before analysis, within 6 months. Tears were analyzed for the concentration of substance P and the total protein content (TPC). RESULTS Substance P concentrations across the three timepoints were not significantly different (p > 0.05), including Timepoint 1 (Median [interquartile range]: 10.7 ng/ml [1.6-37.9]), Timepoint 2 (10.9 ng/ml [1.6-32.6]) and Timepoint 3 (5.2 ng/ml [1.3-25.2]). There were also no significant differences in TPC concentrations measured at the three timepoints, including Timepoint 1 (3.1 mg/ml [1.7-3.8]), Timepoint 2 (2.9 mg/ml [1.9-4.1]) and Timepoint 3 (2.7 mg/ml [1.6-3.7]). CONCLUSIONS While the levels of substance P were stable while stored at 4 °C prior to proper -80 °C storage and analysis, future research should investigate the impact of other storage conditions such as ambient room temperature to optimize the feasibility of using tears for biomarker purposes in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chung Bo Chiang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arun V Krishnan
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Osae EA, Jones L, Nichols JJ. The impact of contact lenses on meibomian gland morphology. Ocul Surf 2022; 24:148-155. [PMID: 35395385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite years of experience with contact lenses, controversy remains as to whether contact lenses adversely impact the meibomian glands (MG). This review summarizes the present body of evidence, showing that contact lens wear is associated with alterations in MG morphology (up to 80% higher gland atrophy compared to non-wearers) and qualitative changes in MG secretion. Key factors such as duration of contact lens wear, contact lens type (e.g., soft vs. rigid), edge design, and material modulus of elasticity are discussed in relation to the extent of MG morphological changes, the quality of MG secretion and other ocular surface parameters. Longitudinal studies of sufficient statistical power are needed to better understand how contact lens wear affects the MG, risk factors, and the clinical sequelae of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Jason J Nichols
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Tear film and ocular surface neuropeptides: Characteristics, synthesis, signaling and implications for ocular surface and systemic diseases. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:108973. [PMID: 35149082 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocular surface neuropeptides are vital molecules primarily involved in maintaining ocular surface integrity and homeostasis. They also serve as communication channels between the nervous system and the immune system, maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface. Tear film and ocular surface neuropeptides have a role in disease often due to abnormalities in their synthesis (either high or low production), signaling through defective receptors, or both. This creates imbalances in otherwise normal physiological processes. They have been observed to be altered in many ocular surface and systemic diseases including dry eye disease, ocular allergy, keratoconus, LASIK-induced dry eye, pterygium, neurotrophic keratitis, corneal graft rejection, microbial keratitis, headaches and diabetes. This review examines the characteristics of neuropeptides, their synthesis and their signaling through G-protein coupled receptors. The review also explores the types of neuropeptides within the tears and ocular surface, and how they change in ocular and systemic diseases.
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Hwang DDJ, Lee SJ, Kim JH, Lee SM. The Role of Neuropeptides in Pathogenesis of Dry Dye. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4248. [PMID: 34575359 PMCID: PMC8471988 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are known as important mediators between the nervous and immune systems. Recently, the role of the corneal nerve in the pathogenesis of various ocular surface diseases, including dry eye disease, has been highlighted. Neuropeptides are thought to be important factors in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease, as suggested by the well-known role between the nervous and immune systems, and several recently published studies have elucidated the previously unknown pathogenic mechanisms involved in the role of the neuropeptides secreted from the corneal nerves in dry eye disease. Here, we reviewed the emerging concept of neurogenic inflammation as one of the pathogenic mechanisms of dry eye disease, the recent results of related studies, and the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duck-Jin Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
| | - Seok-Jae Lee
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
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10
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Fernández I, López-Miguel A, Martín-Montañez V, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A, Calonge M, González-Méijome JM, González-García MJ. Inflammatory status predicts contact lens discomfort under adverse environmental conditions. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:829-840. [PMID: 32814157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize and predict the clinical and tear molecular response of contact lens (CL) wearers exposed to a controlled adverse desiccating environment (CADE). METHODS Objective and subjective variables and tear cytokine levels were evaluated of monthly silicone hydrogel CL wearers pre- and post-90 min of CADE exposure. Unsupervised hierarchical agglomerative clustering based on relative change from baseline values was used to identify response profiles (clusters). A multiple logistic regression model was used to identify cluster membership predictors. RESULTS Forty-seven CL wearers were divided into 3 clusters having similar age (mean: 27.7 ± 7.7 years) and sex distribution. All of them showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in limbal hyperemia and staining after CADE exposure. Additionally, Cluster-1 (n = 22, 46.8%) membership was characterized by a significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher worsening of corneal and limbal staining, increased CL wear symptoms, and reduced epidermal-growth-factor and increased interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-6 tear levels. Cluster-2 (n = 22, 46.8%) showed no changes (p > 0.05) in symptoms after CADE; however, their IL-12p70, monocyte-chemoattractant-protein-1 and regulated-on-activation, normal-T-cell-expressed-and-secreted (RANTES) post-exposure tear levels significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased. Finally, Cluster-3 (n = 3, 6.4%) mainly showed significant higher blink rate (78.1 ± 21.7) during CADE. Corneal staining and tear IL-12p70 levels were identified as Cluster-1 membership predictors. CONCLUSIONS Most of silicone hydrogel CL wearers exposed to CADE showed a worsening of the ocular surface integrity and an upregulated tear inflammatory status. However, only half of them reported worsening of CL wear symptoms. These CL wearers were detected based on corneal integrity and tear inflammatory status. These findings can help reduce CL wear discontinuation and drop out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Fernández
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain; IOBA (Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto López-Miguel
- IOBA (Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Red Temática de Investigación Collaborative en Oftalmología (OftaRed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain; IOBA (Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Margarita Calonge
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain; IOBA (Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José M González-Méijome
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Laboratory, Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - María J González-García
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain; IOBA (Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Kleinbeck S, Schäper M, Pacharra M, Lehmann ML, Golka K, Blaszkewicz M, Brüning T, van Thriel C. A short-term inhalation study to assess the reversibility of sensory irritation in human volunteers. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1687-1701. [PMID: 32185413 PMCID: PMC7261732 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sensory irritation is an acute adverse effect caused by chemicals that stimulate chemoreceptors of the upper respiratory tract or the mucous membranes of the outer eye. The avoidance of this end point is of uttermost importance in regulatory toxicology. In this study, repeated exposures to ethyl acrylate were analyzed to investigate possible carryover effects from day to day for different markers of sensory irritation. Thirty healthy subjects were exposed for 4 h on five subsequent days to ethyl acrylate at concentrations permitted by the German occupational exposure limit at the time of study. Ratings of eye irritation as well as eye blinking frequencies indicate the elicitation of sensory irritation. These markers of sensory irritation showed a distinct time course on every single day. However, cumulative carryover effects could not be identified across the week for any marker. The rhinological and biochemical markers could not reveal hints for more pronounced sensory irritation. Neither increased markers of neurogenic inflammation nor markers of immune response could be identified. Furthermore, the performance on neurobehavioral tests was not affected by ethyl acrylate and despite the strong odor of ethyl acrylate the participants improved their performances from day to day. While the affected physiological marker, the increased eye blinking frequency stays roughly on the same level across the week, subjective markers like perception of eye irritation decrease slightly from day to day though the temporal pattern of, i.e., eye irritation perception stays the same on each day. A hypothetical model of eye irritation time course derived from PK/PD modeling of the rabbit eye could explain the within-day time course of eye irritation ratings repeatedly found in this study more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kleinbeck
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund University, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Michael Schäper
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund University, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marlene Pacharra
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund University, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.,MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Louise Lehmann
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund University, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.,Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Golka
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund University, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Meinolf Blaszkewicz
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund University, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Research Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle de la Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund University, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
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López-de la Rosa A, Fernández I, García-Vázquez C, Arroyo-Del Arroyo C, González-García MJ, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Conjunctival Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain-Related Gene Expression with Contact Lens Wear and Discomfort. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 29:587-606. [PMID: 31825696 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1690005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To identify alterations in neuropathic and inflammatory pain gene expression associated with contact lens (CL) wear and CL discomfort (CLD).Methods: Eight non-wearers, eight asymptomatic CL wearers (CLWs) and eight symptomatic CLWs were included. Conjunctival cells were collected by impression cytology and the mRNA expression levels of 85 genes were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes between non-wearers and CLWs and between asymptomatic and symptomatic CLWs were analyzed. An enrichment analysis was also performed.Results: Twelve genes were upregulated (including IL10, PDYN and PENK) and 28 downregulated (CCL2, IL1A, IL1B, IL2 and NGF) in CLWs (p ≤ 0.050). Eleven genes were upregulated (CCL2, IL1A, IL1B, IL2 and NGF) and nine downregulated (PDYN and PENK) in symptomatic CLWs (p ≤ 0.035). Enriched overrepresented terms were related to pain, neuronal transmission and inflammation.Conclusion: Contact lens wear might produce a desensitization-like mechanism responsible for comfortable CL wear. A malfunction of this mechanism might contribute to CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto López-de la Rosa
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Itziar Fernández
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Vázquez
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Cristina Arroyo-Del Arroyo
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María J González-García
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
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