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Asgedom YS, Melaku T, Gebrekidan AY, Meskele M, Asnake G, Alemu A, Efa AG, Haile KE, Kassie GA. Prevalence of active trachoma among 1-9 years of age children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079623. [PMID: 38991673 PMCID: PMC11243140 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the pooled prevalence of active trachoma among 1-9 years old children in Ethiopia. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis were employed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. DATA SOURCES Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, African Journal of Online and Google scholar databases were systematically explored to find studies published in English until July 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA The following criteria apply: (1) condition (Co): studies examined the prevalence of trachoma among children (1-9) years old; (2) context (Co): studies conducted in Ethiopia; (3) population (Pop): studies that were done among children (1-9) years old; (4) study type: observational studies and (5) language: studies published in English. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS The data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. DerSimonian-Laird random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of active trachoma among 1-9 years old children. Cochrane Q-tests and I2 statistics were used across studies to assess heterogeneity. To identify possible publication bias, Egger's test was performed. PRIMARY OUTCOME Prevalence of active trachoma among children aged (1-9 years old)". RESULTS Overall, a total of 42 articles with 235 005 study participants were included in the final analysis. The estimated pooled prevalence of active trachoma using random effect model was 24% (95% CI 20% to 27%). The subgroup analysis by region revealed that the highest prevalence of trachoma was 36% (95% CI 13% to 58%) in the Tigray region, and publication year revealed the prevalence of trachoma was decreasing from 32% to 19% after 2015. CONCLUSION In this review, the pooled prevalence of active trachoma was found to be high in Ethiopia compared with WHO threshold level. This underscores the need for increased focus on high-risk age groups to decrease trachoma and to achieve the elimination of trachoma from the country by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mengistu Meskele
- School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Gedeon Asnake
- Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Southern Nations, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Alemu
- Department of Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
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Mpyet CD, Olobio N, Isiyaku S, Wamyil-Mshelia T, Ajege G, Ogoshi C, Olamiju F, Achu I, Adamu MD, Muhammad N, Jabo AM, Orji P, William A, Ramyil AV, Bakhtiari A, Boyd S, Kelly M, Jimenez C, Kello AB, Solomon AW, Harding-Esch EM, Courtright P. Progress towards the elimination of trachoma in Nigeria. Int Health 2024:ihae035. [PMID: 38815996 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is targeted for elimination as a public health problem worldwide by 2030. In Nigeria, elimination activities are implemented at the local government area (LGA) level. They started in 2002 by conducting baseline population-based prevalence surveys (PBPSs), which continued in a systematic manner with engagement from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project in 2013, and subsequently Tropical Data. The results led to the development of Nigeria's first trachoma action plan and its subsequent revision with additional information. Following 449 baseline PBPSs, 122 LGAs had an active trachoma prevalence above the elimination threshold, requiring interventions, while 231 LGAs required community-based interventions for trichiasis management. By 2021, >34 million antibiotic treatments had been provided in 104 LGAs, with 89 LGAs eliminating active trachoma. Nationally, water and sanitation coverages increased by 3% and 18%, respectively, in 7 y. Systematic trichiasis case finding and management were carried out in 231 LGAs, resulting in the management of 102 527 people. Fifty-four LGAs decreased trichiasis prevalence unknown to the health system to <0.2% in persons ≥15 y of age. Where this elimination prevalence threshold was reached, trichiasis services were transitioned to routine eye/healthcare systems. Such progress relied on strong leadership and coordination from the national trachoma program and tremendous support provided by partners. Attaining elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in Nigeria by 2030 is feasible if funding support is sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb D Mpyet
- Sightsavers, Nigeria Country Office, Kaduna, Nigeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas Olobio
- Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Grace Ajege
- Sightsavers, Nigeria Country Office, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Nasiru Muhammad
- Ophthalmology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Boyd
- Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Amir Bedri Kello
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emma M Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul Courtright
- Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ilako D, Mwatha S, Wanyama BE, Gichangi M, Bore J, Butcher R, Bakhtiari A, Boyd S, Willis R, Solomon AW, Watitu T, Chelanga D, Nyakundi P, Harding-Esch EM, Matendechero SH. Progress Towards Elimination of Trachoma in Kenya 2017-2020. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38320117 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2023.2280987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Trachoma is endemic in Kenya. Since baseline trachoma surveys in 2004, a concerted programme has been undertaken to reduce the prevalence of disease. Here, we report on trachoma prevalence surveys carried out between 2017 and 2020 after interventions were implemented in some areas for trachoma elimination purposes. METHODS A total of 48 cross-sectional population-based trachoma prevalence surveys were conducted in 39 evaluation units (EUs; covering 45 subcounties) of Kenya between 2017 and 2020. Thirty EUs were surveyed once and nine EUs were surveyed twice over this period. Individuals ≥ 1 year old were assessed for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF), trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) and trichiasis. Data were collected on household access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). RESULTS A total of 147,573 people were examined. At the end of 2020, in the 39 EUs surveyed, the prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was ≥5% in 11 EUs and the prevalence of trichiasis unknown to the health system in individuals aged ≥15 years was ≥0.2% in 25 EUs. A small minority of households (median <50% for all indicators) had access to improved WASH facilities. CONCLUSION Kenya has made excellent progress towards elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. However, there is more work to do. Between one and three rounds of antibiotic mass drug administration are required in 11 EUs. Sustained investment in surgical provision, continued TT case-finding, promotion of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement are required throughout the surveyed area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ilako
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S Mwatha
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - M Gichangi
- Ophthalmic Services Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J Bore
- Kenya National Bureau of Statics, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - R Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - A Bakhtiari
- International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S Boyd
- International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - R Willis
- International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - A W Solomon
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Watitu
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D Chelanga
- Ophthalmic Services Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P Nyakundi
- Ophthalmic Services Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E M Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - S H Matendechero
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Schaal LF, Meneghim RLFDS, Ferraz LCB, Padovani CR, Victoria C, Schellini SA. Trachoma: an underdiagnosed disease revealed by a survey carried out at Jaú, São Paulo. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:43. [PMID: 38287315 PMCID: PMC10823718 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma is a notifiable disease in the state of São Paulo- Brazil. However, in Jaú, a municipality located in this state, in the last 10 years there are no records of cases. This study purpose is to assess if there are cases of inflammatory trachoma in schoolchildren aged 1 to 9 years in the municipality of Jaú as well if it is possible to detect clusters areas of the disease to establish elimination programs. METHODS An epidemiological study was performed in 2018, involving a stratified random sample of schoolchildren aged 1- to 9-year-old, from public day care centers and elementary schools in the municipality of Jaú. A trachoma screening following the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the distribution of cases was assessed using geoprocessing. RESULTS Four thousand-six hundred-nineteen children from 44 elementary schools were examined, and 126 children with active trachoma were detected, with an adjusted prevalence rate of 2.65%. The prevalence was higher (3.01%) in children aged 6- to 9-year-old compared to children aged 1-to 5-year-old (2.42%). There were clusters with a higher concentration of positive cases of the disease in three schools located in the neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic conditions. CONCLUSION Inflammatory trachoma still present in children aged 1- to 9-year-old in the city of Jaú. The positive cases were located mainly in areas with low socioeconomic conditions. Health promotion with active search and periodical treatment must be planned to fight this important blinding cause, that persists in our municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fioravanti Schaal
- Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology Department, Botucatu Medical School, State University of São Paulo- UNESP, Avenida Professor Mário Rubens Montenegro, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Lilian Fernandes de Sousa Meneghim
- Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology Department, Botucatu Medical School, State University of São Paulo- UNESP, Avenida Professor Mário Rubens Montenegro, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Department of Biostatistics, Plant Biology, Parasitology and Zoology, Botucatu Institute of Biosciences - State University of São Paulo- UNESP, Rua Professor Doutor Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Botucatu-São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Victoria
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of Botucatu, State University of São Paulo- UNESP, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Maurício Correa S/N, São Paulo, CEP: 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Silvana Artioli Schellini
- Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology Department, Botucatu Medical School, State University of São Paulo- UNESP, Avenida Professor Mário Rubens Montenegro, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
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Salam AS, Qayumi R, Majeed Siddiqi A, Naseem M, Mansoor M, Butcher R, Bakhtiari A, Renneker K, Willis R, Jimenez C, Dejene M, Safi N, Heggen A, Solomon AW, Harding-Esch EM, Alizoi N. Prevalence of Trachoma in 72 Districts of Afghanistan in 2018-2019: Results of 35 Population-based Prevalence Surveys. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023; 30:608-618. [PMID: 35272540 PMCID: PMC10581673 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2021.2015784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine where interventions are needed to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem, prevalence data are needed. We aimed to generate baseline population-based data on trachoma prevalence in suspected-endemic areas of Afghanistan. METHODS Cross-sectional population-based prevalence surveys designed according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations were conducted in 35 evaluation units (EUs) covering 72 districts. In selected households, all resident individuals aged ≥1 year were examined for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) according to the WHO simplified trachoma grading system. Water, sanitation and hygiene access was assessed in households of survey participants. RESULTS 104,104 people aged ≥1 year were examined, including 43,774 children aged 1-9 years and 46,439 people aged ≥15 years. The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was ≥5% in 3 EUs, with the highest EU TF prevalence being 7.8%. The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds was <0.2% in all EUs. The majority of households had access to an improved water source within 30 minutes of the house. However, only a minority of households had an improved latrine and/or a handwash station. CONCLUSIONS Trachoma is not a public health problem in the majority of EUs surveyed. However, antibiotic mass drug administration, promotion of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement (the A, F and E components of the SAFE strategy) are needed for trachoma elimination purposes in three of the EUs surveyed in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Naimullah Safi
- Afghanistan Country Office, World Health Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emma M. Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Baayenda G, Mugume F, Mubangizi A, Turyaguma P, Tukahebwa EM, Byakika S, Kahwa B, Kusasira D, Bakhtiari A, Boyd S, Butcher R, Solomon AW, Binagwa B, Agunyo S, Osilo M, Crowley K, Thuo W, French M, Plunkett E, Mosher AW, Harding-Esch EM, Ngondi J. Baseline Prevalence of Trachoma in Refugee Settlements in Uganda: Results of 11 Population-based Surveys. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023; 30:580-590. [PMID: 34488539 PMCID: PMC10581675 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2021.1961816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are several settlements in the Northern and Western Regions of Uganda serving refugees from South Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), respectively. Trachoma prevalence surveys were conducted in a number of those settlements with the aim of determining whether interventions for trachoma are required. METHODS An evaluation unit (EU) was defined as all refugee settlements in one district. Cross-sectional population-based trachoma prevalence survey methodologies designed to adhere to World Health Organization recommendations were deployed in 11 EUs to assess prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in 1-9-year-olds and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds. Household-level water, sanitation and hygiene coverage was also assessed in study populations. RESULTS A total of 40,892 people were examined across 11 EUs between 2018 and 2020. The prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was <5% in all EUs surveyed. The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds was <0.2% in 5 out of 11 EUs surveyed and ≥0.2% in the remaining 6 EUs. A high proportion of households had improved water sources, but a low proportion had improved latrines or quickly (within a 30-minute return journey) accessible water sources. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of the antibiotic, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement components of the SAFE strategy is not needed for the purposes of trachoma's elimination as a public health problem in these refugee settlements; however, intervention with TT surgery is needed in six EUs. Since instability continues to drive displacement of people from South Sudan and DRC into Uganda, there is likely to be a high rate of new arrivals to the settlements over the coming years. These populations may therefore have trachoma surveillance needs that are distinct from the surrounding non-refugee communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Binta Kahwa
- Kampala International University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Darlson Kusasira
- Refugees Department, Office of the Prime Minister, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Sarah Boyd
- Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aryc W. Mosher
- United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA
| | - Emma M. Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Missamou F, Marlhand H, Dzabatou-Babeaux ASP, Sendzi S, Bernasconi J, D'Souza S, Bakhtiari A, Millar T, Willis R, Bengraïne K, Resnikoff S, Solomon AW. A Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Survey Covering Seven Districts of Sangha and Likouala Departments, Republic of the Congo. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2019; 25:155-161. [PMID: 30806542 PMCID: PMC6444200 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2018.1546878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We set out to estimate the prevalence of trachoma and access to water and sanitation in seven suspected-trachoma-endemic districts of northern Congo, surveyed as a single evaluation unit. METHODS From a complete list of rural villages in the seven districts, we systematically selected 22 with probability proportional to village size. In selected villages, we included all households where there were fewer than 25 in total, or used compact segment sampling to select a group of approximately 20 households by random draw. In each selected household, all consenting residents aged ≥1 year were examined by Global Trachoma Mapping Project-certified trachoma graders, and data collected on household-level access to water and sanitation. RESULTS In November and December 2015, 466 households were visited in 22 villages, and 2081 (88%) of 2377 residents of those households were examined. No examined individual had trichiasis. The age-adjusted prevalence of the active trachoma sign trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in 1-9-year-olds was 2.5% (95%CI 0.9-4.5%). Only 39% (95%CI 35-44%) of households had access to an improved source of drinking water. Only 10% (95%CI 7-13%) of households had access to an improved sanitation facility. CONCLUSION Trachoma is not a public health problem in this part of Congo. Access to water and sanitation is inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Missamou
- a Directorate-General for the Fight against Communicable Diseases and HIV/AIDS , Ministère de la Santé et de la Population , Brazzaville , Congo
| | - Hemilembolo Marlhand
- a Directorate-General for the Fight against Communicable Diseases and HIV/AIDS , Ministère de la Santé et de la Population , Brazzaville , Congo
| | - Angelie S Patrick Dzabatou-Babeaux
- a Directorate-General for the Fight against Communicable Diseases and HIV/AIDS , Ministère de la Santé et de la Population , Brazzaville , Congo
| | - Samuel Sendzi
- a Directorate-General for the Fight against Communicable Diseases and HIV/AIDS , Ministère de la Santé et de la Population , Brazzaville , Congo
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karim Bengraïne
- b Organisation pour la prevention de la cécité , Paris , France
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- b Organisation pour la prevention de la cécité , Paris , France
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- e Clinical Research Department , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK.,f Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland
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Alada JJ, Mpyet C, Florea VV, Boisson S, Willis R, Muhammad N, Bakhtiari A, Adamu MD, Pavluck AL, Umar MM, Isiyaku S, William A, Oyinloye FOP, Olobio N, Solomon AW. Prevalence of and risk factors for trachoma in Kwara state, Nigeria: Results of eight population-based surveys from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2019; 25:53-61. [PMID: 30806548 PMCID: PMC6444274 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2018.1437188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for trachoma in selected local government areas (LGAs) of Kwara State, Nigeria. Methodology: Population-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted in eight LGAs of Kwara State using Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) protocols. In each LGA, 25 villages were selected using probability-proportional-to-size sampling; 25 households were selected from each village using compact segment sampling. All residents of selected households aged ≥1 year were examined by GTMP-certified graders for trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) and trichiasis using the simplified trachoma grading scheme. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) data were also collected. Results: A total of 28,506 residents were enumerated in 4769 households across the eight LGAs. TF prevalence in children aged 1–9 years ranged from 0.2% (95% CI 0.0–0.3%) to 1.3% (95% CI 0.7–2.1%), while trichiasis prevalence in persons ≥15 years was <0.2% in each LGA. Access to improved water source was the lowest in Edu (62%), while access to improved sanitation facilities was the lowest in Asa (6%) and the highest in Ilorin East (64%). Children aged 1–4 years had 0.63 (95% CI 0.40–0.99) times lower odds of having TF compared to children aged 5–9 years. Children in households with ≥5 resident 1–9-year-old children had 1.63 (95% CI 1.02–2.60) times greater odds of having TF compared to those in households with <5 resident children. Conclusion: Trachoma is not a public health problem in Kwara State. Provision of adequate water and sanitation services should be a priority here, as a foundation for the health of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel J Alada
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Federal Medical Centre , Makurdi , Nigeria
| | - Caleb Mpyet
- b Department of Ophthalmology , University of Jos , Jos , Nigeria.,c Sightsavers , Kaduna , Nigeria.,d Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology International, Division of Ophthalmology , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Victor V Florea
- e Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Sophie Boisson
- f Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland
| | | | - Nasiru Muhammad
- h Ophthalmology Unit, Surgery Department , Usmanu Danfodiyo University , Sokoto , Nigeria
| | | | - Mohammed D Adamu
- h Ophthalmology Unit, Surgery Department , Usmanu Danfodiyo University , Sokoto , Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anthony W Solomon
- e Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland.,l Clinical Research Department , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , United Kingdom.,m London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research , London , United Kingdom
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Mpyet C, Tagoh S, Boisson S, Willis R, Muhammad N, Bakhtiari A, Adamu MD, Pavluck AL, Umar MM, Alada J, Isiyaku S, Adamani W, Jande B, Olobio N, Solomon AW. Prevalence of Trachoma and Access to Water and Sanitation in Benue State, Nigeria: Results of 23 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2018; 25:79-85. [PMID: 30806545 PMCID: PMC6444203 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2018.1467466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine the prevalence of trachoma in each local government area (LGA) of Benue State, Nigeria. METHODS Two-stage cluster sampling was used to conduct a series of 23 population-based prevalence surveys. LGAs were the evaluation units surveyed. In each LGA, 25 households were selected in each of 25 clusters, and individuals aged 1 year and above resident in those households were invited to be examined for trachoma. Data on access to water and sanitation were also collected at household level. RESULTS A total of 91,888 people were examined from among 93,636 registered residents across the 23 LGAs. The LGA-level prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in 1-9 year olds ranged from 0.3% to 5.3%. Two LGAs had TF prevalences of 5.0-9.9%. The LGA-level prevalence of trichiasis in ≥15-year-olds ranged from 0.0% to 0.35%. Access to improved drinking water sources ranged from 0% in Gwer West to 99% in Tarka, while access to improved sanitation ranged from 1% in Gwer West to 92% in Oturkpo. CONCLUSION There is a need for public health-level interventions against trachoma in three LGAs of Benue State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Mpyet
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Sightsavers, Kaduna, Nigeria
- Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology International, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Selassie Tagoh
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sophie Boisson
- Department of Public He\alth, The Environment and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Nasiru Muhammad
- Ophthalmology Unit, Surgery Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | | | - Mohammed D. Adamu
- Ophthalmology Unit, Surgery Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Joel Alada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Betty Jande
- Ministry of Health, Benue State, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | | | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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