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Mboumba Bouassa RS, Needham J, Nohynek D, Samarani S, Bobeuf F, Del Balso L, Paisible N, Vertzagias C, Sebastiani G, Margolese S, Mandarino E, Singer J, Klein M, Lebouché B, Cox J, Vulesevic B, Müller A, Lau E, Routy JP, Jenabian MA, Costiniuk CT. Feasibility of a Randomized, Interventional Pilot Clinical Study of Oral Cannabinoids in People with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy: CTNPT 028. J Pers Med 2024; 14:745. [PMID: 39063999 PMCID: PMC11277849 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis-based medicines (CBMs) could help reduce systemic inflammation in people with HIV (PWH). In a prospective, randomized pilot study we enrolled participants from August 2021-April 2022 with HIV, aged ≥18 and on antiretroviral therapy and randomly assigned them to cannabidiol (CBD) ± Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) capsules for 12 weeks with the primary objective being to assess safety and tolerability. Here we report on timeliness to study initiation, enrolment, compliance and retention rates. The target sample size was not reached. Two hundred and five individuals were approached, and 10 consented and were randomized; the rest refused (reasons: cannabis-related stigma/discomfort; too many study visits/insufficient time; unwillingness to undergo a "washout period" for three weeks) or were not eligible. The age of those randomized was 58 years (IQR 55-62); 80% were male. Only three met all criteria (30% enrolment compliance); seven were enrolled with minor protocol deviations. Compliance was excellent (100%). Eight (80%) participants completed the study; two (20%) were withdrawn for safety reasons (transaminitis and aggravation of pre-existing anemia). Time to study initiation and recruitment were the most challenging aspects. Ongoing work is required to reduce stigma related to CBMs. Future studies should find a balance between the requirements for safety monitoring and frequency of study visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada; (R.-S.M.B.); (M.-A.J.)
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - Judy Needham
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (J.N.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.L.)
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dana Nohynek
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (J.N.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.L.)
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Suzanne Samarani
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Florian Bobeuf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Lina Del Balso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Natalie Paisible
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Claude Vertzagias
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shari Margolese
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (J.N.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Enrico Mandarino
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (J.N.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Joel Singer
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (J.N.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.L.)
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marina Klein
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Mentorship Chair in Innovative Clinical Trials, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Branka Vulesevic
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Alison Müller
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (J.N.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.L.)
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Elisa Lau
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (J.N.); (D.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.L.)
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada; (R.-S.M.B.); (M.-A.J.)
| | - Cecilia T. Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (C.V.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (B.L.); (J.C.); (B.V.); (J.-P.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (F.B.); (L.D.B.); (N.P.)
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Bell AD, MacCallum C, Margolese S, Walsh Z, Wright P, Daeninck PJ, Mandarino E, Lacasse G, Kaur Deol J, de Freitas L, St. Pierre M, Belle-Isle L, Gagnon M, Bevan S, Sanchez T, Arlt S, Monahan-Ellison M, O'Hara J, Boivin M, Costiniuk C. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in the Management of Chronic Pain and Co-Occurring Conditions. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:669-687. [PMID: 36971587 PMCID: PMC10998028 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: One in five individuals live with chronic pain globally, which often co-occurs with sleep problems, anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders. Although these conditions are commonly managed with cannabinoid-based medicines (CBM), health care providers report lack of information on the risks, benefits, and appropriate use of CBM for therapeutic purposes. Aims: We present these clinical practice guidelines to help clinicians and patients navigate appropriate CBM use in the management of chronic pain and co-occurring conditions. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating the use of CBM for the treatment of chronic pain. Articles were dually reviewed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Clinical recommendations were developed based on available evidence from the review. Values and preferences and practical tips have also been provided to support clinical application. The GRADE system was used to rate the strength of recommendations and quality of evidence. Results: From our literature search, 70 articles met inclusion criteria and were utilized in guideline development, including 19 systematic reviews and 51 original research studies. Research typically demonstrates moderate benefit of CBM in chronic pain management. There is also evidence for efficacy of CBM in the management of comorbidities, including sleep problems, anxiety, appetite suppression, and for managing symptoms in some chronic conditions associated with pain including HIV, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, and arthritis. Conclusions: All patients considering CBM should be educated on risks and adverse events. Patients and clinicians should work collaboratively to identify appropriate dosing, titration, and administration routes for each individual. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO no. 135886.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Bell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline MacCallum
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shari Margolese
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zach Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | | | - Paul J. Daeninck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Enrico Mandarino
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- MJardin Group Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jagpaul Kaur Deol
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lauren de Freitas
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Marilou Gagnon
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | | | - Tatiana Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Stephanie Arlt
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Cecilia Costiniuk
- Chronic Viral Illness Service/Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- McGill Cannabis Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Beckett Wilson H, Metcalf McGrath L. "It's a big added stress on top of being so ill": The challenges facing people prescribed cannabis in the UK. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 122:104220. [PMID: 37806073 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reports on the first qualitative study to interview people prescribed cannabis in the UK. Cannabis is a class B controlled substance under the 1971 Misuse of Drugs (MoD) Act, but a 2018 change to UK regulations provided for the prescription of cannabis for medical purposes. Relatively few people have been able to access a prescription, despite this policy change. This paper examines their experiences. METHODS Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 people with a prescription for cannabis, or their carers. Data was analysed using a reflextive thematic analysis approach. The findings are discussed using a zemiology (social harms) perspective which provides a language for critical reflection on the current cannabis policy context. RESULTS All participants reported that cannabis had significantly improved their mental and/or physical health, across a broad range of conditions. Many had been able to reduce their use of conventional medicines and reported that cannabis had relatively few side effects. Despite the potentially life-enhancing benefits of cannabis medicine, patients in the UK face multiple barriers to access. These include a lack of funding streams, bureaucratic supply problems, and a lack of training for doctors and police. Even for the few people able to obtain a prescription, the ongoing criminalisation of cannabis in the UK contributed to their experiences of stigmatisation. This often made it difficult and anxiety-inducing to take their medicine in public spaces. CONCLUSION The UK government's lack of implementation of medical cannabis legalisation, combined with their ongoing prohibition position, is producing multiple harms to people who need cannabis medicine. The policy context is perpetuating stigmatising attitudes to cannabis which, as we demonstrate, contribute to social harms. We make recommendations on equality of patient access, and highlight the importance of education and policy change as means of combatting stigma.
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Min AK, Keane AM, Weinstein MP, Swartz TH. The impact of cannabinoids on inflammasome signaling in HIV-1 infection. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:79-88. [PMID: 37027347 PMCID: PMC10070009 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a chronic disease that afflicts over 38 million people worldwide without a known cure. The advent of effective antiretroviral therapies (ART) has significantly decreased the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1 infection in people living with HIV-1 (PWH), thanks to durable virologic suppression. Despite this, people with HIV-1 experience chronic inflammation associated with co-morbidities. While no single known mechanism accounts for chronic inflammation, there is significant evidence to support the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a key driver. Numerous studies have demonstrated therapeutic impact of cannabinoids, including exerting modulatory effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Given the high rates of cannabinoid use in PWH, it is of great interest to understand the intersecting biology of the role of cannabinoids in HIV-1-associated inflammasome signaling. Here we describe the literature of chronic inflammation in people with HIV, the therapeutic impact of cannabinoids in PWH, endocannabinoids in inflammation, and HIV-1-associated inflammation. We describe a key interaction between cannabinoids, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and HIV-1 viral infection, which supports further investigation of the critical role of cannabinoids in HIV-1 infection and inflammasome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K. Min
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aislinn M. Keane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Paltiel Weinstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Talia H. Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Mboumba Bouassa RS, Needham J, Nohynek D, Singer J, Lee T, Bobeuf F, Samarani S, Del Balso L, Paisible N, Vertzagias C, Sebastiani G, Margolese S, Mandarino E, Klein M, Lebouché B, Cox J, Brouillette MJ, Routy JP, Szabo J, Thomas R, Huchet E, Vigano A, Jenabian MA, Costiniuk CT. Safety and Tolerability of Oral Cannabinoids in People Living with HIV on Long-Term ART: A Randomized, Open-Label, Interventional Pilot Clinical Trial (CTNPT 028). Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123168. [PMID: 36551926 PMCID: PMC9775551 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With anti-inflammatory properties, cannabinoids may be a potential strategy to reduce immune activation in people living with HIV (PLWH) but more information on their safety and tolerability is needed. METHODS We conducted an open-label interventional pilot study at the McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Canada. PLWH were randomized to oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): cannabidiol (CBD) combination (THC 2.5 mg/CBD 2.5 mg) or CBD-only capsules (CBD 200 mg). Individuals titrated doses as tolerated to a maximum daily dose THC 15 mg/CBD 15 mg or 800 mg CBD, respectively, for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the percentage of participants without any significant toxicity based on the WHO toxicity scale (Grades 0-2 scores). RESULTS Out of ten individuals, eight completed the study. Two from the CBD-only arm were withdrawn for safety concerns: phlebotomy aggravating pre-existing anemia and severe hepatitis on 800 mg CBD with newly discovered pancreatic adenocarcinoma, respectively. Seven did not have any significant toxicity. Cannabinoids did not alter hematology/biochemistry profiles. CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio, and HIV suppression remained stable. Most adverse effects were mild-moderate. CONCLUSIONS In PLWH, cannabinoids seem generally safe and well-tolerated, though larger studies are needed. Screening for occult liver pathology should be performed and hepatic enzymes monitored, especially with high CBD doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Judy Needham
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dana Nohynek
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Joel Singer
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Terry Lee
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Florian Bobeuf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Suzanne Samarani
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Lina Del Balso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Natalie Paisible
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Claude Vertzagias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shari Margolese
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | | | - Marina Klein
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Mentorship Chair in Innovative Clinical Trials, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Brouillette
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jason Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Clinique Médical L’Actuel, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9, Canada
| | - Réjean Thomas
- Clinique Médical L’Actuel, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9, Canada
| | | | - Antonio Vigano
- Medical Cannabis Program in Oncology, Cedars Cancer Center, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre for Cannabis Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre for Cannabis Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-934-1934 (ext. 76195); Fax: +1-514-843-2209
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Jordan A, Sherazi A, Flewelling AJ, Northrup V, Naseemuddin A, Shea JL. Identification of cannabinoids in post-mortem blood samples from the province of New Brunswick before and after recreational cannabis legalization. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 103:103629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Neiswenter SA, Tupu M, Cross C, Fudenberg J, Harding BE. Postmortem
THC
in decedents following legalization of recreational cannabis in Clark County, Nevada. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1632-1639. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Momilani Tupu
- School of Life Sciences University of Nevada Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Chad Cross
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health School of Public Health University of Nevada Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - John Fudenberg
- Office of the Coroner/Medical Examiner Las Vegas Nevada USA
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Ng JY, Homayouni P, Usman S, Gomes Z. The medical cannabis regulatory framework in Canada: A narrative review. Eur J Integr Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lucas P, Boyd S, Milloy MJ, Walsh Z. The impact of non-medical cannabis legalization and other exposures on retention in longitudinal cannabis research: a survival analysis of a prospective study of Canadian medical cannabis patients. J Cannabis Res 2021; 3:34. [PMID: 34321108 PMCID: PMC8320176 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-021-00089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite repeated calls by medical associations to gather evidence on the harms and benefits of cannabis, there are ongoing methodological challenges to conducting observational and clinical studies on cannabis, including a high rate of patients that are lost to follow-up (LTFU). This study explores factors potentially associated with retention in a large prospective study of Canadian medical cannabis patients, with the goal of reducing the probability that patients will be lost to follow-up in future cannabis research. METHODS The Tilray Observational Patient Study (TOPS) was a multi-site, prospective study assessing the impact of medical cannabis over 6 months in a broad population of authorized Canadian cannabis patients. The study took place from 2016 to 19, and we conducted a series of exploratory analyses including a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and logistic regressions to assess the potential association between study retention and variables including patient characteristics, cannabis and prescription drug use, quality of life, and the legalization of non-medical cannabis. RESULTS Overall, 1011 participants were included in this analysis, contributing 287 patient-years of data. Retention was 728 (72%) at 3 months, and 419 (41.4%) at 6 months. Our analyses found significantly lower adjusted odds of retention following legalization (AOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.18-0.41), and in patients that used prescription opioids at baseline (AOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46-0.85), while increased odds of retention were found in patients with a higher baseline psychological score (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.08-1.90) or that used anti-seizure medications at baseline (AOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.30-2.81). DISCUSSION TOPS provided a unique opportunity to examine patient characteristics and other variables that may be associated with retention in prospective medical cannabis studies. Our findings highlight some of the challenges of conducting medical cannabis research at a time when patients have a multitude of cannabis access options, including legal adult dispensaries and a robust illicit market. High LTFU rates can impact the validity of studies, and potentially lead to misestimations of the harms and benefits of medical cannabis use. Despite being a multi-site prospective study, this was a convenience sample, thereby limiting the generalizability of these findings. Additionally, data regarding the use of cannabis was self-reported by patients, so is subject to potential recall bias. CONCLUSION We found evidence that external policy changes that affect access to cannabis such as the legalization of non-medical adult use and patient characteristics associated with patient physical/psychological capacity can impact retention in prospective medical cannabis studies. Evidence-based strategies to reduce study burden on participants, such as minimizing in-person visits by providing digitized internet-based surveys and phone or telemedicine follow-up options as well as ensuring adequate participant compensation could improve retention. Additionally, policy-related changes aimed at improving access to medical cannabis, including increased cost-coverage and community-based distribution, could encourage patients to remain in the federal medical cannabis program and thereby reduce LTFU in associated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lucas
- Social Dimensions of Health, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, B.C V8P 5C2 Canada
- 1100 Maughan Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9X1J2 Canada
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC V8N 5M8 Canada
| | - Susan Boyd
- Faculty of Human and Social Development, School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, B.C V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - M.-J. Milloy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C 806-1081 Canada
- British Columbia Centre On Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, B.C V6Z 2A9 Canada
| | - Zach Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, OkanaganKelowna, B.C V1V 1V7 Canada
- Centre for the Advancement of Psychological Science and Law, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, OkanaganKelowna, BC V1V 1V7 Canada
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Oldfield K, Evans S, Braithwaite I, Newton-Howes G. Don’t make a hash of it! A thematic review of the literature relating to outcomes of cannabis regulatory change. DRUGS: EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND POLICY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2021.1901855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Oldfield
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington (VUW), Wellington, New Zealand
- Medical Cannabis Research Collaborative (MCRC) NZ, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sean Evans
- Addiction Services, Capital and Coast District Health Board (CCDHB), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Irene Braithwaite
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington (VUW), Wellington, New Zealand
- Medical Cannabis Research Collaborative (MCRC) NZ, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Giles Newton-Howes
- Medical Cannabis Research Collaborative (MCRC) NZ, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Greenwald MK, Sarvepalli SS, Cohn JA, Lundahl LH. Demand curve analysis of marijuana use among persons living with HIV. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 220:108524. [PMID: 33453502 PMCID: PMC7889735 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite medicalization and legalization of marijuana use, factors influencing demand for marijuana among persons living with HIV (PLWH) are incompletely understood. This knowledge gap undermines effective clinical management and policies. This study used demand curve simulation methods to address these issues. METHODS Marijuana-using PLWH (N = 119) completed experimental tasks to simulate amount of marijuana purchasing/use across different costs (money or time), and likelihood of reselling marijuana or marijuana therapeutic-use registration card in relation to profits. Additional simulations assessed purchasing of marijuana relative to other drug and non-drug goods. RESULTS Simulated marijuana use decreased as money and time costs increased. Consumption was greater for participants with more severe Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) and anxiety, intermediate pain levels, and past 90-day opioid use. Whereas few participants chose to sell their registration card, marijuana resale (diversion) steeply increased with profit. Likelihood of seeking marijuana therapeutic-use certification decreased in relation to registration card money cost, having to visit more physicians to get a signature, and delay to receiving the card, and increased with duration of certification. Participants who reported recent opioid use were more likely to seek certification. Consumption of several commodities assessed was independent of marijuana. CONCLUSIONS Simulated marijuana use was related to participants' clinical profile (CUD, anxiety and pain symptoms, recent opioid use), and unrelated to purchasing other goods. Likelihood of seeking marijuana therapeutic-use registration was affected by several types of costs and recent opioid use. Participants were unlikely to divert registration cards. We discuss clinical and policy implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Siri S Sarvepalli
- School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jonathan A Cohn
- School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Internal Medicine Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Leslie H Lundahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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12
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Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Fitting S. Mini-review: The therapeutic role of cannabinoids in neuroHIV. Neurosci Lett 2021; 750:135717. [PMID: 33587986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is considered a chronic disease with an inflammatory component that specifically targets the brain and causes a high prevalence of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has attracted interest as a target for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, due to the potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids, including its potential therapeutic use in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the structural and functional changes of the eCB system under conditions of HAND. This will be followed by summarizing the current clinical and preclinical findings on the effects of cannabis use and cannabinoids in the context of HIV-1 infection, with specifically focusing on viral load, cognition, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Lastly, we present some potential future directions to better understand the involvement of the eCB system and the role that cannabis use and cannabinoids play in neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Miltz AR, Rodger AJ, Sewell J, Gilson R, Allan S, Scott C, Sadiq T, Farazmand P, McDonnell J, Speakman A, Sherr L, Phillips AN, Johnson AM, Collins S, Lampe FC. Recreational drug use and use of drugs associated with chemsex among HIV-negative and HIV-positive heterosexual men and women attending sexual health and HIV clinics in England. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 91:103101. [PMID: 33494013 PMCID: PMC8188422 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background There is little information on the prevalence of recreational drug use among UK heterosexual men and women, in particular on use of drugs associated with ‘chemsex’ within gay communities. The aim of this study was to examine among HIV-negative and HIV-positive heterosexual men and women in England: (i) the prevalence of recreational drug use (including use of drugs associated with chemsex), (ii) socio-economic/lifestyle correlates of drug use, and (iii) the association of drug use with sexual behavior measures and mental health symptoms. Methods Data are from the AURAH study of HIV-negative individuals attending sexual health clinics across England (2013–2014) and the ASTRA study of HIV-positive individuals attending HIV outpatient clinics in England (2011–2012). Prevalence of recreational drug use (past three months) and associations are presented separately among the four sample groups: HIV-negative (N = 470) and HIV-positive (N = 373) heterosexual men and HIV-negative (N = 676) and HIV-positive (N = 637) women. Results The age standardized prevalence of any drug use was 22.9%, 17.1%, 15.3%, and 7.1% in the four sample groups respectively. In all groups, cannabis was the drug most commonly used (range from 4.7% to 17.9%) followed by cocaine (1.6% to 8.5%). The prevalence of use of drugs associated with chemsex was very low among HIV-negative participants (1.0% heterosexual men, 0.2% women) and zero among HIV-positive men and women. In age-adjusted analysis, factors linked to drug use overall and/or to cannabis and cocaine use specifically in the four sample groups included Black/mixed Caribbean and white (vs. Black/mixed African) ethnicity, lower level of education , cigarette smoking, and higher risk alcohol consumption. Associations of recreational drug use with measures of condomless sex, depression, and anxiety were observed in the four groups, but were particularly strong/apparent among women. Conclusion Providers need to be aware of cannabis and cocaine use and its potential link with sexual risk behavior and symptoms of depression and anxiety among heterosexual men and women attending sexual health and HIV clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada R Miltz
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Alison J Rodger
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janey Sewell
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Gilson
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sris Allan
- City of Coventry Healthcare Centre, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Tariq Sadiq
- Courtyard Clinic, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Jeffrey McDonnell
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Speakman
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anne M Johnson
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona C Lampe
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Elliott J, DeJean D, Potter BK, Coyle D, Clifford T, McCoy B, Wells GA. Barriers in accessing medical cannabis for children with drug-resistant epilepsy in Canada: A qualitative study. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111:107120. [PMID: 32570201 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of medical cannabis to treat drug-resistant epilepsy in children is increasing; however, there has been limited study of the experiences of parents with the current system of accessing medical cannabis for their children. METHODS In this qualitative study, we used a patient-centered access to care framework to explore the barriers faced by parents of children with drug-resistant epilepsy when trying to access medical cannabis in Canada. We conducted semistructured interviews with 19 parents to elicit their experiences with medical cannabis. We analyzed the data according to five dimensions of access, namely approachability, acceptability, availability, affordability, and appropriateness. RESULTS Parents sought medical cannabis as a treatment because of a perceived unmet need stemming from the failure of antiepileptic drugs to control their children's seizures. Medical cannabis was viewed as an acceptable treatment, especially compared with adding additional antiepileptic drugs. After learning about medical cannabis from the media, friends and family, or other parents, participants sought authorization for medical use. However, most encountered resistance from their child's neurologist to discuss and/or authorize medical cannabis, and many parents experienced difficulty in obtaining authorization from a member of the child's existing care team, leading them to seek authorization from a cannabis clinic. Participants described spending up to $2000 per month on medical cannabis, and most were frustrated that it was not eligible for reimbursement through public or private insurance programs. CONCLUSIONS Parents pursue medical cannabis as a treatment for their children's drug-resistant epilepsy because of a perceived unmet need. However, parents encounter barriers in accessing medical cannabis in Canada, and strategies are needed to ensure that children using medical cannabis receive proper care from healthcare professionals with training in epilepsy care, antiepileptic drugs, and medical cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Elliott
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
| | | | - Beth K Potter
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Doug Coyle
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tammy Clifford
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bláthnaid McCoy
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George A Wells
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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15
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Wright P, Walsh Z, Margolese S, Sanchez T, Arlt S, Belle-Isle L, St Pierre M, Bell A, Daeninck P, Gagnon M, Lacasse G, MacCallum C, Mandarino E, Yale J, O'Hara J, Costiniuk C. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the use of plant-based cannabis and cannabinoid-based products in the management of chronic non-cancer pain and co-occurring conditions: protocol for a systematic literature review. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036114. [PMID: 32448797 PMCID: PMC7253000 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic pain and co-occurring disorders, such as sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders, are among the most common conditions for which cannabis and cannabinoid-based products derived from the cannabis plant (CBP) are used for therapeutic purposes. However, healthcare providers report that they lack sufficient information on the risks, benefits and appropriate use of cannabis and CBP derived from the cannabis plant for therapeutic purposes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct a systematic review of studies investigating the use of cannabis and CBP derived from the cannabis plant for the treatment of chronic pain and co-occurring conditions. Randomised controlled trials, meta-analyses and observational studies will be prioritised. We will exclude reviews of cannabinoid mechanisms of actions, commentary articles and narrative reviews. The primary outcome of interest will be efficacy in relieving chronic pain. Secondary outcomes will be efficacy in ameliorating conditions such as sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. We will search electronic bibliographic databases including Academic Search Complete, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Evidence based Medicine Reviewes, OVID Medline, PsychINFO, PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science. Two reviewers will conduct screening and data collection independently. Study level of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies. Narrative analysis will be utilised to interpret the data. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The results of this systematic review will inform guideline development for the use of cannabis and CBP derived from the cannabis plant in the management of chronic pain and co-occurring conditions. Areas requiring further study will also be highlighted. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020135886.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zach Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shari Margolese
- Canadian HIV Trials Network Community Advisory Board, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tatiana Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie Arlt
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research,University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michelle St Pierre
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alan Bell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Daeninck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marilou Gagnon
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Caroline MacCallum
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Enrico Mandarino
- Community Advisory, Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- MJardin Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Yale
- Arthritis Society of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James O'Hara
- Canadians for Fair Access to Medical Marijuana, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia Costiniuk
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
: Thanks to the success of modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) have life expectancies which approach that of persons in the general population. However, despite the ability of ART to suppress viral replication, PLWH have high levels of chronic systemic inflammation which drives the development of comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and non-AIDS associated malignancies. Historically, cannabis has played an important role in alleviating many symptoms experienced by persons with advanced HIV infection in the pre-ART era and continues to be used by many PLWH in the ART era, though for different reasons. Δ-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the phytocannabinoids, which have received most attention for their medicinal properties. Due to their ability to suppress lymphocyte proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production, there is interest in examining their therapeutic potential as immunomodulators. CB2 receptor activation has been shown in vitro to reduce CD4 T-cell infection by CXCR4-tropic HIV and to reduce HIV replication. Studies involving SIV-infected macaques have shown that Δ-THC can reduce morbidity and mortality and has favourable effects on gut mucosal immunity. Furthermore, ΔTHC administration was associated with reduced lymph node fibrosis and diminished levels of SIV proviral DNA in spleens of rhesus macaques compared with placebo-treated macaques. In humans, cannabis use does not induce a reduction in peripheral CD4 T-cell count or loss of HIV virological control in cross-sectional studies. Rather, cannabis use in ART-treated PLWH was associated with decreased levels of T-cell activation, inflammatory monocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, all of which are related to HIV disease progression and comorbidities. Randomized clinical trials should provide further insights into the ability of cannabis and cannabinoid-based medicines to attenuate HIV-associated inflammation. In turn, these findings may provide a novel means to reduce morbidity and mortality in PLWH as adjunctive agents to ART.
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17
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Costiniuk CT, Saneei Z, Salahuddin S, Cox J, Routy JP, Rueda S, Abdallah SJ, Jensen D, Lebouché B, Brouillette MJ, Klein M, Szabo J, Frenette C, Giannakis A, Jenabian MA. Cannabis Consumption in People Living with HIV: Reasons for Use, Secondary Effects, and Opportunities for Health Education. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019; 4:204-213. [PMID: 31579835 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rates of cannabis consumption range from 40% to 74% among people living with HIV (PLWH). Little is known about the reasons for cannabis use, related modes of administration, effectiveness for symptom relief, or undesirable effects in the modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Our aim was to conduct an exploratory study to identify potential areas for further evaluation and intervention. Materials and Methods: From January to June 2018, health care providers at the Chronic Viral Illness Service in Montreal, Canada, asked their patients about cannabis use during routine visits. Patients reporting cannabis use were invited to complete a 20-min coordinator-administered questionnaire. Questions related to patterns of use, modes of administration, reasons for use, secondary effects, and HIV health-related factors (e.g., adherence to ART). Results: One hundred and four PLWH reporting cannabis use participated. Median age was 54 years (interquartile range [IQR] 46-59), 13% were female, and 42% were HIV-Hepatitis C co-infected. Median CD4 count was 590 cells/mm3 (IQR 390-821), 95% of participants were on ART, and 88% had suppressed viral loads. Reported cannabis use was more than once daily (32%); daily (25%); weekly (22%); monthly (17%); and rarely (twice to thrice per year; 6%). The majority of participants (97%) smoked dry plant cannabis. Other modes included vaping (12%), capsules (2%), edibles (21%), and oils (12%). Common reasons for cannabis use were for pleasure (68%) and to reduce anxiety (57%), stress (55%), and pain (57%). Many participants found cannabis "quite effective" or "extremely effective" (45%) for symptom relief. Secondary effects included feeling high (74%), increased cough (45%), paranoia (22%), palpitations (20%), and increased anxiety (21%). Over two-thirds of participants indicated that secondary effects were not bothersome at all. Most participants (68%) rarely missed doses of their ART, while 27% missed occasionally (once to twice per month). The most commonly accessed sources of information about cannabis were friends (77%) and the internet (55%). Conclusion: The most common reasons for cannabis use in our population were for pleasure, followed by reduction of stress/anxiety and symptoms associated with a medical condition. Most smoke cannabis and rate cannabis as quite effective for symptom relief. While many participants experience secondary effects, most are not bothered by these symptoms. Amid widespread changes in the regulatory landscape of recreational cannabis, health care providers should be prepared to answer questions about cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zahra Saneei
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Syim Salahuddin
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sergio Rueda
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara J Abdallah
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dennis Jensen
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Clinical Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Brouillette
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marina Klein
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jason Szabo
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Charles Frenette
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andreas Giannakis
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Canada
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Are dispensaries indispensable? Patient experiences of access to cannabis from medical cannabis dispensaries in Canada. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 47:1-8. [PMID: 28667878 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2001, Canada established a federal program for cannabis for therapeutic purposes (CTP). Medical cannabis dispensaries (dispensaries) are widely accessed as a source of CTP despite storefront sales of cannabis being illegal. The discrepancy between legal status and social practice has fuelled active debate regarding the role of dispensaries. The present study aims to inform this debate by analysing CTP user experiences with different CTP sources, and comparing dispensary users to those accessing CTP from other sources. METHODS We compared sociodemographic characteristics, health related factors and patterns of cannabis use of 445 respondents, 215 who accessed CTP from dispensaries with 230 who accessed other sources. We compared patients' ratings of CTP sources (dispensaries, Health Canada's supplier, self-production, other producer, friend or acquaintance, street dealer) for quality and availability of product, safety and efficiency of access, cost, and feeling respected while accessing. RESULTS Patients using dispensaries were older, more likely to have arthritis and HIV/AIDS, and less likely to have mental health conditions than those not using dispensaries. Those accessing dispensaries used larger quantities of cannabis, placed greater value on access to specific strains, and were more likely to have legal authorization for CTP. Dispensaries were rated equally to or more favourably than other sources of CTP for quality, safety, availability, efficiency and feeling respected, and less favourably than self-production and other producer for cost. CONCLUSION Given the high endorsement of dispensaries by patients, future regulations should consider including dispensaries as a source of CTP and address known barriers to access such as cost and health care provider support. Further research should assess the impact of the addition of licensed producers on the role and perceived value of dispensaries within the Canadian medical cannabis system.
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Do recreational cannabis users, unlicensed and licensed medical cannabis users form distinct groups? THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 42:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Shiplo S, Asbridge M, Leatherdale ST, Hammond D. Medical cannabis use in Canada: vapourization and modes of delivery. Harm Reduct J 2016; 13:30. [PMID: 27793174 PMCID: PMC5086046 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-016-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mode of medical cannabis delivery-whether cannabis is smoked, vapourized, or consumed orally-may have important implications for its therapeutic efficacy and health risks. However, there is very little evidence on current patterns of use among Canadian medical cannabis users, particularly with respect to modes of delivery. The current study examined modes of medical cannabis delivery following regulatory changes in 2014 governing how Canadians access medical cannabis. METHODS A total of 364 approved adult Canadian medical cannabis users completed an online cross-sectional survey between April and June 2015. The survey examined patterns of medical cannabis use, modes of delivery used, and reasons for use. Participants were recruited through a convenience sample from nine Health Canada licensed producers. RESULTS Using a vapourizer was the most popular mode of delivery for medical cannabis (53 %), followed by smoking a joint (47 %). The main reason for using a vapourizer was to reduce negative health consequences associated with smoking. A majority of current vapourizer users reported using a portable vapourizer (67.2 %), followed by a stationary vapourizer (41.7 %), and an e-cigarette or vape pen (19.3 %). Current use of a vapourizer was associated with fewer respiratory symptoms (AOR = 1.28, 95 % CI 1.05-1.56, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest an increase in the popularity of vapourizers as the primary mode of delivery among approved medical users. Using vapourizers has the potential to prevent some of the adverse respiratory health consequences associated with smoking and may serve as an effective harm reduction method. Monitoring implications of such current and future changes to medical cannabis regulations may be beneficial to policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Shiplo
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Mark Asbridge
- Centre for Clinical Research, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Scott T. Leatherdale
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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Abstract
Cannabis has been widely used as a medicinal agent in Eastern medicine with earliest evidence in ancient Chinese practice dating back to 2700 BC. Over time, the use of medical cannabis has been increasingly adopted by Western medicine and is thus a rapidly emerging field that all pain physicians need to be aware of. Several randomized controlled trials have shown a significant and dose-dependent relationship between neuropathic pain relief and tetrahydrocannabinol – the principal psychoactive component of cannabis. Despite this, barriers exist to use from both the patient perspective (cost, addiction, social stigma, lack of understanding regarding safe administration) and the physician perspective (credibility, criminality, clinical evidence, patient addiction, and policy from the governing medical colleges). This review addresses these barriers and draws attention to key concerns in the Canadian medical system, providing updated treatment approaches to help clinicians work with their patients in achieving adequate pain control, reduced narcotic medication use, and enhanced quality of life. This review also includes case studies demonstrating the use of medical marijuana by patients with neuropathic low-back pain, neuropathic pain in fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis. While significant preclinical data have demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis for treating pain in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and cancer, further studies are needed with randomized controlled trials and larger study populations to identify the specific strains and concentrations that will work best with selected cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Ko
- Apollo Applied Research Inc.; Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | | | - Sean Mindra
- University of Ottawa Medical School, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Lucas P, Walsh Z, Crosby K, Callaway R, Belle-Isle L, Kay R, Capler R, Holtzman S. Substituting cannabis for prescription drugs, alcohol and other substances among medical cannabis patients: The impact of contextual factors. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015; 35:326-33. [PMID: 26364922 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Recent years have witnessed increased attention to how cannabis use impacts the use of other psychoactive substances. The present study examines the use of cannabis as a substitute for alcohol, illicit substances and prescription drugs among 473 adults who use cannabis for therapeutic purposes. DESIGN AND METHODS The Cannabis Access for Medical Purposes Survey is a 414-question cross-sectional survey that was available to Canadian medical cannabis patients online and by hard copy in 2011 and 2012 to gather information on patient demographics, medical conditions and symptoms, patterns of medical cannabis use, cannabis substitution and barriers to access to medical cannabis. RESULTS Substituting cannabis for one or more of alcohol, illicit drugs or prescription drugs was reported by 87% (n = 410) of respondents, with 80.3% reporting substitution for prescription drugs, 51.7% for alcohol, and 32.6% for illicit substances. Respondents who reported substituting cannabis for prescription drugs were more likely to report difficulty affording sufficient quantities of cannabis, and patients under 40 years of age were more likely to substitute cannabis for all three classes of substance than older patients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The finding that cannabis was substituted for all three classes of substances suggests that the medical use of cannabis may play a harm reduction role in the context of use of these substances, and may have implications for abstinence-based substance use treatment approaches. Further research should seek to differentiate between biomedical substitution for prescription pharmaceuticals and psychoactive drug substitution, and to elucidate the mechanisms behind both. [Lucas P, Walsh Z, Crosby K, Callaway R, Belle-Isle L, Kay B, Capler R, Holtzman S. Substituting cannabis for prescription drugs, alcohol, and other substances among medical cannabis patients: The impact of contextual factors. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:326-333].
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lucas
- Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Zach Walsh
- Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Kim Crosby
- Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Robert Callaway
- Medical Cannabis Advocate, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lynne Belle-Isle
- Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Canadian AIDS Society, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert Kay
- GreenLeaf Technologies, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rielle Capler
- Interdisciplinary Studies Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Susan Holtzman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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Slawson G, Milloy MJ, Balneaves L, Simo A, Guillemi S, Hogg R, Montaner J, Wood E, Kerr T. High-intensity cannabis use and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people who use illicit drugs in a Canadian setting. AIDS Behav 2015; 19:120-7. [PMID: 25012624 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-014-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is increasingly prescribed clinically and utilized by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) to address symptoms of HIV disease and to manage side effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In light of concerns about the possibly deleterious effect of psychoactive drug use on adherence to ART, we sought to determine the relationship between high-intensity cannabis use and adherence to ART among a community-recruited cohort of HIV-positive illicit drug users. We used data from the ACCESS study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of HIV-seropositive illicit drug users linked to comprehensive ART dispensation records in a setting of universal no-cost HIV care. We estimated the relationship between at least daily cannabis use in the last 6 months, measured longitudinally, and the likelihood of optimal adherence to ART during the same period, using a multivariate linear mixed-effects model accounting for relevant socio-demographic, behavioral, clinical and structural factors. From May 2005 to May 2012, 523 HIV-positive illicit drug users were recruited and contributed 2,430 interviews. At baseline, 121 (23.1 %) participants reported at least daily cannabis use. In bivariate and multivariate analyses we did not observe an association between using cannabis at least daily and optimal adherence to prescribed HAART (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.12, 95 % Confidence Interval [95 % CI]: 0.76-1.64, p value = 0.555.) High-intensity cannabis use was not associated with adherence to ART. These findings suggest cannabis may be utilized by PLWHA for medicinal and recreational purposes without compromising effective adherence to ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Slawson
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, V6Z 1Y6, BC, Canada
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Fischer B, Kuganesan S, Room R. Medical Marijuana programs: implications for cannabis control policy--observations from Canada. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2014; 26:15-9. [PMID: 25287942 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While prohibition has been the dominant regime of cannabis control in most countries for decades, an increasing number of countries have been implementing cannabis control reforms recently, including decriminalization or even legalization frameworks. Canada has held out from this trend, although it has among the highest cannabis use rates in the world. Cannabis use is universally criminalized, and the current (conservative) federal government has vowed not to implement any softening reforms to cannabis control. As a result of several higher court decisions, the then federal government was forced to implement a 'medical marijuana access regulations' program in 2001 to allow severely ill patients therapeutic use and access to therapeutic cannabis while shielding them from prosecution. The program's regulations and approval processes were complex and subject to extensive criticism; initial uptake was low and most medical marijuana users continued their use and supply outside the program's auspices. This year, the government introduced new 'marijuana for medical purposes regulations', which allow physicians to 'authorize' medical marijuana use for virtually any health condition for which this is considered beneficial; supply is facilitated by licensed commercial producers. It is expected that some 500,000 users, and dozens of commercial producers will soon be approved under the program, arguably constituting - as with medical marijuana schemes elsewhere, e.g. in California--de facto 'legalization'. We discuss the question whether the evolving scope and realities of 'medical cannabis' provisions in Canada offer a 'sneaky side door' or a 'better third way' to cannabis control reform, and what the potential wider implications are of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Fischer
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 2400 - 515 West Hastings St., Vancouver, Canada V6B 5K3; Social & Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, Canada M5S 2S1; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Canada M5T 1R8.
| | - Sharan Kuganesan
- Social & Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, Canada M5S 2S1
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Turning Point, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Social Research on Alcohol & Drugs, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Barriers to access for Canadians who use cannabis for therapeutic purposes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2014; 25:691-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Patterns and correlates of cannabis use among individuals with HIV/AIDS in Maritime Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 25:e1-7. [PMID: 24634690 DOI: 10.1155/2014/301713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of cannabis use in HIV-infected individuals is high and its long-term effects are unclear. METHODS The prevalence, perceived benefits and consequences, and predictors of cannabis use were studied using a cross-sectional survey in two immunodeficiency clinics in Maritime Canada. RESULTS Current cannabis use was identified in 38.5% (87 of 226) of participants. Almost all cannabis users (85 of 87 [97.7%]) acknowledged its use for recreational purposes, with 21.8% (19 of 87) reporting medicinal cannabis use. The majority of patients enrolled in the present study reported mild or no symptoms related to HIV (n=179). Overall, 80.5% (70 of 87) of the cannabis-using participants reported a symptom-relieving benefit, mostly for relief of stress, anorexia or pain. Participants consumed a mean (± SD) of 18.3±21.1 g of cannabis per month and spent an average of $105.15±109.87 on cannabis per month. Cannabis use was associated with rural residence, lower income level, driving under the influence of a substance, and consumption of ecstasy and tobacco. Income level, ecstasy use and tobacco use were retained as significant predictors in regression modelling. Cannabis use was not associated with adverse psychological outcomes. DISCUSSION Prolonged previous cannabis consumption and the substantial overlap between recreational and medicinal cannabis use highlight the challenges in obtaining a tenable definition of medicinal cannabis therapy.
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Walsh Z, Callaway R, Belle-Isle L, Capler R, Kay R, Lucas P, Holtzman S. Cannabis for therapeutic purposes: patient characteristics, access, and reasons for use. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2013; 24:511-6. [PMID: 24095000 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authorized and unauthorized use of cannabis for therapeutic purposes (CTP) has increased dramatically in recent years, and physicians have called for further research to better clarify the parameters of effective and appropriate use. We report findings from a large cross-sectional study of the use of CTP in Canada and compare use across medical conditions and across authorized and unauthorized users. METHODS We examined cannabis use history, medical conditions and symptoms, patterns of current use of CTP, modes of access and perceived effectiveness among 628 self-selected Canadians consumers of CTP. Participants were recruited from medical cannabis dispensaries and from organizations that assist users of CTP. RESULTS Patients reported using cannabis to treat multiple symptoms, with sleep, pain, and anxiety being the most common. Cannabis was perceived to provide effective symptoms relief across medical conditions. Patterns of use were also consistent across medical conditions. Notable differences were observed with regard to modes of access. CONCLUSION Across medical conditions respondents reported using cannabis to effectively address diverse symptoms. Results indicate a substantial disconnect between the therapeutic use of cannabis and research on the risks and benefits of such use; particularly with regard to the anxiolytic and sedative use of cannabis. Authorized and unauthorized users exhibited few meaningful differences with regard to medical conditions and patterns of use, but faced substantial differences regarding access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Walsh
- University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada.
| | | | - Lynne Belle-Isle
- Canadian AIDS Society, 190 O'Connor Street, Suite 100, Ottawa, ON K2P2R3, Canada; Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Rielle Capler
- Canadian Association of Medical Cannabis Dispensaries, Box 14, Lions Bay, BC V0N 2E0, Canada.
| | - Robert Kay
- Green Cannapy Research and Development, 288 Highway 33W, Kelowna, BC V1X 1X7, Canada.
| | - Philippe Lucas
- Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Susan Holtzman
- University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada.
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Dʼsouza G, Matson PA, Grady CD, Nahvi S, Merenstein D, Weber KM, Greenblatt R, Burian P, Wilson TE. Medicinal and recreational marijuana use among HIV-infected women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) cohort, 1994-2010. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 61:618-26. [PMID: 23011399 PMCID: PMC3508315 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318273ab3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the major benefits of effective antiretroviral therapy on HIV-related survival, there is an ongoing need to help alleviate medication side effects related to antiretroviral therapy use. Initial studies suggest that marijuana use may reduce HIV-related symptoms, but medical marijuana use among HIV-infected individuals has not been well described. METHODS The authors evaluated trends in marijuana use and reported motivations for use among 2776 HIV-infected women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study between October 1994 and March 2010. Predictors of any and daily marijuana use were explored in multivariate logistic regression models clustered by person using generalized estimating equation. In 2009, participants were asked if their marijuana use was medical, "meaning prescribed by a doctor," or recreational, or both. RESULTS Over the 16 years of this study, the prevalence of current marijuana use decreased significantly from 21% to 14%. In contrast, daily marijuana use almost doubled from 3.3% to 6.1% of all women and from 18% to 51% of current marijuana users. Relaxation, appetite improvement, reduction of HIV-related symptoms, and social use were reported as common reasons for marijuana use. In 2009, most marijuana users reported either purely medicinal use (26%) or both medicinal and recreational usage (29%). Daily marijuana use was associated with higher CD4 cell count, quality of life, and older age. Demographic characteristics and risk behaviors were associated with current marijuana use overall but were not predictors of daily use. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that both recreational and medicinal marijuana use are relatively common among HIV-infected women in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gypsyamber Dʼsouza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Bonn-Miller MO, Oser ML, Bucossi MM, Trafton JA. Cannabis use and HIV antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-related symptoms. J Behav Med 2012; 37:1-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-012-9458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lucas P. Cannabis as an Adjunct to or Substitute for Opiates in the Treatment of Chronic Pain. J Psychoactive Drugs 2012; 44:125-33. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2012.684624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lucas P. It can't hurt to ask; a patient-centered quality of service assessment of health canada's medical cannabis policy and program. Harm Reduct J 2012; 9:2. [PMID: 22214382 PMCID: PMC3285527 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2001 Health Canada responded to a series of Ontario court decisions by creating the Marihuana Medical Access Division (MMAD) and the Marihuana Medical Access Regulations (MMAR). Although Health Canada has conducted a small number of stakeholder consultations, the federal government has never polled federally authorized cannabis patients. This study is an attempt to learn more about patient needs, challenges and experiences with the MMAD. METHODS Launched in the spring of 2007, Quality of Service Assessment of Health Canada's Medical Cannabis Policy and Program pairs a 50 question online survey addressing the personal experiences of patients in the federal cannabis program with 25 semi-guided interviews. Data gathering for this study took place from April 2007 to Jan. 2008, eventually garnering survey responses from 100 federally-authorized users, which at the time represented about 5% of the patients enrolled in Health Canada's program. This paper presents the results of the survey portion of the study. RESULTS 8% of respondents report getting their cannabis from Health Canada, while 66% grow it for themselves. >50% report that they frequent compassion clubs or dispensaries, which remain illegal and unregulated in Canada. 81% of patients would chose certified organic methods of cultivation; >90% state that not all strains are equally effective at relieving symptoms, and 97% would prefer to obtain cannabis from a source where multiple strains are available. Of the 48 patients polled that had tried the Health Canada cannabis supply, >75% rank it as either "1" or "2" on a scale of 1-10 (with "1" being "very poor", and 10 being "excellent"). DISCUSSION 72% of respondents report they are either "somewhat" or "totally unsatisfied" with Canada's medical cannabis program. These survey results and relevant court decisions suggest that the MMAR are not meeting the needs of most of the nation's medical cannabis patient community. It is hoped this research will help inform policy changes that will better address the needs of Canada's critically and chronically ill medical cannabis patient population, including the integration of community-based dispensaries into this novel healthcare delivery model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lucas
- Center for Addictions Research of BC, University of Victoria, Technology Enterprise Facility, Room 273, 2300 McKenzie Ave, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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Bottorff JL, Bissell LJL, Balneaves LG, Oliffe JL, Kang HBK, Capler NR, Buxton JA, O'Brien RK. Health effects of using cannabis for therapeutic purposes: a gender analysis of users' perspectives. Subst Use Misuse 2011; 46:769-80. [PMID: 21138343 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2010.537732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe how individuals who self-report therapeutic use of cannabis perceive its health effects. Data from 23 individual interviews were transcribed and analyzed. Understandings of gendered roles and identities were used to explore the data and interpret differences in perceptions. Descriptions of the health benefits of cannabis for therapeutic purposes included cannabis as life preserving, a disease therapy, a medicine for the mind, a means for self-management, and a way to manage addiction. Self-management of risks focused on the potential effects of excessive use, smoking-related risks, and purchasing precautions. Although the reports of women and men were similar in many respects, there were important differences in patterns and practices of use that reflected gender influences. Insights from the study provide direction for developing gender-specific information to support decision making and usage for therapeutic users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Bottorff
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
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Lucas PG. Regulating compassion: an overview of Canada's federal medical cannabis policy and practice. Harm Reduct J 2008; 5:5. [PMID: 18226254 PMCID: PMC2267789 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to a number of court challenges brought forth by Canadian patients who demonstrated that they benefited from the use of medicinal cannabis but remained vulnerable to arrest and persecution as a result of its status as a controlled substance, in 1999 Canada became the second nation in the world to initiate a centralized medicinal cannabis program. Over its six years of existence, this controversial program has been found unconstitutional by a number of courts, and has faced criticism from the medical establishment, law enforcement, as well as the patient/participants themselves. METHODS This critical policy analysis is an evidence-based review of court decisions, government records, relevant studies and Access to Information Act data related to the three main facets of Health Canada's medicinal cannabis policy--the Marihuana Medical Access Division (MMAD); the Canadians Institute of Health Research Medical Marijuana Research Program; and the federal cannabis production and distribution program. This analysis also examines Canada's network of unregulated community-based dispensaries. RESULTS There is a growing body of evidence that Health Canada's program is not meeting the needs of the nation's medical cannabis patient community and that the policies of the Marihuana Medical Access Division may be significantly limiting the potential individual and public health benefits achievable though the therapeutic use of cannabis. Canada's community-based dispensaries supply medical cannabis to a far greater number of patients than the MMAD, but their work is currently unregulated by any level of government, leaving these organizations and their clients vulnerable to arrest and prosecution. CONCLUSION Any future success will depend on the government's ability to better assess and address the needs and legitimate concerns of end-users of this program, to promote and fund an expanded clinical research agenda, and to work in cooperation with community-based medical cannabis dispensaries in order to address the ongoing issue of safe and timely access to this herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe G Lucas
- Vancouver Island Compassion Society, 130-2017a Cadboro Bay Rd, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Hathaway AD, Rossiter K. Medical Marijuana, Community Building, and Canada’s Compassionate Societies1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10282580701526088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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